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Matusov Y, Singh I, Yu YR, Chun HJ, Maron BA, Tapson VF, Lewis MI, Rajagopal S. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: the Bedside. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:147. [PMID: 34410530 PMCID: PMC8375459 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), included in group 4 PH, is an uncommon complication of acute pulmonary embolism (PE), in which emboli in the pulmonary vasculature do not resolve but rather form into an organized scar-like obstruction which can result in right ventricular (RV) failure. Here we provide an overview of current diagnosis and management of CTEPH. RECENT FINDINGS CTEPH management is complex with treatments that range from surgery, percutaneous interventions, to medical therapies. Current CTEPH medical therapies have largely been repurposed from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The diagnosis of CTEPH can be challenging, requiring a multimodality approach to differentiate from disease mimics. While these treatments improve symptoms, they may not reverse the underlying pathology of CTEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Matusov
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yen-Rei Yu
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Hyung J. Chun
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Bradley A. Maron
- grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992Section of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA USA ,grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Victor F. Tapson
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael I. Lewis
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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Mahmud E, Madani MM, Kim NH, Poch D, Ang L, Behnamfar O, Patel MP, Auger WR. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Evolving Therapeutic Approaches for Operable and Inoperable Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 71:2468-2486. [PMID: 29793636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), a rare consequence of an acute pulmonary embolism, is a disease that is underdiagnosed, and surgical pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) remains the preferred therapy. However, determination of operability is multifactorial and can be challenging. There is growing excitement for the percutaneous treatment of inoperable CTEPH with data from multiple centers around the world showing the clinical feasibility of balloon pulmonary angioplasty. Riociguat remains the only approved medical therapy for CTEPH patients deemed inoperable or with persistent pulmonary hypertension after PTE. We recommend that expert multidisciplinary CTEPH teams be developed at individual institutions. Additionally, optimal and standardized techniques for balloon pulmonary angioplasty need to be developed along with dedicated interventional equipment and appropriate training standards. In the meantime, the percutaneous revascularization option is appropriate for patients deemed inoperable in combination with targeted medical therapy, or those who have failed to benefit from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtisham Mahmud
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Michael M Madani
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nick H Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David Poch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lawrence Ang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Omid Behnamfar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mitul P Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William R Auger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Sirajuddin A, Donnelly EF, Crabtree TP, Henry TS, Iannettoni MD, Johnson GB, Kazerooni EA, Maldonado F, Olsen KM, Wu CC, Mohammed TL, Kanne JP. ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Suspected Pulmonary Hypertension. J Am Coll Radiol 2018; 14:S350-S361. [PMID: 28473092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension may be idiopathic or related to a large variety of diseases. Various imaging examinations that may be helpful in diagnosing and determining the etiology of pulmonary hypertension are discussed. Imaging examinations that may aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension include chest radiography, ultrasound echocardiography, ventilation/perfusion scans, CT, MRI, right heart catheterization, pulmonary angiography, and fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/CT. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin F Donnelly
- Panel Vice-Chair, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Traves P Crabtree
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois; Society of Thoracic Surgeons
| | - Travis S Henry
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Fabien Maldonado
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; American College of Chest Physicians
| | | | - Carol C Wu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tan-Lucien Mohammed
- Specialty Chair, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jeffrey P Kanne
- Panel Chair, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Kharat A, Hachulla AL, Noble S, Lador F. Modern diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thromb Res 2017; 163:260-265. [PMID: 28918335 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) should be suspected in patients presenting persistent dyspnea three months after a pulmonary embolism or in patients presenting with acute pulmonary embolism and suggestive images on the CT-scan. For these patients, a specific diagnostic work-up should be performed. First step consists of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan which is a good screening test due to its high sensitivity and high negative predictive value. Pulmonary angiography remains the gold standard approach for the confirmation of the diagnosis and pre-surgical evaluation of CTEPH. New emerging technologies such as Dual-Energy Computed Tomography angiography (DECT) and Computed Tomography angiography (CTA) are developing and broadly available. These non invasive methods provide diagnostic information similar to conventional pulmonary angiography and surgical operability information. They are to be considered as an alternative in the diagnostic approach of patients with CTEPH as presented in the ESC/ERS guidelines. Haemodynamic measurement whiles exercising during right heart catheterization may improve diagnostic sensitivity of CTEPH and could therefore be used as a diagnostic test in patient with normal haemodynamic at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Kharat
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Lise Hachulla
- Division of Radiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Pulmonary Hypertension Program, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Noble
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Pulmonary Hypertension Program, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lador
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Pulmonary Hypertension Program, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva University, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland.
