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Semaev S, Shakhtshneider E, Shcherbakova L, Orlov P, Ivanoshchuk D, Malyutina S, Gafarov V, Voevoda M, Ragino Y. Association of Common Variants of APOE, CETP, and the 9p21.3 Chromosomal Region with the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10908. [PMID: 37446094 PMCID: PMC10342168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The individual risk of an unfavorable cardiovascular outcome is determined by genetic factors in addition to lifestyle factors. This study was aimed at analyzing possible associations of several genetic factors with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). For our study, we selected genes that have been significantly associated with MI in meta-analyses: the chromosomal region 9p21.3, the CETP gene, and the APOE gene. In total, 2286 randomly selected patients were included. Rs708272 and rs429358 and rs7412 were analyzed using RT-PCR via the TaqMan principle, and rs1333049 vas analyzed via a commercial KASP assay. In our sample, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes were consistent with frequencies in comparable populations of Eastern and Western Europe. Allele C of rs1333049 was significantly associated with MI among males (p = 0.027) and in the whole study sample (p = 0.008). We also revealed a significant association of the ɛ2/ɛ4 genotype of APOE with MI among males (p < 0.0001) and in the whole study sample (p < 0.0001). Thus, among the tested polymorphisms, some genotypes of rs1333049 and rs429358 and rs7412 are the most strongly associated with MI and can be recommended for inclusion into a genetic risk score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Semaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Elena Shakhtshneider
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Liliya Shcherbakova
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Pavel Orlov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Dinara Ivanoshchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Valery Gafarov
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
| | - Mikhail Voevoda
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 10 Prospekt Ak. Lavrentyeva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuliya Ragino
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (IIPM)-Branch of ICG SB RAS, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova Str., Novosibirsk 630089, Russia
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Roa-Díaz ZM, Teuscher J, Gamba M, Bundo M, Grisotto G, Wehrli F, Gamboa E, Rojas LZ, Gómez-Ochoa SA, Verhoog S, Vargas MF, Minder B, Franco OH, Dehghan A, Pazoki R, Marques-Vidal P, Muka T. Gene-diet interactions and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of observational and clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:377. [PMID: 35987633 PMCID: PMC9392936 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both genetic background and diet are important determinants of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Understanding gene-diet interactions could help improve CVD prevention and prognosis. We aimed to summarise the evidence on gene-diet interactions and CVD outcomes systematically. METHODS We searched MEDLINE® via Ovid, Embase, PubMed®, and The Cochrane Library for relevant studies published until June 6th 2022. We considered for inclusion cross-sectional, case-control, prospective cohort, nested case-control, and case-cohort studies as well as randomised controlled trials that evaluated the interaction between genetic variants and/or genetic risk scores and food or diet intake on the risk of related outcomes, including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and CVD as a composite outcome. The PROSPERO protocol registration code is CRD42019147031. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We included 59 articles based on data from 29 studies; six articles involved multiple studies, and seven did not report details of their source population. The median sample size of the articles was 2562 participants. Of the 59 articles, 21 (35.6%) were qualified as high quality, while the rest were intermediate or poor. Eleven (18.6%) articles adjusted for multiple comparisons, four (7.0%) attempted to replicate the findings, 18 (30.5%) were based on Han-Chinese ethnicity, and 29 (49.2%) did not present Minor Allele Frequency. Fifty different dietary exposures and 52 different genetic factors were investigated, with alcohol intake and ADH1C variants being the most examined. Of 266 investigated diet-gene interaction tests, 50 (18.8%) were statistically significant, including CETP-TaqIB and ADH1C variants, which interacted with alcohol intake on CHD risk. However, interactions effects were significant only in some articles and did not agree on the direction of effects. Moreover, most of the studies that reported significant interactions lacked replication. Overall, the evidence on gene-diet interactions on CVD is limited, and lack correction for multiple testing, replication and sample size consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayne M Roa-Díaz
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Julian Teuscher
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magda Gamba
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marvin Bundo
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Grisotto
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faina Wehrli
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edna Gamboa
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Faculty, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Lyda Z Rojas
- Nursing Research and Knowledge Development Group GIDCEN, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Sergio A Gómez-Ochoa
