The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene polymorphisms (TGF-β1 T869C and TGF-β1 T29C) and susceptibility to postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis

Identifying Herbal Candidates and Active Ingredients Against Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Using Biased Random Walk on a Multiscale Network

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a major global health concern, particularly affecting aging women, and necessitates innovative treatment options. Herbal medicine, with its multi-compound, multi-target characteristics, offers a promising approach for complex diseases. In this study, we applied multiscale network and random walk-based analyses to identify candidate herbs and their active ingredients for postmenopausal osteoporosis, focusing on their underlying mechanisms. A dataset of medicinal herbs, their active ingredients, and protein targets was compiled, and diffusion profiles were calculated to assess the propagation effects. Through correlation analysis, we prioritized herbs based on their relevance to osteoporosis, identifying the top candidates like Benincasae Semen, Glehniae Radix, Corydalis Tuber, and Houttuyniae Herba. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that the 49 core protein targets of these herbs were significantly associated with pathways related to inflammation, osteoclast differentiation, and estrogen metabolism. Notably, compounds such as falcarindiol from Glehniae Radix and tetrahydrocoptisine from Corydalis Tuber-previously unstudied for osteoporosis-were predicted to interact with inflammation-related proteins, including IL6, IL1B, and TNF, affecting key biological processes like apoptosis and cell proliferation. This study advances the understanding of herbal therapies for osteoporosis and offers a framework for discovering novel therapeutic agents.

Decisive gene strategy on osteoporosis: a comprehensive whole-literature-based approach for conclusive candidate gene targets

Purpose: Previous meta-analyses only examined the association between single gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis; there is no compilation of all gene loci that correlate with osteoporosis in the literature. In this study, we develop a new literature-based approach, a decisive gene strategy (DGS), to examine the sufficiency of the cumulative sample size for each gene locus and to assess whether a definite conclusion of the association between the gene locus and osteoporosis can be drawn.

Methods: The DGS was used to search PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for all meta-analyses that correlated gene polymorphisms with osteoporosis. Trial sequential analysis was employed to examine the sufficiency of the cumulative sample size. Finally, we assessed the importance of gene loci in osteoporosis based on whether there were enough sample sizes and the heterogeneity of the literature with the I² value.

Results: After excluding 169 irrelevant publications, 39 meta-analysis papers were obtained. Among Caucasians, in 17 gene loci, there were eight gene loci (e.g., vitamin D Receptor ApaI rs7975232) with sufficient cumulative sample size to confirm that they were unrelated to the disease. Among Asians, in 15 gene loci, four gene loci that had sufficient sample sizes were risk factors: VDR FokI rs2228570 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22–1.70), TGF β1 rs1800470 (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10–1.65), IGF1 rs2288377 (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.28–1.62), and IGF1 rs35767 (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.06–1.36), respectively, whereas one gene locus, ESR2 RsaI rs1256049 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.59–0.81), was a protective factor.

Conclusions: The DGS successfully identified five gene loci in osteoporosis that will apply to other diseases to find causal genes, which may contribute to further genetic therapy.

Association of IL-6 and TGF-β Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Thoracolumbar Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures

Purpose

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) is a common disease in the elderly, and genetic factors play a key role in its occurrence. The present study was conducted to investigate the association between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) gene polymorphisms and the occurrence of thoracolumbar OVCF.

Patients and Methods

This case–control study recruited 146 patients with OVCF and 144 osteoporosis patients as the control group. Genotypes of the IL-6 rs1800796 and TGF-β rs1982073 were analyzed by sequencing. Genotype distribution and allelic frequencies were investigated by the χ² test. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) evaluated the relationship of IL-6 or TGF-β polymorphism and OVCF susceptibility.

Results

Allele G and genotype GG of IL-6 rs1800796 was more frequent in patients with OVCF (40.07% vs.28.47%; 19.18% vs.7.64%) compared with controls. GG genotype (OR=3.394, 95% CI=1.560–7.385, P < 0.001) and G allele (OR=1.680, 95% CI=1.187–2.376, P < 0.001) of IL-6 rs1800796 was significantly associated with increased risk of OVCF. What is more, CT and TT genotypes (41.78 vs.51.39; 19.86 vs.26.39) and allele T (40.75 vs 52.08) of TGF-β rs1982073 were less frequent in OVCFs, more common in controls and protective against OVCF risk (OR=0.436, 95% CI=0.228–0.835, P = 0.012; OR=0.615, 95% CI=0.443–0.855, P = 0.004).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the G allele and GG genotype of IL-6 rs1800796 may contribute to increased susceptibility to OVCF in elderly Chinese. In contrast, CT and TT genotypes and the T allele of TGF-β rs1982073 may contribute to lower susceptibility of OVCF.

