1
|
Mouliou DS. C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians. Diseases 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37873776 PMCID: PMC10594506 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature provides a body of evidence on C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its potential role in inflammation. However, most pieces of evidence are sparse and controversial. This critical state-of-the-art monography provides all the crucial data on the potential biochemical properties of the protein, along with further evidence on its potential pathobiology, both for its pentameric and monomeric forms, including information for its ligands as well as the possible function of autoantibodies against the protein. Furthermore, the current evidence on its potential utility as a biomarker of various diseases is presented, of all cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, renal, gynecological, andrological, dental, oral, otorhinolaryngological, ophthalmological, dermatological, musculoskeletal, neurological, mental, splenic, thyroid conditions, as well as infections, autoimmune-supposed conditions and neoplasms, including other possible factors that have been linked with elevated concentrations of that protein. Moreover, data on molecular diagnostics on CRP are discussed, and possible etiologies of false test results are highlighted. Additionally, this review evaluates all current pieces of evidence on CRP and systemic inflammation, and highlights future goals. Finally, a novel diagnostic algorithm to carefully assess the CRP level for a precise diagnosis of a medical condition is illustrated.
Collapse
|
2
|
Vakharia JD, Muhammed M, Remba-Shapiro I, Marsiglia M, Hadaway N, Chwalisz BK, Nachtigall LB. A novel approach to hypophysitis: outcomes using non-glucocorticoid immunosuppressive therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:309-317. [PMID: 37602514 PMCID: PMC10473830 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pituitary function before and after nonglucocorticoid immunosuppressive therapy (NGIT) in subjects with hypophysitis and evaluate their clinical and radiologic outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective, longitudinal study. METHODS We reviewed a large database, selected subjects with hypophysitis treated with NGIT, and collected information on the duration of therapy, and clinical, hormonal, and radiologic outcomes. RESULTS Twelve subjects met the inclusion criteria. Five subjects had primary hypophysitis (PH), while seven had secondary hypophysitis (SH) due to an underlying systemic inflammatory disease. Mean age ± SD was 48.0 ± 15.7 years and 40.9 ± 13.0 years, for PH and SH, respectively. The majority were female (PH 60% and SH 86%). BMI ± SD at presentation was 25.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2 and 26.8 ± 6.7 kg/m2 for PH and SH, respectively. The most common symptom at presentation was fatigue (75%). All PH subjects (100%) and 2 (28.6%) SH subjects had polyuria/polydipsia. There was a significant decrease in mean pituitary stalk thickness after NGIT (P = .0051) (mean duration 16.5 ± 4.8 months). New hormone loss or recovery occurred rarely. Mycophenolate mofetil was the most used NGIT: adverse effects prompted discontinuation in 2 out of 7 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with hypophysitis receiving NGIT had stable or improved brain/pituitary magnetic resonance imaging findings with a significant decrease in pituitary stalk thickness. NGITs did not improve anterior pituitary function. Our findings suggest that NGIT may be considered as an alternative therapy for patients with hypophysitis who require immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaki D Vakharia
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maged Muhammed
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ilan Remba-Shapiro
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcela Marsiglia
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114-2696, United States
| | - Natalia Hadaway
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bart K Chwalisz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114-2696, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114-2696, United States
| | - Lisa B Nachtigall
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wright K, Kim H, Hill T, Lee M, Orillac C, Mogar N, Pacione D, Agrawal N. Preoperative differentiation of hypophysitis and pituitary adenomas using a novel clinicoradiologic scoring system. Pituitary 2022; 25:602-614. [PMID: 35622211 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypophysitis can clinically and radiologically mimic other nonfunctioning masses of the sella turcica, complicating preoperative diagnosis. While sellar masses may be treated surgically, hypophysitis is often treated medically, so differentiating between them facilitates optimal management. The objective of our study was to develop a scoring system for the preoperative diagnosis of hypophysitis. METHODS A thorough literature review identified published hypophysitis cases, which were compared to a retrospective group of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFA) from our institution. A preoperative hypophysitis scoring system was developed and internally validated. RESULTS Fifty-six pathologically confirmed hypophysitis cases were identified in the literature. After excluding individual cases with missing values, 18 hypophysitis cases were compared to an age- and sex-matched control group of 56 NFAs. Diabetes insipidus (DI) (p < 0.001), infundibular thickening (p < 0.001), absence of cavernous sinus invasion (CSI) (p < 0.001), relation to pregnancy (p = 0.002), and absence of visual symptoms (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with hypophysitis. Stepwise logistic regression identified DI and infundibular thickening as positive predictors of hypophysitis. CSI and visual symptoms were negative predictors. A 6-point hypophysitis-risk scoring system was derived: + 2 for DI, + 2 for absence of CSI, + 1 for infundibular thickening, + 1 for absence of visual symptoms. Scores ≥ 3 supported a diagnosis of hypophysitis (AUC 0.96, sensitivity 100%, specificity 75%). The scoring system identified 100% of hypophysitis cases at our institution with an estimated 24.7% false-positive rate. CONCLUSIONS The proposed scoring system may aid preoperative diagnosis of hypophysitis, preventing unnecessary surgery in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Wright
