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Ackerley S, Smith MC, Jordan H, Stinear CM. Biomarkers of Motor Outcomes After Stroke. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2024; 35:259-276. [PMID: 38514217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Predicting motor outcomes after stroke based on clinical judgment alone is often inaccurate and can lead to inefficient and inequitable allocation of rehabilitation resources. Prediction tools are being developed so that clinicians can make evidence-based, accurate, and reproducible prognoses for individual patients. Biomarkers of corticospinal tract structure and function can improve prediction tool performance, particularly for patients with initially moderate to severe motor impairment. Being able to make accurate predictions for individual patients supports rehabilitation planning and communication with patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ackerley
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Marie-Claire Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Harry Jordan
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Cathy M Stinear
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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2
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Tran PM, Zhu C, Harris WT, Raghavan SKK, Odoi A, Tran L. An examination of geographic access to outpatient stroke rehabilitation services in Tennessee, a stroke belt state. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107472. [PMID: 37944281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While over half of US stroke patients were discharged to home, estimates of geographic access to outpatient stroke rehab facilities are unavailable. The objective of our study was to assess distance and travel time to the nearest outpatient stroke rehab facility in Tennessee, a high stroke prevalence state. METHODS We systematically scraped Google Maps with the terms "stroke", "rehabilitation", and "outpatient" to identify Tennessee stroke rehab facilities. We then averaged/aggregated Census block-level travel distance and travel time to determine the mean travel distance/time to a facility for each of the 95 Tennessee counties and the overall state. Comparisons of mean travel time/distance were made between rural and urban counties and between low, medium, and high stroke prevalence counties. RESULTS We found that 79% of facilities were in urban areas. Significantly higher median of mean travel times and distances (p values both <0.001) were observed in rural (22.0 miles, 31.6 min) versus urban counties (10.5 miles, 18.4 min). High (21.5 miles, 32.5 min) and medium (18.7 miles, 28.3 minutes) stroke prevalence counties, which often overlap with rural counties, had significantly higher median of mean travel times and distance than low stroke prevalence counties (7.3 miles, 14.5 min). CONCLUSIONS Rural Tennessee counties were faced with high stroke prevalence, inadequate facilities, and significantly greater travel distance and time to access care. Additional efforts to address transportation barriers and accelerate telerehabilitation implementation are crucial for improving equal access to stroke aftercare in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe M Tran
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Cenjing Zhu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sajeesh K Kamala Raghavan
- Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Liem Tran
- Deparment of Geography and Sustainability, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Kwakkel G, Stinear C, Essers B, Munoz-Novoa M, Branscheidt M, Cabanas-Valdés R, Lakičević S, Lampropoulou S, Luft AR, Marque P, Moore SA, Solomon JM, Swinnen E, Turolla A, Alt Murphy M, Verheyden G. Motor rehabilitation after stroke: European Stroke Organisation (ESO) consensus-based definition and guiding framework. Eur Stroke J 2023; 8:880-894. [PMID: 37548025 PMCID: PMC10683740 DOI: 10.1177/23969873231191304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose a consensus-based definition and framework for motor rehabilitation after stroke. METHODS An expert European working group reviewed the literature, attaining internal consensus after external feedback. FINDINGS Motor rehabilitation is defined as a process that engages people with stroke to benefit their motor function, activity capacity and performance in daily life. It is necessary for people with residual motor disability whose goal is to enhance their functioning, independence and participation. Motor rehabilitation operates through learning- and use-dependent mechanisms. The trajectory of motor recovery varies across patients and stages of recovery. Early behavioral restitution of motor function depends on spontaneous biological mechanisms. Further improvements in activities of daily living are achieved by compensations. Motor rehabilitation is guided by regular assessment of motor function and activity using consensus-based measures, including patient-reported outcomes. Results are discussed with the patient and their carers to set personal goals. During motor rehabilitation patients learn to optimize and adapt their motor, sensory and cognitive functioning through appropriately dosed repetitive, goal-oriented, progressive, task- and context-specific training. Motor rehabilitation supports people with stroke to maximize health, well-being and quality of life. The framework describes the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in the context of stroke, describes neurobiological mechanisms of behavioral restitution and compensation, and summarizes recommendations for clinical assessment, prediction tools, and motor interventions with strong recommendations from clinical practice guidelines (2016-2022). CONCLUSIONS This definition and framework may guide clinical educators, inform clinicians on current recommendations and guidelines, and identify gaps in the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Kwakkel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department Acquired Brain Injuries, Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Centre, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Stinear