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Lang I, Meyer BC, Ogo T, Matsubara H, Kurzyna M, Ghofrani HA, Mayer E, Brenot P. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/143/160119. [PMID: 28356406 PMCID: PMC9489135 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0119-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is thought to result from incomplete resolution of pulmonary thromboemboli that undergo organisation into fibrous tissue within pulmonary arterial branches, filling pulmonary arterial lumina with collagenous obstructions. The treatment of choice is pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) in CTEPH centres, which has low post-operative mortality and good long-term survival. For patients ineligible for PEA or who have recurrent or persistent pulmonary hypertension after surgery, medical treatment with riociguat is beneficial. In addition, percutaneous balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is an emerging option, and promises haemodynamic and functional benefits for inoperable patients. In contrast to conventional angioplasty, BPA with undersized balloons over guide wires exclusively breaks intraluminal webs and bands, without dissecting medial vessel layers, and repeat sessions are generally required. Observational studies report that BPA improves haemodynamics, symptoms and functional capacity in patients with CTEPH, but controlled trials with long-term follow-up are needed. Complications include haemoptysis, wire injury, vessel dissection, vessel rupture, reperfusion pulmonary oedema, pulmonary parenchymal bleeding and haemorrhagic pleural effusions. This review summarises the available evidence for BPA, patient selection, recent technical refinements and periprocedural imaging, and discusses the potential future role of BPA in the management of CTEPH. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty is an emerging percutaneous vascular intervention for non-operable CTEPHhttp://ow.ly/tIN3309hys3
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lang
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard C Meyer
- Dept of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Takeshi Ogo
- Division of Pulmonary Circulation, Dept of Advanced Medicine for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Matsubara
- Dept of Clinical Science, National Hospital Organization, Okayama Medical Centre, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marcin Kurzyna
- Dept of Pulmonary Circulation and Thromboembolic Diseases, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, European Health Centre Otwock, Otwock, Poland
| | - Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL).,Dept of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eckhard Mayer
- Kerckhoff Heart and Lung Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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D'Armini AM. Diagnostic advances and opportunities in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24:253-62. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.00000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterised by the presence of thromboembolic material in the pulmonary circulation, and patients have a poor prognosis without treatment. Patients present with nonspecific symptoms, such as breathlessness and syncope, which means that other more common conditions are sometimes suspected before CTEPH, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. This is problematic because CTEPH is potentially curable with surgical pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA); indeed, CTEPH should always be considered in any patient with unexplained pulmonary hypertension (PH).Several key evaluations are necessary and complementary to confirm a diagnosis of CTEPH and assess operability. Echocardiography is initially used to confirm a general diagnosis of PH. Ventilation/perfusion scanning is then essential in the first stage of CTEPH diagnosis, with a wedge-shaped perfusion deficit indicative of CTEPH. This should be followed by right heart catheterisation (RHC) which is mandatory in confirming the diagnosis and providing haemodynamic parameters that are key predictors of the risk associated with PEA and subsequent prognosis. RHC is ideally coupled with conventional pulmonary angiography, the gold-standard technique for confirming the location and extent of disease, and thus whether the obstruction is surgically accessible. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography is also now routinely used as a complementary technique to aid diagnosis and operability assessment.Recent improvements in the resolution of other noninvasive techniques, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, allow for detailed reconstructions of the vascular tree and imaging of vessel defects, and interest in their use is increasing.
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Comparison of C-arm Computed Tomography and Digital Subtraction Angiography in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2015; 39:53-63. [PMID: 25828726 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-015-1090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility and diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced, C-arm computed tomography (CACT) of the pulmonary arteries compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients suffering from chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). MATERIALS Fifty-two patients with CTEPH underwent ECG-gated DSA and contrast-enhanced CACT. Two readers (R1, R2) independently evaluated pulmonary artery segments and their sub-segmental branching using DSA and CACT for optimal image quality. Afterwards, the diagnostic findings, i.e., intraluminal filling defects, stenosis, and occlusion, were compared. Inter-modality and inter-observer agreement was calculated, and subsequently consensus reading was done and correlated to a reference standard representing the overall consensus of both modalities. Fisher's exact test and Cohen's Kappa were applied. RESULTS A total of 1352 pulmonary segments were evaluated, of which 1255 (92.8 %) on DSA and 1256 (92.9 %) on CACT were rated to be fully diagnostic. The main causes of the non-diagnostic image quality were motion artifacts on CACT (R1:37, R2:78) and insufficient contrast enhancement on DSA (R1:59, R2:38). Inter-observer agreement was good for DSA (κ = 0.74) and CACT (κ = 0.75), while inter-modality agreement was moderate (R1: κ = 0.46, R2: κ = 0.47). Compared to the reference standard, the inter-modality agreement for CACT was excellent (κ = 0.96), whereas it was inferior for DSA (κ = 0.61) due to the higher number of abnormal consensus findings read as normal on DSA. CONCLUSION CACT of the pulmonary arteries is feasible and provides additional information to DSA. CACT has the potential to improve the diagnostic work-up of patients with CTEPH and may be particularly useful prior to surgical or interventional treatment.
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Hoeper MM, Madani MM, Nakanishi N, Meyer B, Cebotari S, Rubin LJ. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:573-82. [PMID: 24898750 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but debilitating and life-threatening complication of acute pulmonary embolism. CTEPH results from persistent obstruction of pulmonary arteries and progressive vascular remodelling. Not all patients presenting with CTEPH have a history of clinically overt pulmonary embolism. The diagnostic work-up to detect or rule out CTEPH should include ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, which has high sensitivity and a negative predictive value of nearly 100%. CT angiography usually reveals typical features of CTEPH, including mosaic perfusion, part or complete occlusion of pulmonary arteries, and intraluminal bands and webs. Patients with suspected CTEPH should be referred to a specialist centre for right-heart catheterisation and pulmonary angiography. Surgical pulmonary endarterectomy remains the treatment of choice for CTEPH and is associated with excellent long-term results and a high probability of cure. For patients with inoperable CTEPH, various medical and interventional therapies are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Hoeper
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael M Madani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Norifumi Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Serghei Cebotari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Thoracic and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lewis J Rubin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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