1
|
Templet T, Rholdon R, Bienvenu A. Evaluating Effectiveness of the Use of an Extremity Stabilization Device for Vascular Access Procedures in Pediatrics. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2024; 13:95-99. [PMID: 38571980 PMCID: PMC10987223 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of SafeBoard, a Food and Drug Administration-approved extremity stabilization device, as an assistive method in performing peripherally inserted central catheter procedures on children 0 to 3 years of age. This is a retrospective chart review ( n = 59) of vascular access procedures where SafeBoard was utilized ( n = 32 ) in comparison to those procedures which utilized a traditional approach to placement ( n = 27). Statistical analysis demonstrated significant effect on length of procedure time, number of personnel needed for procedure, and success of placement when SafeBoard was utilized. Obtaining vascular access in pediatrics can be a challenging endeavor. Most young pediatric patients require procedural sedation and/or assistive personnel as a "holder" for successful vascular access placement to occur. An alternative option for extremity stabilization may provide improved workflow and improved placement success, which in turn may positively affect workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Templet
- Department of Nursing, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
| | - Roger Rholdon
- Department of Nursing, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wolter NE, Tepsich ME, Daien ES, Levinsky JT, Vanderpost ME, Propst EJ, Siu JM. Oral Sucrose in Infants Undergoing Flexible Nasolaryngoscopy: A Blinded Randomized Pilot Study. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38415844 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flexible nasolaryngoscopy (FNL) is a common, uncomfortable procedure performed to assess the upper airway in infants. Oral sucrose is used during various painful procedures in infants but has not been used during FNL. Our objective was to understand the impact of oral sucrose on discomfort in infants undergoing FNL. METHODS Infants (<12-months-old) undergoing FNL in the otolaryngology clinic were randomized to treatment (0.5 mL 24% oral sucrose) or standard management (no sucrose). Sucrose was administered <2 min prior to FNL performed by a single endoscopist. Outcome measures included: EVENDOL pain scale and cry duration and visit duration. Infant discomfort was measured by a second observer who was blinded to treatment group. RESULTS Forty-seven infants were included, 23 were treated with sucrose and 24 with standard management. The median (IQR) age was 3.0 (2-5.7) months. There were no significant differences in age, weight, or sex across groups. The median (IQR) duration of FNL was 35.2 (26.5-58.4) and 36.4 (28.9-51.8) seconds for treatment and standard management groups, respectively. Mean (SD) EVENDOL scores were significantly lower in the sucrose group [4.9 (2.0)] than standard group (6.7 [2.1]) (p = 0.003). Mean cry duration after FNL was significantly shorter in the sucrose group (29.9 [20.4] seconds) than the standard group (52.7.0 [40.6] seconds) (p = 0.02). Median (IQR) visit duration did not differ across groups (1.1 [0.9-1.3] vs. 1.1 [0.7-1.4] h [p = 0.15]). CONCLUSION Oral sucrose given before FNL reduced EVENDOL scores and cry duration after FNL and did not prolong clinic visits in this randomized pilot study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus E Wolter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan E Tepsich
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellie S Daien
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin T Levinsky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Vanderpost
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Siu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
[Evidence-based guideline for neonatal pain management in China (2023)]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2023; 25:109-127. [PMID: 36854686 PMCID: PMC9979385 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Pain disrupts neonatal vital signs and internal environment homeostasis and affects the recovery process, and recurrent pain stimulation is one of the important risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders and some chronic diseases. In order to standardize pain management practice in neonatal wards in China and effectively prevent and reduce the adverse effects of pain on the physical and mental development of neonates, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Diseases (Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) convened a multidisciplinary panel to formulate the evidence-based guideline for neonatal pain management in China (2023 edition) following the principles and methods for the guideline development issued by the World Health Organization. Based on the best evidence and expert consensus, this guideline gives 26 recommendations for nine clinical issues, i.e., the classification and definition of neonatal pain, common sources of pain, pain assessment principles, pain assessment methods, analgesic principle, non-pharmaceutical analgesic methods, pharmaceutical analgesic methods, parental participation in pain management, and recording methods for pain management, so as to provide medical staff with guidance and a decision-making basis for neonatal pain assessment and analgesia management.