- Department of Medicine, Waipapa Taumata Rau University of Auckland, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Bea Essers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Munoz-Novoa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Meret Branscheidt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, and Cereneo Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Cabanas-Valdés
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Lakičević
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, University Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sofia Lampropoulou
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Andreas R Luft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, and Cereneo Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Marque
- Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah A Moore
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John M Solomon
- Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Eva Swinnen
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margit Alt Murphy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Geert Verheyden
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Hayes HA, Mor V, Wei G, Presson A, McDonough C. Medicare Advantage Patterns of Poststroke Discharge to an Inpatient Rehabilitation or Skilled Nursing Facility: A Consideration of Demographic, Functional, and Payer Factors. Phys Ther 2023; 103:pzad009. [PMID: 37014280 PMCID: PMC10655208 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) or a skilled nursing facility (SNF) of people poststroke with Medicare Advantage plans. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted with data from naviHealth, a company that manages postacute care discharge placement on behalf of Medicare Advantage organizations. The dependent variable was discharge destination (IRF or SNF). Variables included age, sex, prior living setting, functional status (Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care [AM-PAC]), acute hospital length of stay, comorbidities, and payers (health plans). Analysis estimated relative risk (RR) of discharge to SNF, while controlling for regional variation. RESULTS Individuals discharged to an SNF were older (RR = 1.17), women (RR = 1.05), lived at home alone or in assisted living (RR = 1.13 and 1.39, respectively), had comorbidities impacting their function "some" or "severely" (RR = 1.43 and 1.81, respectively), and had a length of stay greater than 5 days (RR = 1.16). Individuals with better AM-PAC Basic Mobility (RR = 0.95) went to an IRF, and individuals with better Daily Activity (RR = 1.01) scores went to an SNF. There was a substantial, significant variation in discharge of individuals to SNF by payer group (RR range = 1.12-1.92). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that individuals poststroke are more likely to be discharged to an SNF than to an IRF. This study did not find a different discharge decision-making picture for those with Medicare Advantage plans than previously described for other insurance programs. IMPACT Medicare Advantage payers have varied patterns in discharge placement to an IRF or SNF for patients poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Hayes
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vincent Mor
- Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Providence Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Guo Wei
- Study Design and Biostatistics Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Angela Presson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christine McDonough
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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A Unified Model for Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation: Why Now? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:S3-S9. [PMID: 36634323 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current model of stroke care delivery in the United States and in many parts of the world is fragmented, resulting in lack of continuity of care, inability to track recovery meaningfully across the continuum, and lack of access to the frequency, intensity, and duration of high-quality rehabilitation necessary to optimally harness recovery processes. The process of recovery itself has been overshadowed by a focus on length of stay and the movement of patients across levels of care. Here, we describe the rationale behind the recent efforts at the Johns Hopkins Sheikh Khalifa Stroke Institute to define and coordinate an intensive, strategic effort to develop effective stroke systems of care across the continuum through the development of a unified Sheikh Khalifa Stroke Institute model of recovery and rehabilitation.