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hyon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ, 0890, USA
| | - Travis Hill
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Matthew Lee
- Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Cordelia Orillac
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Nikita Mogar
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Donato Pacione
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, 530 1st Ave Skirball Suite 8R, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Nidhi Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adam Z, Dastych M, Čermák A, Doubková M, Skorkovská Š, Pour L, Řehák Z, Koukalová R, Adamová Z, Štork M, Krejčí M, Boichuk I, Král Z. Therapy of immunoglonuline IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD). VNITRNI LEKARSTVI 2022; 68:15-22. [PMID: 36316207 DOI: 10.36290/vnl.2022.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a heterogeneous disorder with multi-organ involvement recognised as a separate entity at the beginning of this century only. Evolving therapy is reviewed in this paper. Glucocorticoids are first choice drug but long administration of glucocorticoids is connected with many adverse effects. In case of combination glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents lower doses of glucocorticoids are needed, the response rate is higher and therapy is better tolerated. Rituximab is drug, that is possible use as monotherapy or in combination with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs. Only one study compared two immunosuporessive drugs, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide. The response rated was similar but remissions were longer after glucocorticoids with cyclophosphamide then glucocorticoids with mycofenolat mofetil. No other comparative study of combination of various imunossupressive drugs with glucocorticoids was published. Rituximab has high number (90 %) of response rate in monotherapy, but can be used in combination with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressives. Rituximab is now preferred and recommended for maintenance therapy administered in 6-month interval. In case of advanced disease, we prefer therefore combination of rituximab, cyclofosphamide and dexamethasone for initial therapy followed by maintenance with rituximab in 6 months interval. There are two new drugs under investigation abatacept and dupilimab with promising results. Although we have very intensive therapies for good results of therapy early diagnosis before irreversible fibrotic changes in IgG4-RD involved organs is still needed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Waytz
- University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Vries F, van Furth WR, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM. Hypophysitis: A comprehensive overview. Presse Med 2021; 50:104076. [PMID: 34687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophysitis is defined as inflammation of the pituitary gland. It is a heterogeneous condition as it can originate from different parts of the pituitary gland, can be caused by different pathophysiological processes, and can be isolated or the manifestation of a underlying systemic disease. Hypophysitis usually presents with endocrine deficiencies, including diabetes insipidus, with varying patterns. A subset of patients presents with mass effects. The last decades major progress has been made in the understanding of this disease. New forms are now recognized, new diagnostics are being developed, and specific treatments are proposed. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on hypophysitis using an aetiology-based approach and provides the clinician with a stepwise approach to the patient with (suspected) hypophysitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F de Vries
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W R van Furth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amirbaigloo A, Esfahanian F, Mouodi M, Rakhshani N, Zeinalizadeh M. IgG4-related hypophysitis. Endocrine 2021; 73:270-291. [PMID: 33837927 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypophysitis is a rare pituitary inflammatory disorder classified in different ways. Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD), also a rare disease is a systemic fibro-inflammatory condition characterized by infiltration of tissue with IgG4-positive plasma cells; however prevalence of both of them probably is underestimated. In this paper, we present an Iranian patient with biopsy-proven IgG4-related hypophysitis and then review the clinical characteristics, laboratory, imaging, pathologic findings and therapeutic management as well as prognosis of 115 published cases of hypophysitis secondary to IgG4-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Esfahanian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marjan Mouodi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Rakhshani
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zeinalizadeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lojou M, Bonneville JF, Ebbo M, Schleinitz N, Castinetti F. IgG4 hypophysitis: Diagnosis and management. Presse Med 2020; 49:104016. [PMID: 32234384 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG4-related hypophysitis is a rare disease, due to a lymphoplasmocytic IgG4 positive infiltration of the pituitary. Literature data are scarce, even though the description of cases has drastically increased over the last years. The aim of this review is to better characterize the natural history, the diagnosis and the management of IgG4-related hypophysitis, based on a clinical case, an exhaustive Pubmed research, and a reappraisal of the criteria for diagnosis. We will specifically focus on the differences with other etiologies of hypophysitis, in the aim of improving the diagnostic procedures for all the physicians who could have to take care of such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lojou
