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The effect of Caulerpa sertularioides extract on bull sperm freezablity and subsequent embryo development. Theriogenology 2022; 189:167-176. [PMID: 35760028 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination is a valuable and essential tool in genetic improvement programs, and its success requires proper semen collection, freezing, and thawing procedures. Nowadays, despite applying of advanced protocols for semen cryopreservation, post-thawing sperm quantitative and qualitative parameters are not satisfactorily comparable to fresh sperm. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of an alcoholic extract of Caulerpa sertolarioides alga into the tris-egg yolk-based Simmental bull sperm freezing media. The pooled semen samples were divided into five groups, of which four were supplemented with 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm alga extract and one allocated as a control. Total motility, progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity, apoptosis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of sperm were measured. The frozen sperm from each group were used for IVF on the slaughterhouse-derived oocytes. Fertilization, cleavage, and blastocyst rates were assessed for all groups. Total motility, progressive motility, and velocity curvilinear (VCL) parameters were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in group 1000 ppm than the control group. Velocity in a straight path (VSL) was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in all treatment groups except in 500 ppm compared to the control group. Average path velocity (VAP) was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in 1000 and 1500 ppm groups than in the control group. Straightness (STR) showed a higher value (p ≤ 0.05) in 1000 and 2000 ppm than the control group. Groups 500 and 1000 ppm showed more viable sperm than the control group (p ≤ 0.05). DNA damage was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in group 1000 ppm than in the control group. HOST was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in all groups than in the control group. SOD, GPx, and TAC were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in 1000 ppm than the control and all other groups. Apoptosis was not significantly different among the treatment and control groups. In conclusion, supplementation of alcoholic extract of Caulerpa sertularioides into the Simmental bull freezing extender ameliorated the sperm parameters after the freeze-thawing process. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that the best dose to achieve the antioxidant properties of the alga extract in Simmental bull sperm freezing media was 1000 ppm. It was also evident that 1000 ppm alga extract supplementation into the bull sperm improved fertilization, cleavage, and blastocyst rates.
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Semaida AI, El-Khashab MA, Saber AA, Hassan AI, Elfouly SA. Effects of Sargassum virgatum extracts on the testicular measurements, genomic DNA and antioxidant enzymes in irradiated rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:191-204. [PMID: 34694945 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.1998702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are primarily responsible for the development of male infertility after exposure to γ-irradiation. The present work aimed to assess the ameliorative and therapeutic roles of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the edible seaweed Sargassum virgatum (S. virgatum) on spermatogenesis and infertility in γ-irradiated Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induction of infertility was performed by exposing the rats to 137Cs-gamma rays, using a single dose of 3.5 Gy. γ-irradiated rats were given the S. virgatum ethanolic (S. virgatum-EtOH) and aqueous extracts intraperitoneally on a daily base for two consecutive weeks at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) for each seaweed extract. Morphometric data of the testes, semen quality indices, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation were assessed. The results obtained were taken during two-time intervals of 15 and 60 days from the commencement of the algal treatments. In vitro antioxidant assays and polyphenolic compounds of S. virgatum were characterized. RESULTS Significant negative changes in the semen quality and morphometric data of the testes, as well as remarkable DNA fragmentation, were detected in the irradiated rats compared to the control. The levels of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx) were also significantly diminished. Nonetheless, treatments of γ-irradiated rats with the S. virgatum-EtOH and aqueous extracts significantly improved the above-mentioned enzymes, in addition to noteworthy amendments in the dimensions of the testes, the semen quality, as well as the DNA structure. CONCLUSIONS The ameliorative potency of S. virgatum to cure γ-irradiation-induced male infertility, particularly 400 mg/kg ethanolic extract for 60 days, is the result of the consistent therapeutic interventions of its potent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic polyphenols, particularly protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, cinnamic and gentisic acids, as well as the flavonoids catechin, hesperidin, rutin and quercetin. Besides its high-value nutraceutical importance, S. virgatum could be a natural candidate for developing well-accepted radioprotectant products capable of treating γ-irradiation-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Semaida
- Department of Animal Production (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Khashab
- Department of Animal Production (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Saber
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal I Hassan
- Department of Radioisotopes, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shady A Elfouly
- Department of Radioisotopes, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Ebrahimi B, Matavos-Aramyan H, Keshtgar S. The cryoprotective effect of vitamins on human spermatozoa quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 23:213-225. [PMID: 34476664 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-021-09953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Cryopreservation of spermatozoa ensures preserving fertility potential after some medical treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients. However, many spermatozoa encounter serious damages, and their motility and viability decrease considerably after thawing. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species is one of the major causes of these damages. The supplementation of cryopreservation media with vitamins, which are well-known antioxidants, can reduce cryopreservation-induced damages. In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the cryoprotective effect of various vitamins on the quality of cryopreserved-thawed human spermatozoa. Two researchers searched PubMed, ISI, and Scopus databases up to March 2020. All original articles using vitamins in human spermatozoa cryopreservation media were included. We used a standardized form to extract sample size and to determine sample quality, the type and dose of vitamins, and the cryopreservation methods and their effects. We performed a meta-analysis on studies with available data (Mean + SD in cryoprotectant and cryoprotectant + cryoprotectant groups). We also performed a test of between-study heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression. Out of 258 studies, 16 articles were included for the analysis. Our meta-analysis revealed that using vitamins in cryopreservation media could increase motility by 4.60% (95% CI 6.16, 3.05; P = 0.0001), viability by 5.71% (95% CI 9.71, 1.72; P = 0.0001), and DNA integrity by 10.20% (95% CI 12.98, 7.42; P = 0.0001) in cryopreserved-thawed spermatozoa. We found a significant correlation between using vitamins and improved spermatozoa quality; the sperm motility and viability were improved and DNA fragmentation was reduced after thawing by vitamins. However, we could not emphasize on any type or dose of vitamins but we conclude that the anti-oxidative function of vitamins is the main reason for these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Ebrahimi
- Shiraz Geriatric Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hedieh Matavos-Aramyan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Keshtgar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran.