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Prognosis of Individual-Level Mobility and Daily Activities Recovery From Acute Care to Community, Part 2: A Proof-of-Concept Single Group Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 104:580-589. [PMID: 36596404 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.08.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a proof-of-concept for prognostic models of post-stroke recovery on activity level outcomes. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort with repeated measures from acute care, inpatient rehabilitation, and post-discharge follow-up to 6 months post-stroke. SETTING Enrollment from a single Midwest USA inpatient rehabilitation facility with community follow-up. PARTICIPANTS One-hundred fifteen persons recovering from stroke admitted to an acute rehabilitation facility (N=115). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care Basic Mobility and Daily Activities domains administered as 6 Clicks and patient-reported short forms. RESULTS The final Basic Mobility model defined a group-averaged trajectory rising from a baseline (pseudo-intercept) T score of 35.5 (P<.001) to a plateau (asymptote) T score of 56.4 points (P<.001) at a negative exponential rate of -1.49 (P<.001). Individual baseline scores varied by age, acute care tissue plasminogen activator, and acute care length of stay. Individual plateau scores varied by walking speed, acute care tissue plasminogen activator, and lower extremity Motricity Index scores. The final Daily Activities model defined a group-averaged trajectory rising from a baseline T score of 24.5 (P<.001) to a plateau T score of 41.3 points (P<.001) at a negative exponential rate of -1.75 (P<.001). Individual baseline scores varied by acute care length of stay, and plateau scores varied by self-care, upper extremity Motricity Index, and Berg Balance Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS As a proof-of-concept, individual activity-level recovery can be predicted as patient-level trajectories generated from electronic medical record data, but models require attention to completeness and accuracy of data elements collected on a fully representative patient sample.
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Kozlowski AJ, Gooch C, Reeves MJ, Butzer JF. Prognosis of Individual-Level Mobility and Self-Care Stroke Recovery During Inpatient Rehabilitation, Part 1: A Proof-of-Concept Single Group Retrospective Cohort Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 104:569-579. [PMID: 36596405 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate feasibility of generating predictive short-term individual trajectory recovery models after acute stroke by extracting clinical data from an electronic medical record (EMR) system. DESIGN Single-group retrospective patient cohort design. SETTING Stroke rehabilitation unit at an independent inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF). PARTICIPANTS Cohort of 1408 inpatients with acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke with a mean ± SD age of 66 (14.5) years admitted between April 2014 and October 2019 (N=1408). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 0-100 Rasch-scaled Functional Independence Measure (FIM) Mobility and Self-Care subscales. RESULTS Unconditional models were best-fit on FIM Mobility and Self-Care subscales by spline fixed-effect functions with knots at weeks 1 and 2, and random effects on the baseline (FIM 0-100 Rasch score at IRF admission), initial rate (slope at time zero), and second knot (change in slope pre-to-post week 2) parameters. The final Mobility multivariable model had intercept associations with Private/Other Insurance, Ischemic Stroke, Serum Albumin, Motricity Index Lower Extremity, and FIM Cognition; and initial slope associations with Ischemic Stroke, Private/Other and Medicaid Insurance, and FIM Cognition. The final Self-Care multivariable model had intercept associations with Private/Other Insurance, Ischemic Stroke, Living with One or More persons, Serum Albumin, and FIM Cognition; and initial slope associations with Ischemic Stroke, Private/Other and Medicaid Insurance, and FIM Cognition. Final models explained 52% and 27% of the variance compared with unconditional Mobility and Self-Care models. However, some EMR data elements had apparent coding errors or missing data, and desired elements from acute care were not available. Also, unbalanced outcome data may have biased trajectories. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of developing individual-level prognostic models from EMR data; however, some data elements were poorly defined, subject to error, or missing for some or all cases. Development of prognostic models from EMR will require improvements in EMR data collection and standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Kozlowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University - College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI; John F. Butzer Center for Research and Innovation, Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI; Division of Rehabilitation, Michigan State University - College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI.