Collapse
|
4
|
Improving Consistency in the Use of Sucrose With Comfort Measures During Minor Painful Procedures. Adv Neonatal Care 2023; 23:10-16. [PMID: 35421005 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistent pain management practices can have negative physiologic and neurodevelopmental consequences in the neonate. Low rates of oral sucrose use with comfort measures for pain management during minor painful procedures were identified at a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Underutilization of pain management resources occurs despite the availability of evidence-based pain management interventions. PURPOSE To improve consistency in the use of oral sucrose solution with comfort measures during peripheral intravenous catheter insertion attempts in the neonatal intensive care unit in patients greater than or equal to 32 0/7th weeks postmenstrual age. METHODS Quality improvement methods were used to implement an evidence-based procedural pain algorithm for minor painful procedures and optimize pain management processes over a 15-week period in a 26-bed, level III neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS There was an increase in the average percentage of documented use of sucrose with comfort measures during peripheral intravenous catheter insertion attempts from 20% to 27%. There was a 41% increase in the average presence of a sucrose order indicated for procedural pain. There were improvements in staff knowledge of sucrose dosing and perceived behavior of staff after completing the education. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH Procedural pain management should be used as a quality indicator and guidelines should be established with the support of key stakeholders in neonatal intensive care settings. Future projects should address barriers related to workflow and accessibility of sucrose, include other common needlestick procedures, and expand the role of parent participation in pain management practices.Video Abstract available at:https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/pages/video.aspx?v=60 .
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Fang S, Wang Y, Gao L, Xin T, Liu Y. The effectiveness of massage interventions on procedural pain in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30939. [PMID: 36254036 PMCID: PMC9575769 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The painful procedures experienced by neonates during hospitalization have short-term or long-term effects on neonates. While the limitations of previous interventions make it imperative to explore effective interventions that are readily available. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of massage for pain management in neonates. METHODS This systematic review was registered in PROSPER. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Clinical Trials Registry were searched to December 2021. Two reviewers independently carried out study selection, data extraction, bias risk assessment. Continuous data were analyzed by mean differences (MD). Dichotomous data were reported using relative risk. If at least two studies reported identical results by the same pain assessment tool, a meta-analysis was conducted using random effect model and inverse variance. RESULTS Total 11 included studies involving 755 neonates investigated the effects of massage on neonatal pain response compared to standard care. The meta-analysis showed that massage could effectively improve pain response in neonates compared to standard care no matter whether neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS) or premature infant pain profile (PIPP) was used as an assessment tool. Besides, massage was also effective for crying duration, blood oxygen saturation both during and after the procedure, but non-effective for the variation of respiratory rate after the procedure, and heart rate both during and after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Massage may have a positive effect on pain relief of neonate, and rigorous trials are needed in the future to determine the most effective massage method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shirong Fang
- Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Weifang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Lunan Gao
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tingting Xin
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxiu Liu, School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong Western Street, Weifang, China (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Tan X, Li X, Tang W, Mei L, Cheng G, Zou Y. Efficacy and safety of combined oral sucrose and nonnutritive sucking in pain management for infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268033. [PMID: 35522649 PMCID: PMC9075656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain management is currently important in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The superiority in pain relief of the combined oral sucrose (OS) and nonnutritive sucking (NNS) to other single intervention has not been well established. The administration of sucrose has been considered to potentially induce adverse events, which has been controversial. This study aims to investigate the combined effects and safety in comparison with other single intervention methods, including NNS, OS alone, breast milk and oral glucose. Methods We searched databases including Medline (via Pubmed), Embase (via Ovid), web of science, and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials from Jan 1, 2000 to Mar 31, 2021. The data were analyzed in the meta-analysis using Review manager Version 5.3. Pain score was the primary outcome in this meta-analysis. The adverse events were assessed qualitatively. Results A total of 16 studies were eligible in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in pain score in the NNS+OS group compared with NNS alone (SMD = -1.69, 95%CI, -1.69,-0.65) or sucrose alone (SMD = -1.39, 95% CI, -2.21,-0.57) during the painful procedures. When compared NNS+OS with breast milk, no significant difference was detected (SMD = -0.19, 95% CI: -0.5, 0.11). Conclusion The combined effects of NNS and OS might be superior to other single intervention method. However, the effects might be mild for moderate-to-severe pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Li