Association of TGF-β1 and IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms with Osteoporosis in a Study of Taiwanese Osteoporotic Patients

Osteoporosis is a rising health threat in the increasingly aging world population. It is a common skeletal disease strongly linked to genetic predisposition. We aim to identify the effects of the anti-inflammatory TGF-β1- and IL-10-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) combination on the risk for osteoporosis. We investigated and analyzed the relationships between three TGF-β1 SNPs (-509C/T, +869 T/C and +29T/C), one IL-10 SNP (+1927A/C) and the level of bone mineral density (BMD), as well as the risk of osteoporosis in Taiwanese osteoporotic patients. A total of 217 subjects were recruited, including 88 osteoporotic patients and 129 healthy controls, for SNPs, BMD and clinical characteristics statistical analyses. Females with TGF-β1 SNP (-509 C/C) and IL-10 SNP (+1927 C/C) genotypes showed a great benefit for femoral neck T-scores. However, the combination of TGF-β1 SNP (-509 T/T) and IL-10 SNP (+1927 A/A) genotypes in all subjects showed a significant decrease in total hip BMD T-scores. The TGF-β1 SNP (-509 C/T) genotype in all subjects and TGF-β1 SNP (-509 T/T) and IL-10 SNP (+1927 A/C) genotypes in males showed positive effects on body height. The combination of the many SNPs in the anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 and IL-10 genes may be cooperatively involved in the development of osteoporosis. Our data suggested that the specific SNP combination of TGF-β1 (-509) and IL-10 (+1927) may act as a predictive factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Taiwanese women.

Evaluation of relationship between SPON1 gene and genetic susceptibility of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Purpose: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is one of systemic bone degenerative diseases characterised by decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Previous studies suggest that the SPON1 gene may be associated with BMD and play an important role in the occurrence and development of PMOP. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential association between PMOP and the SPON1 gene.Methods: A total of 8062 postmenopausal women comprising 2684 primary PMOP patients, and 5378 healthy controls were recruited. Forty tag SNPs were selected for genotyping to evaluate the association of the SPON1 gene with PMOP and BMD. Genetic association and bioinformatics analyses were performed for PMOP.Results: SNP rs2697825 was identified to be significantly associated with the risk of PMOP at both allelic (T-statistics = -3.84, p = .0001) and genotypic levels (χ²=15.86, p = .0004). The G allele of SNP rs2697825 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of PMOP with an OR [95%] of 0.84 [0.77-0.92]. The G allele of SNP rs2697825 was associated with increased BMD at both the lumbar spine and femoral neck.Conclusions: Our results provide further evidence to support the important role for the SPON1 gene in the aetiology of PMOP, adding to the current understanding of the susceptibility to osteoporosis.

No Interaction Effect between Interleukin-6 Polymorphisms and Acid Ash Diet with Bone Resorption Marker in Postmenopausal Women

Background: Evidence is growing that a high-acid diet might accelerate the rate of bone loss, and gene polymorphisms such as Interleukin 6 (IL6) -174G/C and -572G/C are related to bone deterioration. However, no study of the interaction between diet and IL6 polymorphisms has been conducted among Asians. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether IL6 gene polymorphisms modified the association between dietary acidity and the rate of bone resorption. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 203 postmenopausal women (age ranged from 51 to 85 years old) in community settings. The dietary intakes of the participants were assessed using a validated interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), while dietary acid load (DAL) was estimated using net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Agena^® MassARRAY genotyping analysis and serum collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX1) were used to identify the IL6 genotype and as a bone resorption marker, respectively. The interactions between diet and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed using linear regressions. Results: A total of 203 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 51 and 85 years participated in this study. The mean BMI of the participants was 24.3 kg/m². In IL6 -174 G/C, all the participants carried the GG genotype, while the C allele was absent. Approximately 40% of the participants had a high dietary acid load. Dietary acid load (B = 0.15, p = 0.031) and the IL6 -572 CC genotype group (B = 0.14, p = 0.044) were positively associated with a higher bone resorption. However, there was no moderating effect of the IL6 genetic polymorphism on the relationship between and acid ash diet and bone resorption markers among the postmenopausal women (p = 0.79). Conclusion: High consumption of an acid ash diet and the IL6 -572 C allele seem to attribute to high bone resorption among postmenopausal women. However, our finding does not support the interaction effect of dietary acidity and IL6 (-174G/C and -572G/C) polymorphisms on the rate of bone resorption. Taken together, these results have given scientific research other candidate genes to focus on which may interact with DAL on bone resorption, to enhance planning for preventing or delaying the onset of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women.