| | - Cally Gooch
- Department of Biostatistics, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Mathew J Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University - College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - John F Butzer
- John F. Butzer Center for Research and Innovation, Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI; Division of Rehabilitation, Michigan State University - College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI
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8
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Mijic M, Jung A, Schoser B, Young P. Use of peripheral electrical stimulation on healthy individual and patients after stroke and its effects on the somatosensory evoked potentials. A systematic review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1036891. [PMID: 36468059 PMCID: PMC9716063 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1036891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, a few studies have used somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) to demonstrate cortical sensory changes among healthy subjects or to estimate cortical plasticity and rehabilitation prognosis in stroke patients after peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) intervention. The primary aim was to systematically review whether PES has a role in changing latencies and amplitudes of SEPs in healthy subjects and stroke patients. Moreover, we searched for a correlation between sensory and motor function assessments and changes in SEP components of included studies. METHODS The following databases were searched: Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus/ScienceDirect, Web of Science/Clarivate, Cochrane Library, The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and ClinicalTrials.gov. Titles and abstracts, as well as full-text reports, were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers according to a priori defined eligibility criteria. There were no study limitations concerning the treatment of the upper limb, lower limb, or torso with PES. RESULTS The final systematic search resulted in 11,344 records, however only 10 were evaluated. We could not find enough evidence to confirm use of SEP as a predictor to estimate the rehabilitation prognosis after stroke. However, we found a correlation between different sensory and motor function assessments and changes in SEP components. The stroke studies involving PES that initiate a voluntary contraction used for a specific movement or task indicate a positive relationship and correlation to assessments of motor function. It could be indicated that PES have a predictive impact of sensory reorganization, as mirrored by the change in SEP amplitude and latency. However, it is not possible to verify the degree of connectivity between SEP and cortical plasticity. To confirm this hypothesis, we propose the conduction of randomized controlled trials in healthy volunteers and stroke patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U7PSY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mijic
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andres Jung
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universität zu Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Clinic for Neurology, Medical Park, Bad Feilnbach, Germany
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Lam Wai Shun P, Bottari C, Dubé S, Grondin M, Swaine B. Factors influencing clinicians' referral or admission decisions for post-acute stroke or traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A scoping review. PM R 2022; 14:1388-1405. [PMID: 34387943 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Demand for post-acute stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation outweighs resource availability. Every day, clinicians face the challenging task of deciding which patient will benefit or not from rehabilitation. The objectives of this scoping review were to map and compare factors reported by clinicians as influencing referral or admission decisions to post-acute rehabilitation for stroke and TBI patients, to identify most frequently reported factors and those perceived as most influential. We searched four major databases for articles published between 1946 and January 2021. Articles were included if they reported clinicians' perceptions, investigated referral or admission decisions to post-acute rehabilitation, and focused on patients with stroke or TBI. Twenty articles met inclusion criteria. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework was used to guide data extraction and summarizing. Patient-related factors most frequently reported by clinicians were age, mental status prior to stroke or TBI, and family support. The two latter were ranked among the most influential by clinicians working with stroke patients, whereas age was ranked of low importance. Organizational factors were reported to influence decisions (particularly the availability of post-acute care services) as well as clinicians' characteristics (eg, knowledge). Moreover, clinicians' prediction of patient outcome ranked among the most important driver of referral or admission decisions by clinicians working with stroke patients. Findings highlight the complex nature of decision-making regarding patient selection for rehabilitation and provide insight on important factors that frontline clinicians need to consider when having to make rapid decisions in high-pressured acute care environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Lam Wai Shun
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Bottari
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandra Dubé
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Myrian Grondin
- Marguerite-d'Youville Library, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bonnie Swaine
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Stein J, Rodstein BM, Levine SR, Cheung K, Sicklick A, Silver B, Hedeman R, Egan A, Borg-Jensen P, Magdon-Ismail Z. Which Road to Recovery?: Factors Influencing Postacute Stroke Discharge Destinations: A Delphi Study. Stroke 2021; 53:947-955. [PMID: 34706561 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The criteria for determining the level of postacute care for patients with stroke are variable and inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to identify key factors influencing the selection of postacute level of care for these patients. METHODS We used a collaborative 4-round Delphi process to achieve a refined list of factors influencing postacute level of care selection. Our Delphi panel of experts consisted of 32 panelists including physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, nurses, stroke survivors, administrators, policy experts, and individuals associated with third-party insurance companies. RESULTS In round 1, 207 factors were proposed, with subsequent discussion resulting in consolidation into 15 factors for consideration. In round 2, 15 factors were ranked with consensus on 10 factors; in round 3,10 factors were ranked with consensus on 9 factors. In round 4, the final round, 9 factors were rated with Likert scores ranging from 5 (most important) to 1(not important). The percentage of panelists who provided a rating of 4 or above were as follows: likelihood to benefit from an active rehabilitation program (97%), need for clinicians with specialized rehabilitation skills (94%), need for active and ongoing medical management and monitoring (84%), ability to tolerate an active rehabilitation program (74%), need for caregiver training to return to the community (48%), family/caregiver support (39%), likelihood to return to community/home (39%), ability to return to physical home environment (32%), and premorbid dementia (16%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an expert, consensus-based set of key factors to be considered when determining where stroke patients are discharged for postacute care. These factors may be useful in developing a decision support tool for use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Stein
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY (J.S.).,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY (J.S.).,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, NY (J.S.)