- Department of Neonatology, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuerong Tan
- Department of Neonatology, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenxiu Tang
- Department of Neonatology, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neonatology, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongrong Zou
- Department of Neonatology, Ya’an People’s Hospital, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chumpitazi CE, Chang C, Atanelov Z, Dietrich AM, Lam SH, Rose E, Ruttan T, Shahid S, Stoner MJ, Sulton C, Saidinejad M. Managing acute pain in children presenting to the emergency department without opioids. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12664. [PMID: 35310402 PMCID: PMC8918119 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric pain is challenging to assess and manage. Frequently underestimated in children, untreated pain may have consequences including increased fear, anxiety, and psychological issues. With the current opioid crisis, emergency physicians must be knowledgeable in both pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic approaches to address pain and anxiety in children that lead to enhanced patient cooperation and family satisfaction. This document focuses pain management and distress mitigation strategies for the brief diagnostic and therapeutic procedures commonly performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrie E. Chumpitazi
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas USA
| | - Cindy Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Zaza Atanelov
- North Florida Regional Medical Center Emergency Department HCA/University of Central Florida College of Medicine Consortium Florida USA
| | - Ann M. Dietrich
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine University of South Carolina College of Medicine Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Samuel Hiu‐Fung Lam
- Department of Emergency Medicine Sutter Medical Center Sacramento Sacramento California USA
| | - Emily Rose
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Tim Ruttan
- Dell Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, US Acute Care Solutions Austin Texas USA
| | - Sam Shahid
- American College of Emergency Physicians Irving Texas USA
| | - Michael J. Stoner
- Nationwide Children's Hospital The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Carmen Sulton
- Emory University School of Medicine Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Mohsen Saidinejad
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harbor UCLA Medical Center Torrance California USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith HAB, Besunder JB, Betters KA, Johnson PN, Srinivasan V, Stormorken A, Farrington E, Golianu B, Godshall AJ, Acinelli L, Almgren C, Bailey CH, Boyd JM, Cisco MJ, Damian M, deAlmeida ML, Fehr J, Fenton KE, Gilliland F, Grant MJC, Howell J, Ruggles CA, Simone S, Su F, Sullivan JE, Tegtmeyer K, Traube C, Williams S, Berkenbosch JW. 2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2022; 23:e74-e110. [PMID: 35119438 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A guideline that both evaluates current practice and provides recommendations to address sedation, pain, and delirium management with regard for neuromuscular blockade and withdrawal is not currently available. OBJECTIVE To develop comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for critically ill infants and children, with specific attention to seven domains of care including pain, sedation/agitation, iatrogenic withdrawal, neuromuscular blockade, delirium, PICU environment, and early mobility. DESIGN The Society of Critical Care Medicine Pediatric Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in critically ill pediatric patients with consideration of the PICU Environment and Early Mobility Guideline Taskforce was comprised of 29 national experts who collaborated from 2009 to 2021 via teleconference and/or e-mail at least monthly for planning, literature review, and guideline development, revision, and approval. The full taskforce gathered annually in-person during the Society of Critical Care Medicine Congress for progress reports and further strategizing with the final face-to-face meeting occurring in February 2020. Throughout this process, the Society of Critical Care Medicine standard operating procedures Manual for Guidelines development was adhered to. METHODS Taskforce content experts separated into subgroups addressing pain/analgesia, sedation, tolerance/iatrogenic withdrawal, neuromuscular blockade, delirium, PICU environment (family presence and sleep hygiene), and early mobility. Subgroups created descriptive and actionable Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome questions. An experienced medical information specialist developed search strategies to identify relevant literature between January 1990 and January 2020. Subgroups reviewed literature, determined quality of evidence, and formulated recommendations classified as "strong" with "we recommend" or "conditional" with "we suggest." Good practice statements were used when indirect evidence supported benefit with no or minimal risk. Evidence gaps were noted. Initial recommendations were reviewed by each subgroup and revised as deemed necessary prior to being disseminated for voting by the full taskforce. Individuals who had an overt or potential conflict of interest abstained from relevant votes. Expert opinion alone was not used in substitution for a lack of evidence. RESULTS The Pediatric Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in critically ill pediatric patients with consideration of the PICU Environment and Early Mobility taskforce issued 44 recommendations (14 strong and 30 conditional) and five good practice statements. CONCLUSIONS The current guidelines represent a comprehensive list of practical clinical recommendations for the assessment, prevention, and management of key aspects for the comprehensive critical care of infants and children. Main areas of focus included 1) need for the routine monitoring of pain, agitation, withdrawal, and delirium using validated tools, 2) enhanced use of protocolized sedation and analgesia, and 3) recognition of the importance of nonpharmacologic interventions for enhancing patient comfort and comprehensive care provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A B Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Nashville, TN