Network and pathway-based analyses of genes associated with osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease characterized by bone mass loss, bone microstructure damage, increased bone fragility, and easy fracture. The molecular mechanism underlying OP remains unclear.In this study, we identified 217 genes associated with OP, and formed a gene set [OP-related genes gene set (OPgset)].The highly enriched GOs and pathways showed OPgset genes were significantly involved in multiple biological processes (skeletal system development, ossification, and osteoblast differentiation), and several OP-related pathways (Wnt signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and adipocytokine signaling pathway). Besides, pathway crosstalk analysis indicated three major modules, with first module consisted of pathways mainly involved in bone development-related signaling pathways, second module in Wnt-related signaling pathway and third module in metabolic pathways. Further, we calculated degree centrality of a node and selected ten key genes/proteins, including TGFB1, IL6, WNT3A, TNF, PTH, TP53, WNT1, IGF1, IL10, and SERPINE1. We analyze the K-core and construct three k-core sub-networks of OPgset genes.In summary, we for the first time explored the molecular mechanism underlying OP via network- and pathway-based methods, results from our study will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of OP. In addition, these methods performed in this study can be used to explore pathogenesis and genes related to a specific disease.

Rotator Cuff Tear Susceptibility Is Associated With Variants in Genes Involved in Tendon Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis

Rotator cuff tears (RCT) is a multifactorial disease with genetic factors contributing for the disease etiology. We hypothesized that genetic variants in genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis may alter susceptibility to RCT. We evaluated 20 polymorphisms of genes involved in ECM homeostasis in 211 cases of full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus (N_females  = 130; N_males  = 81) and 567 age-matched controls (N_females  = 317; N_males  = 250). Multivariate logistic regressions were carried out with age, gender, genetic ancestry (based on the analysis of 61 biallelic short insertion/deletion polymorphisms), and common co-morbidities (diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking habits) as covariates. We observed that carriers of the rare allele of both studied variants of TGFB1, as well as their G/A (rs1800470/rs1800469) haplotype, were less susceptible to RCT (p < 0.05). In contrast, carriers of the G allele of MMP9 rs17576 (p = 0.014) or G/G haplotype (rs17576/rs17577; p < 0.001) had an increased risk for tendon tears. The presence of the T allele of MMP2 rs2285053 (p = 0.033), the T allele of MMP3 rs679620 (p = 0.024), and the TT-genotype of TIMP2 rs2277698 (p = 0.01) was associated with susceptibility to tears, especially in females. In males, the A allele of COL5A1 rs3196378 (p = 0.032) and the G allele of TGFBR1 rs1590 (p = 0.039) were independent risk factors for RCT. The C/T COL5A1 (rs3196378/rs11103544) haplotype was associated with a reduced risk of tears in males (p = 0.03). In conclusion, we identified the genetic variants associated with RCT susceptibility, thereby reinforcing the role of genes involved in the structure and homeostasis of the ECM of tendons in disease development. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:192-201, 2020.

Association of Adrenergic Receptor α2A (α2A-AR) Gene rs1800544 Polymorphism with Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers in an Elderly Chinese Population

BACKGROUND Adrenergic receptor α2A (α2A-AR) is up-regulated in osteoporotic bone osteoblasts. Previous research demonstrated an association between polymorphism of a2A-AR gene and bone mineral density (BMD) as well as bone turnover markers (BTMs) in the Slovenian population. The present study aimed to investigate the association of rs1800544 polymorphism of α2A-AR gene with BMD and BTMs in the Chinese elderly population with osteoporosis (OP) or with osteoporotic fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 346 unrelated elderly individuals were recruited in the study. Rs1800544 polymorphism was determined by Snapshot technology. BTMs were determined by electrochemiluminescence. BMDs at lumbar spine (LS) and proximal femur were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and distribution of genotype frequencies were verified using the chi-squared test. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) adjusted for confounding factors was performed to explore the relationship of rs1800544 polymorphism with BMD and BTMs in all participants and in subgroups. RESULTS The genotype distributions in all subjects and in subgroups conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.1). Distribution of genotype frequencies of subgroups showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Patients with GG genotype in the fracture group had significantly higher serum BTMs level compared with those carrying other genotypes (P<0.05). No significant association between rs1800544 and BTMs was detected in the elderly population with OP. Comparison of BMD at each site in all participants did not show any significant difference in subgroups with CC, CG, and GG genotypes (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rs1800544 polymorphism is associated with BTMs level in Chinese elderly individuals with osteoporotic fractures, indicating the involvement of genetic variation of a2A-AR gene in bone metabolism.