| | - Barry M Rodstein
- University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate Health, Springfield (B.M.R.)
| | - Steven R Levine
- Departments of Neurology and Emergency Medicine, and Stroke Center, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY (S.R.L.).,Department of Neurology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (S.R.L.).,Jaffe Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (S.R.L.)
| | - Ken Cheung
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY (K.C.)
| | | | - Brian Silver
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (B.S.)
| | | | - Abigail Egan
- The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Eastern States, Albany, NY (A.E., P.B.-J., Z.M.-I.)
| | - Pamela Borg-Jensen
- The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Eastern States, Albany, NY (A.E., P.B.-J., Z.M.-I.)
| | - Zainab Magdon-Ismail
- The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Eastern States, Albany, NY (A.E., P.B.-J., Z.M.-I.).,Capital District Physician's Health Plan, Albany NY (Z.M.-I.)
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11
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Simmonds KP, Burke J, Kozlowski AJ, Andary M, Luo Z, Reeves MJ. Rationale for a Clinical Trial That Compares Acute Stroke Rehabilitation at Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities to Skilled Nursing Facilities: Challenges and Opportunities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 103:1213-1221. [PMID: 34480886 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, approximately 400,000 patients with acute stroke are discharged annually to inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) or skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Typically, IRFs provide time-intensive therapy for an average of 2-3 weeks, whereas SNFs provide more moderately intensive therapy for 4-5 weeks. The factors that influence discharge to an IRF or SNF are multifactorial and poorly understood. The complexity of these factors in combination with subjective clinical indications contributes to large variations in the use of IRFs and SNFs. This has significant financial implications for health care expenditure, given that stroke rehabilitation at IRFs costs approximately double that at SNFs. To control health care spending without compromising outcomes, the Institute of Medicine has stated that policy reforms that promote more efficient use of IRFs and SNFs are critically needed. A major barrier to the formulation of such policies is the highly variable and low-quality evidence for the comparative effectiveness of IRF- vs SNF-based stroke rehabilitation. The current evidence is limited by the inability of observational data to control for residual confounding, which contributes to substantial uncertainty around any magnitude of benefit for IRF- vs SNF-based care. Furthermore, it is unclear which specific patients would receive the most benefit from each setting. A randomized controlled trial addresses these issues, because random treatment allocation facilitates an equitable distribution of measured and unmeasured confounders. We discuss several measurement, practical, and ethical issues of a trial and provide our rationale for design suggestions that overcome some of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent P Simmonds
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - James Burke
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Allan J Kozlowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; John F. Butzer Center for Research and Innovation, Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Michael Andary
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Zhehui Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Mathew J Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
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Roberts PS, Krishnan S, Burns SP, Ouellette D, Pappadis MR. Inconsistent Classification of Mild Stroke and Implications on Health Services Delivery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:1243-1259. [PMID: 32001257 PMCID: PMC7311258 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a scoping review on classifications of mild stroke based on stroke severity assessments and/or clinical signs and symptoms reported in the literature. DATA SOURCES Electronic searches of PubMed, PsycINFO (Ovid), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL-EBSCO) databases included keyword combinations of mild stroke, minor stroke, mini stroke, mild cerebrovascular, minor cerebrovascular, transient ischemic attack, or TIA. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria were limited to articles published between January 2003 and February 2018. Inclusion criteria included studies (1) with a definition of either mild or minor stroke, (2) written in English, and (3) with participants aged 18 years and older. Animal studies, reviews, dissertations, blogs, editorials, commentaries, case reports, newsletters, drug trials, and presentation abstracts were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION Five reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently screened each full-text article for eligibility. The 5 reviewers checked the quality of the included full-text articles for accuracy. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers and verified by a third reviewer. DATA SYNTHESIS Sixty-two studies were included in the final review. Ten unique definitions of mild stroke using stroke severity assessments were discovered, and 10 different cutoff points were used. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was the most widely used measure to classify stroke severity. Synthesis also revealed variations in classification of mild stroke across publication years, time since stroke, settings, and medical factors including imaging, medical indicators, and clinical signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Inconsistencies in the classification of mild stroke are evident with varying use of stroke severity assessments, measurement cutoff scores, imaging tools, and clinical or functional outcomes. Continued work is necessary to develop a consensus definition of mild stroke, which directly affects treatment receipt, referral for services, and health service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shilpa Krishnan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Debra Ouellette
- Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, California
| | - Monique R Pappadis
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Stein J, Borg-Jensen P, Sicklick A, Rodstein BM, Hedeman R, Bettger JP, Hemmitt R, Silver BM, Thode HC, Magdon-Ismail Z. Are Stroke Survivors Discharged to the Recommended Postacute Setting? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:1190-1198. [PMID: 32272107 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the processes and barriers involved in providing postdischarge stroke care. DESIGN Prospective study of discharge planners' (DP) and physical therapists' (PT) interpretation of factors contributing to patients' discharge destination. SETTING Twenty-three hospitals in the northeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS After exclusions, data on patients (N=427) hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of stroke between May 2015 and November 2016 were examined. Of the patients, 45% were women, and the median age was 71 years. DPs and PTs caring for these patients were queried regarding the selection of discharge destination. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of actual discharge destination for stroke patients with the destinations recommended by their DPs and PTs. RESULTS In total, 184 patients (43.1%) were discharged home, 146 (34.2%) to an inpatient rehabilitation facility, 94 (22.0%) to a skilled nursing facility, and 3 (0.7%) to a long-term acute care hospital. DPs and PTs agreed on the recommended discharge destination in 355 (83.1%) cases. The actual discharge destination matched the DP and PT recommended discharge destination in 92.5% of these cases. In 23 cases (6.5%), the patient was discharged to a less intensive setting than recommended by both respondents. In 4 cases (1.1%), the patient was discharged to a more intensive level of care. In 2 cases (0.6%), the patient was discharged to a long-term acute care hospital rather than an inpatient rehabilitation facility as recommended. Patient or family preference was cited by at least 1 respondent for the discrepancy in discharge destination for 13 patients (3.1%); insurance barriers were cited for 9 patients (2.3%). CONCLUSIONS Most stroke survivors in the northeast United States are discharged to the recommended postacute care destination based on the consensus of DP and PT opinions. Further research is needed to guide postacute care service selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Stein
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
| | - Pamela Borg-Jensen
- The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Eastern States, Albany, New York
| | | | | | | | - Janet Prvu Bettger
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roseanne Hemmitt
- The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Eastern States, Albany, New York
| | - Brian M Silver
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Henry C Thode
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Zainab Magdon-Ismail
- The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Eastern States, Albany, New York
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M Stinear
- From the Department of Medicine (C.M.S., M.-C.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research (C.M.S., M.-C.S., W.D.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Claire Smith
- From the Department of Medicine (C.M.S., M.-C.S.), University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research (C.M.S., M.-C.S., W.D.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Centre for Brain Research (C.M.S., M.-C.S., W.D.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Exercise Sciences (W.D.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
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