| | - James B Besunder
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, OH
| | - Kristina A Betters
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Peter N Johnson
- University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK
- The Children's Hospital at OU Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Vijay Srinivasan
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anne Stormorken
- Pediatric Critical Care, Rainbow Babies Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Elizabeth Farrington
- Betty H. Cameron Women's and Children's Hospital at New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, NC
| | - Brenda Golianu
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesia and Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Aaron J Godshall
- Department of Pediatrics, AdventHealth For Children, Orlando, FL
| | - Larkin Acinelli
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, FL
| | - Christina Almgren
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford Pain Management, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Jenny M Boyd
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, N.C. Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael J Cisco
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mihaela Damian
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford at Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Mary L deAlmeida
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Atlanta, GA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - James Fehr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Frances Gilliland
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, FL
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Mary Jo C Grant
- Primary Children's Hospital, Pediatric Critical Care Services, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Joy Howell
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Shari Simone
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Felice Su
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford at Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Janice E Sullivan
- "Just For Kids" Critical Care Center, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Ken Tegtmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Chani Traube
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stacey Williams
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - John W Berkenbosch
- "Just For Kids" Critical Care Center, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Akbari N, Mutlu B, Nadali J. Effect of Non-nutritive Sucking during Heel-stick Procedure in Pain Management of Term Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; 19:90-98. [PMID: 35410609 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220410225908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-nutritive sucking for analgesia in term infants undergoing heel-stick procedures. METHODS Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies based on the PICO framework were included in the study. Review articles, commentary, pilot, and non-English articles were excluded. Databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane, were searched until January 31st, 2021, using the keywords "Pain management", 'Non-nutritive sucking", and "Heel stick". All studies were reviewed and retrieved by two authors independently using a standardized form according to the inclusion criteria, and any disagreements were examined by a third scholar. Quality assessment was evaluated by using the ROB-2 tool. Data were analyzed using Stata version 12.0 software, and a random-effects model was used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 5,629 articles were retrieved from all databases, and after the screening, finally, 6 relevant articles were included in the analysis. The tools used to control pain in infants in the articles included PIPP, NFCS, NIPS, and NPASS. The results showed that the pain scores were significantly lower in the NNS group compared to the control group (MD, -1.05; 95% CI, -1.53 to -0.57) and NNS had a significant effect on oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) increasing in newborns compared to the control group, but no significant reduction in the heart rate (HR) between two groups was observed. CONCLUSION NNS effectively provides analgesia in full-term neonates undergoing heel-stick procedures; however, its effects on the long-term outcomes of infants are unclear. The results showed that NNS was effective in improving heel-stick pain in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negarin Akbari
- Pediatric Nursing Doctorate Program, Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Mutlu
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javad Nadali