The associations between dietary patterns and bone health, according to the TGF-β1 T869→C polymorphism, in postmenopausal Iranian women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have shown that dietary variants and genetic variants play a decisive role in the risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine associations between dietary pattern and bone health, according to the TGF-β1 T869→C polymorphism, in postmenopausal Iranian women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 264 postmenopausal women aged from 46 to 78 years were examined. Body composition was measured by a body composition analyzer and physical activity by the short-form physical activity questionnaire. Bone mineral density was measured by the DEXA method. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis on 27 foods groups, employing a valid, reliable 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The dietary patterns were analyzed by the factor analysis method. Blood samples were taken for measuring blood parameters. DNA samples from participants were genotyped using the RFLP-PCR method.

RESULTS

Three dietary patterns were identified, namely: mediterranean diet, traditional diet, and unhealthy diet-one of which was associated with bone health. Postmenopausal women following a Mediterranean diet had lower weight and central obesity (0.05 > P). Higher adherence to a Mediterranean pattern was positively associated with Z-score L2_L4 lumbar spine (0.05 > P). TGF-β1 T869→C genotypes, after adjustment, were not directly correlated with bone mineral density and body composition (0.05 < P). Moreover, these findings demonstrated that in participants adhering to a Traditional dietary pattern, the C allele carrier group (TC and CC genotypes) had a lower L2_L4 Z-score (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

It seems that the mediterranean diet can be a beneficial dietary pattern in the prevention of osteoporosis and obesity in postmenopausal women. Furthermore (probably in the C allele carrier group), lower vitamin D intake, coupled with adherence to a traditional dietary pattern, reduces the deposition of TGF-beta and increases the risk of lumbar spine osteoporosis.

MicroRNA-214-5p/TGF-β/Smad2 signaling alters adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OPM) is a common type of osteoporosis in females. It is a systemic, chronic bone disease that presents as microstructure degradation of osseous tissue, decreased bone mineral density and increased osteopsathyrosis caused by hypoovarianism and reduced estrogen levels in the body following menopause. In the present study, the role of microRNA (miR)-214-5p in the regulation of the expression of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) was investigated, and its molecular mechanism of osteogenic induction in vitro was assessed. When dexamethasone-induced adipogenic differentiation was performed, miR-214-5p expression was increased compared with the control group, as determined by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, oil red O staining, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that overexpression of miR-214-5p promoted adipogenic differentiation, inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OC) and collagen α-1 (I) chain (COL1A1) mRNA expression, and suppressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 and collagen type IV α1 chain (COL4A1) protein expression in BMSCs. Additionally, downregulation of miR-214-5p increased the ALP, Runx2, OC and COL1 mRNA expression and increased TGF-β, Smad2 and COL4A1 protein expression in BMSCs. Furthermore, a TGF-β inhibitor was employed to inhibit TGF-β expression in BMSCs following miR-214-5p downregulation, which led to reduced Smad2, TGF-β and COL4A1 protein expression, and ALP, Runx2, OC and COL1 mRNA expression was also reduced, compared with the miR-214-5p downregulation only group. It was demonstrated that miR-214-5p may weaken osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through regulating COL4A1. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that miR-214-5p may promote the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs through regulation of the TGF-β/Smad2/COL4A1 signaling pathway, and potentially may be used to develop a novel drug for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Associations between VDR Gene Polymorphisms and Osteoporosis Risk and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis

Results on the relationships between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) susceptibility and bone mineral density (BMD) are conflicting. The aim of the study is to identify more eligible studies that calculated pooled OR and WMD with 95% CI to assess their associations. Overall, there were significant correlations between VDR ApaI, VDR FokI and PMOP susceptibility. Subgroup analysis showed that VDR ApaI polymorphism significantly decreased the osteoporosis risk in Caucasian postmenopausal women. In Asian populations, VDR BsmI and VDR FokI were associated with an increased risk of PMOP. As to the associations between VDR polymorphisms and BMD, Caucasian PMOP women carrying the ApaI aa genotype were at risk of high BMD in femoral neck, and low femoral neck BMD was observed in Caucasian PMOP women with FokI Ff genotype. PMOP women with the Cdx2 GA genotype had a lower lumbar spine BMD in overall and Caucasian populations compared with PMOP women with GG genotype. Different VDR gene polymorphisms have different impacts on PMOP risk and BMD.