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Caulerpa lentillifera Polysaccharides-Rich Extract Reduces Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokines Levels Associated with Male Reproductive Functions in Diabetic Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that is positively correlated with reproductive dysfunction. Caulerpa lentillifera is an edible green alga with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. This study aims to evaluate the ameliorative effects of a polysaccharides-rich extract from C. lentillifera on the reproductive dysfunctions of diabetic male BALB/c mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ). C. lentillifera was obtained from hot water and converted into a powder form (C. lentillifera extract (CLE)) by freeze drying. Mice were fed an HFD for 4 weeks before supplementing with STZ (30 mg/kg). The diabetic mice were divided into five groups, including a control group, a diabetic (DM) group, a DM with administration of a low-dose CLE treatment (DM+CLE1, 600 mg/kg), a DM with administration of a high-dose of CLE (DM+CLE2, 1000 mg/kg) and a DM with metformin treatment as a positive control (DM+Met, 200 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. The results showed that the CLE administration improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α were found to decrease in the CLE-treated groups. Additionally, CLE was shown to improve sperm motility and testis morphology. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the polysaccharides-rich extract from C. lentillifera extract was able to prevent diabetes-induced male reproductive dysfunction.
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Güner Ö, Güner A, Yavaşoğlu A, Karabay Yavaşoğlu NÜ, Kavlak O. Ameliorative effect of edible Halopteris scoparia against cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice: A biochemical and histopathologic study. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13591. [PMID: 32320493 DOI: 10.1111/and.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal affecting the reproductive system. Halopteris scoparia (brown algae) is generally consumed as a salad in the Far East countries. This study was conducted to compare and determine the possible protective effects of H. scoparia and vitamin E and C combination (VEC) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2 )-induced reproductive toxicity. A total of 36 male mice were equally divided into as control, CdCl2 (2 mg/kg), CdCl2 + H. scoparia (900 mg/kg), CdCl2 + VEC (200 mg/kg), H. scoparia alone and VEC alone groups. Blood and testis samples were taken for biochemical, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. H. scoparia was also examined for antioxidant activity (by DPPH assay) and mineral/trace element content (by ICP-MS method). CdCl2 exposure caused a significant deterioration in body weight, sperm parameters (count, motility, viability and morphology) (p < .001), histopathology, immunoreactivity and testosterone levels. However, H. scoparia improved CdCl2 -induced deterioration effects more successfully than VEC-treated group. The present study suggests that edible H. scoparia can be used as a natural protective agent against Cd-induced testicular damage by possibly enhancing essential element levels or increasing antioxidant defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Güner
- Department of Nursing, Sinop University School of Health, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Adem Güner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Altuğ Yavaşoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Oya Kavlak
- Department of Gynecologic and Obstetric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Keshtgar S, Ebrahimi B, Shid-Moosavi SM, Erfani N. NADPH oxidase 5 activation; a novel approach to human sperm cryoinjury. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 21:675-684. [PMID: 32607683 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation leads to various structural and functional damages, some of which induce by oxidative stress. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generates by mitochondria and membrane NADPH oxidases (NOXs). Among the NOXs, only NOX5 has been identified in the cell membrane of human sperm. This study was designed to clarify the possible role of NOX5 on sperm cryoinjury. Forty human semen samples were washed and randomly divided into fresh and cryopreserved groups. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups containing Ham's F10 (control), 0.1% DMSO (vehicle), 100 nM of PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) and 1 µM of DPI (diphenyleneiodonium), as NOX5 activator and inhibitor. The samples of cryopreserved groups were preserved in liquid nitrogen for 1 month. The sperm kinematics, membrane integrity, ROS production, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular ATP and calcium concentration [Ca2+]i were evaluated. The percent of sperm with intact membrane and motile sperm reduced significantly after thawing (p ≤ 0.01). The ROS production (p ≤ 0.01) and the apoptotic rate increased, MMP dissipated, and the percentage of live cells with high [Ca2+]i decreased significantly in the cryopreserved control group relative to the fresh control group. DPI, in contrast to PMA, improved sperm progressive motility (p ≤ 0.01), membrane integrity in fresh and cryopreserved groups and reduced the ROS amount in cryopreserved group (p ≤ 0.01). Apoptotic rate, [Ca2+]i, ATP, and MMP did not change with DPI and PMA in cryopreserved groups. We conclude that NOX5 activity in fresh sperm is low, and it increases during cryopreservation. NOX5 inhibition improves the cryopreserved sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Keshtgar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand Blvd, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Ebrahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand Blvd, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mostafa Shid-Moosavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Zand Blvd, 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Erfani
- Department of Immunology and Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345-1798, Shiraz, Iran