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sanne Verhoog
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Beatrice Minder
- Public Health & Primary Care Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Raha Pazoki
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,CIRTM Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Oliveira HCF, Raposo HF. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein and Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:15-25. [PMID: 32705591 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present the major advances in CETP research since the detection, isolation, and characterization of its activity in the plasma of humans and several species. Since CETP is a major modulator of HDL plasma levels, the clinical importance of CETP activity was recognized very early. We describe the participation of CETP in reverse cholesterol transport, conflicting results in animal and human genetic studies, possible new functions of CETP, and the results of the main clinical trials on CETP inhibition. Despite major setbacks in clinical trials, the hypothesis that CETP inhibitors are anti-atherogenic in humans is still being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C F Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Helena F Raposo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Marateb HR, Mohebian MR, Javanmard SH, Tavallaei AA, Tajadini MH, Heidari-Beni M, Mañanas MA, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Mansourian M, Kelishadi R. Prediction of dyslipidemia using gene mutations, family history of diseases and anthropometric indicators in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-III study. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:121-130. [PMID: 30026888 PMCID: PMC6050175 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, the disorder of lipoprotein metabolism resulting in high lipid profile, is an important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart diseases. It is associated with more than four million worldwide deaths per year. Half of the children with dyslipidemia have hyperlipidemia during adulthood, and its prediction and screening are thus critical. We designed a new dyslipidemia diagnosis system. The sample size of 725 subjects (age 14.66 ± 2.61 years; 48% male; dyslipidemia prevalence of 42%) was selected by multistage random cluster sampling in Iran. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1801177, rs708272, rs320, rs328, rs2066718, rs2230808, rs5880, rs5128, rs2893157, rs662799, and Apolipoprotein-E2/E3/E4), and anthropometric, life-style attributes, and family history of diseases were analyzed. A framework for classifying mixed-type data in imbalanced datasets was proposed. It included internal feature mapping and selection, re-sampling, optimized group method of data handling using convex and stochastic optimizations, a new cost function for imbalanced data and an internal validation. Its performance was assessed using hold-out and 4-foldcross-validation. Four other classifiers namely as supported vector machines, decision tree, and multilayer perceptron neural network and multiple logistic regression were also used. The average sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy of the proposed system were 93%, 94%, 94% and 92%, respectively in cross validation. It significantly outperformed the other classifiers and also showed excellent agreement and high correlation with the gold standard. A non-invasive economical version of the algorithm was also implemented suitable for low- and middle-income countries. It is thus a promising new tool for the prediction of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Marateb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Facultyof Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Automatic Control, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohebian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Facultyof Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied physiology researchcenter, Isfahan cardiovascular research institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Tavallaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Facultyof Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Nutrition Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Miguel Angel Mañanas
- Department of Automatic Control, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterialsand Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ramin Heshmat
- Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and MetabolismPopulation Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Applied physiology researchcenter, Isfahan cardiovascular research institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Włodarczyk M, Wrzosek M, Nowicka G, Jabłonowska-Lietz B. Impact of variants in CETP and apo AI genes on serum HDL cholesterol levels in men and women from the Polish population. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:1188-1198. [PMID: 27904507 PMCID: PMC5108385 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.60870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polymorphisms in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene and apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) gene are identified as the most common genetic factors influencing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) levels. Low HDL cholesterol is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effect of the TaqIB polymorphism of the CETP gene and the 75G/A polymorphism of the apo AI gene on the HDL cholesterol concentration in a sample of Polish adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 621 subjects, 414 women and 207 men, were included in this study. Lipid levels were measured using standard protocols, and apolipoprotein AI was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay. CETP and apo AI genotyping was performed using a restriction fragment length polymorphism based method. RESULTS Significantly lower HDL cholesterol concentrations were found in B1B1 homozygotes than in carriers of the B2 allele of the TaqIB polymorphism in the CETP gene among both men and women. In GG homozygotes of the 75G/A polymorphism in the apo AI gene lower HDL cholesterol levels were observed, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. A statistically significant association of low HDL cholesterol (< 25th percentile) with CETP genotypes was found in women (p < 0.0001) and in men (p = 0.0368). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a significant impact of the TaqIB polymorphism in the CETP gene on HDL cholesterol levels in the studied Polish population, while the effect of the 75G/A polymorphism in the apo AI gene appears not to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Nowicka
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Jabłonowska-Lietz
- Center of Promotion of Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Associations of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein TaqIB Polymorphism with the Composite Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and HDL-C Concentrations: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090882. [PMID: 27608031 PMCID: PMC5036715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have evaluated the associations between the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) TaqIB polymorphism (rs708272), the risk of developing composite ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), but results remain controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between these factors. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of available studies to clarify the associations of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism with HDL-C concentration and the composite ischemic CVD risk in both Asians and Caucasians. All statistical analyses were done with Stata 12.0. RESULTS Through utilization of the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, China Science and Technology Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Google Scholar, and Baidu Library, a total of 45 studies from 44 papers with 20,866 cases and 21,298 controls were combined showing a significant association between the CETP TaqIB variant and composite ischemic CVD risk. Carriers of allele TaqIB-B1 were found to have a higher risk of composite ischemic CVD than non-carriers: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09-1.21, p < 0.001. Meanwhile, 28 studies with 23,959 subjects were included in the association between the CETP TaqIB polymorphism and the concentration of HDL-C. RESULTS suggested that carriers of the B1B1 genotype had lower concentrations of HDL-C than those of the B2B2 genotype: SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.36-0.65, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS The synthesis of available evidence demonstrates that the CETP TaqIB polymorphism protects against composite ischemic CVD risk and is associated with a higher HDL-C concentration in both Asians and Caucasians.
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Koopal C, van der Graaf Y, Asselbergs FW, Westerink J, Visseren FLJ. Association between CETP gene polymorphism, insulin resistance and risk of diabetes mellitus in patients with vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:605-10. [PMID: 26318399 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) might be associated with insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated the relation between a genetic variant in the CETP gene and measures of insulin resistance and incident T2DM in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore the effect on risk of recurrent cardiovascular events was investigated. METHODS SMART is a prospective cohort study performed in 5601 patients with clinically manifest CVD. We selected a variant (rs3764261) associated with reduced CETP activity and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Patients were divided in three groups: 2640 wild type patients (GG), 2420 heterozygotes for rs3764261 (GT) and 541 homozygotes for rs3764261 (TT). Regression analyses were performed using an additive model. RESULTS The study population consisted of 4656 patients without T2DM and 945 patients with T2DM at baseline. Presence of rs3764261 was associated with increased HDL-C in patients without T2DM (β 0.106, 95%CI 0.083-0.128) and with T2DM (β 0.043, 95%CI 0.007-0.078). During a median follow up of 7.2 years (IQR 4.7-10.2) 427 incident T2DM occurred. Presence of rs3764261 was not related to incident T2DM (HR 0.96, 95%CI 0.83-1.11) in patients without T2DM at baseline. Furthermore, presence of rs3764261 was not related to insulin resistance (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) or recurrent CVD (HR 0.92, 95%CI 0.84-1.02). CONCLUSION Presence of CETP SNP rs3764261 is not associated with insulin resistance and incident T2DM in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease. Furthermore, no effect of rs3764261 on the risk of recurrent CVD was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Koopal
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L J Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Miller NE. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: ace of spades, queen of hearts, or the joker? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 26236237 PMCID: PMC4500898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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