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Obeidat HM, Dwairej DA, Aloweidi AS. Pain in Preterm Infants: Different Perspectives. J Perinat Educ 2021; 30:185-195. [PMID: 34908817 DOI: 10.1891/j-pe-d-20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, there has been a tremendous change in approaching and managing neonates' pain. These changes began with rebutting the previous misconception about neonates' , particularly preterm infants' , pain. The development in neuroimaging has revealed that by 24 weeks of gestation the peripheral nervous system is mature and function fully. Researchers now know that neonates experience pain and premature infants have even lower pain thresholds. Since that time, a mounting amount of literature has addressed the issue of neonatal pain. Many pharmacological and non pharmacological pain reduction strategies have been investigated for their safety and analgesic effectiveness. Many interventions such as nonnutritive sucking (NNS), skin-to-skin contact (SSC), and facilitated tucking are effective in controlling neonates pain.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Espinosa Fernández MG, González-Pacheco N, Sánchez-Redondo MD, Cernada M, Martín A, Pérez-Muñuzuri A, Boix H, Couce ML. Sedoanalgesia in neonatal units. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 95:126.e1-126.e11. [PMID: 34332948 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain recognition and management continues to be a challenge for health professionals in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Many of the patients are routinely exposed to repeated painful experiences with demonstrated short- and long-term consequences. Preterm babies are a vulnerable high-risk population. Despite international recommendations, pain remains poorly assessed and managed in many Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Due to there being no general protocol, there is significant variability as regards the guidelines for the approach and treatment of pain between the different Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The objective of this article is to review and assess the general principles of pain in the initial stages of development, its recognition through the use of standardised scales. It also includes its prevention and management with the combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures, as well as to establish recommendations that help alleviate pain in daily clinical practice by optimising pain and stress control in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Cernada
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Grupo de Investigación en Perinatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Martín
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Muñuzuri
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, IDIS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hector Boix
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María L Couce
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of combined pharmacological, behavioral, and physical interventions for procedural pain on salivary cortisol and neurobehavioral development in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2021; 162:253-262. [PMID: 32773596 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Repeated procedural pain may lead to increased secretion of cortisol and future neurobehavioral development disorders in preterm infants. Changes in the cortisol level may mediate the effect of neonatal repetitive procedural pain on altered childhood neurobehavioral development in preterm infants. However, few studies have investigated the effect of combined pharmacological, behavioral, and physical interventions over repeated painful procedures on pain response, cortisol level, and neurobehavioral development. This study examined (1) the efficacy and safety of sucrose combined with massage, music, non-nutritive sucking, and gentle human touch to treat preterm infants with repeated procedural pain; (2) the cortisol level at discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); (3) neurobehavioral development at 40 weeks' corrected gestational age; and (4) the potential mediating effect of the cortisol level in the combined interventions on neurobehavioral development. Stable preterm infants (n = 76) were randomized to receive routine care or combined interventions across repeated painful procedures throughout their NICU stay. The Premature Infant Pain Profile scores in the early, middle, and late periods of the NICU stay were measured, as were the basal salivary cortisol level at admission and discharge, the Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment score at 40 weeks' corrected gestational age, and the incidence of adverse effects during the study period. Our findings indicated that the combined interventions remained efficacious and safe for reducing repeated procedural pain, decreased the cortisol level at discharge, and promoted early neurobehavioral development in preterm infants. This effect may have been mediated through decreased cortisol levels and reduced repeated procedural pain.
Collapse
|
14
|
Guo W, Liu X, Zhou X, Wu T, Sun J. Efficacy and safety of combined nonpharmacological interventions for repeated procedural pain in preterm neonates: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 102:103471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Comparing the Analgesic Effects of 4 Nonpharmacologic Interventions on Term Newborns Undergoing Heel Lance: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2020; 34:338-345. [PMID: 32804876 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This randomized trial compared the analgesic effect of 4 nonpharmacologic interventions (breastfeeding, oral sucrose, nonnutritive sucking, and skin-to-skin contact) on term newborns between 24 and 48 hours of age who underwent a heel lance. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale was used to evaluate pain. The newborns (N = 226) were assigned to one of 4 intervention groups (n = 176) or a control group without pain intervention (n = 50). The results indicate that all intervention groups showed decreased pain levels when compared with the control group (P < .01). The oral sucrose group experienced a superior analgesic effect when compared with the skin-to-skin contact group (P < .01), but no difference was observed when compared with the breastfeeding group (P > .05) or the nonnutritive sucking group (P > .05). All intervention groups showed a shortened crying time (P < .01) and reduced procedural duration (P < .01) compared with the control group. All of these interventions are clinically applicable and acceptable when caring for a newborn during a minor painful procedure.