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Wang PT, Sudirman S, Hsieh MC, Hu JY, Kong ZL. Oral supplementation of fucoxanthin-rich brown algae extract ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular damage in hamsters. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109992. [PMID: 32084700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as a common pathology that affects up to half of all men infertile. Fucoxanthin possesses antioxidant activity, and several investigators have reported anti-inflammatory action. This study extracted powder of Sargassum glaucescens by acetone to obtained fucoxanthin rich-brown algae extract (FXE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of fucoxanthin extract from Sargassum glaucescens on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and its protective effects of against Cisplatin (CP)-induced reproductive damage in hamsters. Eighty male Syrian hamsters were injected with and without CP, then daily oral gavage with various concentrations of fucoxanthin for 5 days. Treatment with FXE reduced the level of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in RAW 264.7 cells and the rats' testis as well as protective effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. The FXE administration also improved testosterone level and alpha-glucosidase activity. The sperm count also increased after treated with FXE, whereas sperm abnormality was reduced. Histopathological analysis showed that FXE successfully improved the seminiferous tubules morphology. According to these findings, fucoxanthin extract from Sargassum glaucescens can be used as an alternative for the treatment of testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Wang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Sabri Sudirman
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Yuan Hu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
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Khashavi Z, Homaei A, Koohnavard F, Kamrani E, Spinaci M, Luwor RB, Archang M, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Novel additive for sperm cryopreservation media: Holotheria parva coelomic cavity extract protects human spermatozoa against oxidative stress-A pilot study. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13604. [PMID: 32324915 DOI: 10.1111/and.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the most effective method for preserving semen for a long period of time. However, during the freeze-thaw process, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a steep reduction in sperm fertility indices. In this study, we tested the effects of the extract of the coelomic cavity of five Holotheria parva, a marine organism rich in antioxidants, for its ROS-scavenging activity and cryoprotective effects on oxidative stress. Using a total of 50 semen samples, our results demonstrated that doses of 250 and 500 µg/ml of H. parva coelomic cavity extract significantly increased sperm vitality as compared to the control (p < .05). The addition of 250 µg/ml of the extract exerted a significant positive effect on sperm motility. Moreover, sperm DNA damage and ROS production were significantly reduced at extract concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/ml (p < .05). To the best of our knowledge, the results of this study represent the first demonstration of the possibility of improving sperm parameters and reducing ROS production and DNA damage by supplementing sperm freezing media with H. parva coelomic extract. Our results suggested that H. parva coelomic extract could be useful for improving the fertilising ability of frozen-thawed human semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khashavi
- Infertility Therapy and IVF Center of Om-e-Leila Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Kamrani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.,Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Marcella Spinaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahsa Archang
- Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ralf Henkel
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Parameswari R, Sridharan TB. Improvements in morphology and membrane stability obtained from TPP- TAB, a cryopreservation medium treated infertile smoker sperm cells - An in vitro study. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:889-896. [PMID: 31516841 PMCID: PMC6727244 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a first time upto 6 months the sperm cells were stored with new medium from green formulation. TPP-TAB of E4 medium reduces ROS damage.
Background Plants are the major sources of antioxidants, which maintains oxidant: antioxidant state or is to protect from excessive reactive oxygen species in case of cryo medium selection though maintain sperm stability. Bottleneck Cryo preservation of infertile smokers is challengeable with the available medium due to over production of ROS hitches, were cause loss of sperm physiology. Hence, a novel medium is needed to store/protect sperm cells of infertile smokers where they attending/ongoing IVF or oncogenic surgical treatment. Aim The aim of this study, is to check the stability of sperm cells by TPP-T.arjuna bark (TAB) (E4) cryo medium preserved infertile smoker’s against ROS/cryo injury- as a continuous study. Materials and methods 42 infertile smoker’s subjects with 28 control subjects were selected. Surface morphology (acrosome) of sperm by scanning electronic microscope, sperm membrane proteins by colorimetric method, sperm head and tail defects by CASA method and finally sperm cell stability is checking its zeta electric potential charges, were all done with E4 cryo medium treated frozen/thawed selected study subjects. Results Sperm morphology and zeta potential shows there is no damage along the stability of cells maintained during E4 medium cryopreservation in infertile subjects. Summary This is the first study is too established for infertile smokers sperm stability was checked for six months with E4 cryo medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganathan Parameswari
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - T B Sridharan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Erratum: Antioxidant Effects of Brown Algae Sargassumon Sperm Parameters: CONSORT-Compliant Article: Erratum. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e1534. [PMID: 31265683 PMCID: PMC4778986 DOI: 10.1097/01.md.0000481323.52215.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. e1938 in vol. 94, PMID: 26717354.].
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