Association between the TGF-β1 polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis

It has been hypothesized that polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene on chromosome 19 modify the risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, results from previous studies are contradictory. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of published case–control studies on the association between five common TGF-β1 polymorphisms (rs1982073, rs1800469, rs2241712, rs6957, and rs2241718) and COPD risk. Data sources were Pubmed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases. Twelve studies including 6749 participants were reviewed and analyzed. For the TGF-β1 polymorphism rs1982073, the results indicted that the C allele was associated with decreased risk of COPD in Caucasians (odds ratio (OR) =0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.99, P=0.038) but not in Asians (OR =0.95, 95% CI: 0.71–1.28, P=0.741). No associations with COPD were identified for other polymorphisms evaluated in the present study including rs1800469 (T allele compared with C allele, OR =0.89, 95% CI: 0.77–1.02, P=0.099), rs2241712 (A allele compared with G allele, OR =1.03, 95% CI: 0.89–1.20, P=0.666), rs6957 (A allele compared with G allele, OR =1.14, 95% CI: 0.95–1.36, P=0.160), and rs2241718 (C allele compared with T allele, OR =0.95, 95% CI: 0.79–1.14, P=0.571). In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that the C allele of rs1982073 was protective against COPD in Caucasians but not in Asians, whereas there was no association of rs1800469, rs2241712, rs6957, and rs2241718 with COPD.

TGF β1 gene polymorphisms correlate with the susceptibility of osteoarthritis

PURPOSE

We investigated the potential role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF β1) gene polymorphisms (rs1800470 and rs1800469) in the occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

Genotypes of TGF β1 gene polymorphisms (rs1800470 and 1800469) were genotyped by TaqMan method in 111 OA patients and 129 healthy controls. The representativeness of case and control was inspected by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Genotype and allele distribution differences between case and control groups were calculated by Chi-square test. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were utilized to emerge the relative risk of OA.

RESULTS

Genotype distributions of the two TGF β1 gene polymorphisms were according to HWE examination. TT genotype of rs1800470 was significantly associated with the occurrence of OA (P=0.046, OR=2.093, 95% CI=1.009-4.340). For rs1800469, both TT genotype and T allele had significant association with the susceptibility of OA (P=0.000, OR=3.650, 95% CI=1.759-7.575; P=0.000, OR=1.957, 95% CI=1.360-2.817).

CONCLUSION

TT genotype of rs1800470, TT genotype and T allele of rs1800469 were increased the risk of OA. We conjectured that the polymorphisms of TGF β1 gene might increase the individual susceptible of OA.

Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the Sera of Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Females

BACKGROUND

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity in postmenopausal females. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) play complex roles in normal bone metabolism, and in pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to design an analytic cross sectional study in order to further clarify the role of TGF-β1 and IL-18 in osteoporosis of postmenopausal females.

METHODS

A cross sectional study including 65 postmenopausal osteoporotic females as cases and 69 postmenopausal females of similar age without osteoporosis as controls was conducted. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine bone mass density (BMD) of participants and T-scoring was applied to establish whether the patient has osteoporosis or not. Serum TGF-β1 and IL-18 levels were measured by quantitative sandwich Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Serum TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in osteoporotic postmenopausal females than non-osteoporotic individuals (23.8 vs. 15.8 ng/mL; P = 0.009). There was no difference between IL-18 levels in the sera of osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic postmenopausal females in this study. There was a positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and serum level of TGF-β1 (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that TGF-β1 serum levels is higher in osteoporotic postmenopausal females than non-osteoporotic ones, and probably aberrant increase in TGF-β1 in postmenopausal females can result in uncoupled bone resorption and formation, which leads to osteoporosis.

Influence of polymorphisms in insulin-like growth factor-1 on the risk of osteoporosis in a Chinese postmenopausal female population

We conducted a case-control study in a Chinese postmenopausal population, and explore the potential role of the promoter region variation of the IGF-1 gene in bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk. 485 postmenopausal women with a primary diagnosis of osteoporosis and 485 age-matched controls were selected between 2012 and 2014. The Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for rs35767, rs2288377 and rs5742612 of IGF-1 genotyping. By conditional regression analysis, individuals carrying TT genotype and CT+TT genotype of rs35767 were found to be correlated with an elevated risk of osteoporosis, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.90 (1.23-2.93) and 1.35 (1.04-1.76), respectively. Our study found that CT+TT genotype of rs35767 was significantly associated with moderate increased risk of osteoporosis in smokers and drinkers, and the ORs (95% CI) were 2.11 (1.06-4.20) and 2.36 (1.29-4.32), respectively. We found that those carrying CT+TT genotype of rs35767 had a significant lower BMD levels at L1-L4 vertebrae, femoral neck, total hip and trochanter compared to those with CC genotype. Our study suggests that TT genotype and CT+TT genotype of IGF-I rs35767 were associated with risk of osteoporosis and BMD levels.