Collapse
|
16
|
Barandouzi ZA, Keshavarz M, Montazeri A, Ashayeri H, Rajaei Z. Comparison of the analgesic effect of oral sucrose and/or music in preterm neonates: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2019; 48:102271. [PMID: 31987233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the analgesic effects of sucrose, music, and their combination on venipuncture's pain in preterm neonates. METHODOLOGY A double-blinded randomized control trial conducted at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in Tehran, Iran. One hundred and twenty preterm neonates were randomly allocated into three experimental (sucrose, music and combination of sucrose and music) and one control groups (n = 30 for each group). Two minutes before the venipuncture, 0.5 ml of oral 24% sucrose was provided for the sucrose and combination groups. The combination group additionally received lullaby music as same as the music group. The control group had headphones without playing music and received sterile water. Blinded assessment of the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) was performed before and during venipuncture, as well as 30 s and 10 min and 10 min after its completion. RESULTS The pain scores during venipuncture in the sucrose and combination groups were significantly lower than the control group (p = .003, p < .001, respectively) but not in the music group. Thirty seconds after the end of the venipuncture, the pain score in the three intervention groups was significantly lower than the control group (sucrose, music and, combination group, p < .001, p = .009, p < .001, respectively). Ten min after the venipuncture, there was no significant difference in pain scores among the four groups. CONCLUSION Music could relief pain 30 s after the venipuncture completion but not during the venipuncture. A more prolonged period of playing music is recommended to evaluate the analgesic effects of music in preterm neonates in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Ashayeri
- Rehabilitation Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Rajaei
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Managing Procedural Pain in the Neonate Using an Opioid-sparing Approach. Clin Ther 2019; 41:1701-1713. [PMID: 31431300 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pain in the neonate is often challenging to assess but important to control. Physicians often must balance the need for optimal pain control with the need to minimize oversedation and prolonged opioid use. Both inadequate pain control and overuse of opioids can have long-term consequences, including poor developmental outcomes. The aim of this review is to introduce a comprehensive approach to pain management for physicians, nurses, and surgeons caring for critically ill neonates, focusing on nonopioid alternatives to manage procedural pain. FINDINGS After review, categories of opioid-sparing interventions identified included (1) nonopioid pharmacologic agents, (2) local and regional anesthesia, and (3) nonpharmacologic alternatives. Nonopioid pharmacologic agents identified for neonatal use included acetaminophen, NSAIDs, dexmedetomidine, and gabapentin. Local and regional anesthesia included neuraxial blockade (spinals and epidurals), subcutaneous injections, and topical anesthesia. Nonpharmacologic agents uniquely available in the neonatal setting included skin-to-skin care, facilitated tucking, sucrose, breastfeeding, and nonnutritive sucking. IMPLICATIONS The use of various pharmacologic and interventional treatments for neonatal pain management allows for the incorporation of opioid-sparing techniques in neonates who are already at risk for poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. A multifactorial approach to pain control is paramount to optimize periprocedural comfort and to minimize the negative sequelae of uncontrolled pain in the neonate.
Collapse
|
18
|
Toye JM, Yang J, Sankaran K. Narcotics and sedatives use in the mechanical ventilation in preterm infants: Predictors and outcome. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2019; 12:135-141. [PMID: 30614810 DOI: 10.3233/npm-17157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation (MV) causes discomfort but whether it causes pain remains controversial. Around the world neonatal intensive care units (NICU) often utilize narcotics and/or sedatives during MV of vulnerable infants yet the association with adverse neonatal outcomes has not been adequately addressed. OBJECTIVE Test for associations between the use of narcotics/sedatives during MV and mortality/morbidity in preterm infants in a large infant cohort in Canada. DESIGN/METHODS Preterm infants born <35 weeks gestational age (GA) requiring MV for >24 hrs were identified retrospectively from the Canadian Neonatal Network database, 2010-12. Infants were categorized according to whether they received narcotics/sedatives for greater than 24 hours concurrently with MV. Infants were excluded if moribund on admission, had major congenital anomalies, diagnoses where narcotic administration is routine and suspected seizures. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis tested for association of narcotics/sedatives use during MV with mortality/morbidity (nosocomial infections, BPD, ROP, IVH) and length of MV. RESULTS After exclusions the cohort included 2672 infants; 467(17%) exposed only to narcotics 101(4%) only to sedatives and 299(11%) to both. All models were adjusted for GA, gender, small for GA, SNAP-II score >20, multiple births, delivery mode, outborn, PDA status, MV type, use of high flow, muscle relaxant use, indwelling lines, caffeine and surfactant therapy. The composite mortality/morbidity, and MV days were significantly higher for MV infants exposed to narcotics, sedatives or both compared to infants not exposed. CONCLUSION Mounting evidence of the adverse short and long-term impacts of narcotics/sedatives during MV supports the need for further work in alternative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Toye
- University of Alberta, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Yang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Sankaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Division of Neonatology, SK, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kristoffersen L, Malahleha M, Duze Z, Tegnander E, Kapongo N, Støen R, Follestad T, Eik-Nes SH, Bergseng H. Randomised controlled trial showed that neonates received better pain relief from a higher dose of sucrose during venepuncture. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:2071-2078. [PMID: 30188590 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We compared the effect of two different doses of sucrose on neonatal pain scores during venepuncture. METHODS This randomised crossover study focused on neonates born weighing more than 1000 g from December 2014 to June 2016, who received neonatal intensive care at two hospitals: one in Empangeni, South Africa, and one in Trondheim, Norway. During two consecutive venepuncture procedures, 27 neonates from South Africa and 26 neonates from Norway were randomised to receive 0.2 mL or 0.5 mL sucrose. Half was administered two minutes before venepuncture and the rest immediately before the procedure. South Africa used 25% sucrose and Norway 24%. Pain scores were measured twice using the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised: during skin puncture and after the needle was removed. RESULTS The mean pain scores during skin puncture were significantly lower with 0.5 mL sucrose than with 0.2 mL (5.3 versus 6.8, p=0.008), but the mean pain scores after the needle was removed were similar with both doses (4.7 versus 5.4, p=0.29). We found no significant association between weight and pain scores. CONCLUSION We showed that neonates received better pain relief from 0.5 mL than 0.2 mL sucrose during venepuncture but not after the needle was removed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Kristoffersen
- Department of Neonatology; St. Olavs University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim Norway
| | - Moelo Malahleha
- Paediatric Department; Neonatal Unit; Lower Umfolozi Regional War Memorial Hospital; Empangeni South Africa
| | - Zama Duze
- Paediatric Department; Neonatal Unit; Lower Umfolozi Regional War Memorial Hospital; Empangeni South Africa
| | - Eva Tegnander
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim Norway
- National Center for Fetal Medicine; St. Olavs University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Ndaye Kapongo
- Paediatric Department; Neonatal Unit; Lower Umfolozi Regional War Memorial Hospital; Empangeni South Africa
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Ragnhild Støen
- Department of Neonatology; St. Olavs University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim Norway
| | - Turid Follestad
- Department of Public Health and Nursing; NTNU; Trondheim Norway
| | - Sturla H. Eik-Nes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim Norway
- National Center for Fetal Medicine; St. Olavs University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Håkon Bergseng
- Department of Neonatology; St. Olavs University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim Norway
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of non-nutritive sucking and sucrose alone and in combination for repeated procedural pain in preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 83:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
The Needle-Less Treatment of Pain and Anxiety in the Pediatric Patient. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-017-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|