- Inserm, U1251, CRMR HYPO, department of endocrinology, Aix-Marseille université, La Conception hospital, AP-HM, 147, boulevard Baille, Marseille, France
| | - J F Bonneville
- Departments of endocrinology and medical imaging, centre hospitalier universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Ebbo
- Département de médecine interne, Timone, Aix-Marseille université, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - N Schleinitz
- Département de médecine interne, Timone, Aix-Marseille université, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - F Castinetti
- Inserm, U1251, CRMR HYPO, department of endocrinology, Aix-Marseille université, La Conception hospital, AP-HM, 147, boulevard Baille, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Angelousi A, Alexandraki K, Tsoli M, Kaltsas G, Kassi E. Hypophysitis (Including IgG4 and Immunotherapy). Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:822-835. [PMID: 32126548 DOI: 10.1159/000506903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophysitis is characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland that can be primary (PH) or secondary (SH) to other diseases or following drug administration. It may also be classified according to anatomical and histopathological criteria, leading to variable degrees of hypopituitarism and/or compressive symptoms to nearby structures. There has recently been an increase in the number of hypophysitis cases, raising the interest on the spectrum of its pathogenesis, clinical, biochemical/endocrinological, and imaging features. However, the use of conventional biomarkers, including currently utilized pituitary autoantibodies, has relatively limited diagnostic accuracy. Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) is the commonest cause of PH, whereas IgG4-related hypophysitis is increasingly being recognized. Histiocytosis and granulomatous diseases are the most frequent causes of SH, although infections and lymphoma have also been reported. The increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology is associated with a high incidence of hypophysitis, providing further understanding of its pathogenesis. Hypophysitis can occur silently and be easily missed, potentially leading to substantial morbidity or mortality due to adrenal insufficiency, requiring a high index of clinical suspicion and timely initiation of appropriate treatment. In most cases of LH or drug-induced hypophysitis, active surveillance along with replacement of established hormonal deficiencies is needed. In the presence of compressive and/or evolving symptoms, treatment with glucocorticoids either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents can be used. Surgical decompression is reserved for nonresponsive cases with threatened vital structures. Timely diagnosis and intervention are important to minimize disease-related morbidity and mortality. We aimed to review current concepts and recent developments in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of hypophysitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,
| | - Krystallenia Alexandraki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Tsoli
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castillero F, Castillo-Fernández O, Jiménez-Jiménez G, Fallas-Ramírez J, Peralta-Álvarez MP, Arrieta O. Cancer immunotherapy-associated hypophysitis. Future Oncol 2019; 15:3159-3169. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in cancer therapy have included the development of drugs that inhibit immune checkpoint ligands. Two types of immune checkpoint inhibitors, both antibodies that target CTLA-4 and PD-1, have been approved for its use in NSCLC and melanoma as first-line or second-line therapy. Sadly, not desirable consequences of immunotherapy are immune-related adverse events. immune-related hypophysitis is the most common endocrine adverse event after thyroid disfunction. The particularity of endocrine immune-related adverse events is their non-reversibility, with incidence and prevalence destined to increase in the coming years, particularly if this form of therapy is used in the future for earlier stages of cancer. Therefore, hypophysitis represents a challenge for the physician, sometimes occurring without specific symptomatology and which should be considered for clinical management. In this review, we describe the current data regarding the pathophysiology and management for immune-related hypophysitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geiner Jiménez-Jiménez
- Oncology Department, Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, San José 10101, Costa Rica
| | - José Fallas-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Marco P Peralta-Álvarez
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City 14080, México
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City 14080, México
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City 14080, México
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), México City 14080, México
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Detiger SE, Karim AF, Verdijk RM, van Hagen PM, van Laar JAM, Paridaens D. The treatment outcomes in IgG4-related orbital disease: a systematic review of the literature. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:451-459. [PMID: 30734497 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated systemic fibro inflammatory disease. Treatment of IgG4-related orbital disease (IgG4-ROD) is often indicated to relieve the symptoms and to prevent complications. For IgG4-ROD, no international formal treatment guidelines are available and the optimal treatment strategy is uncertain. In this systematic review, we describe the efficacy of conventional and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in IgG4-ROD. A systematic search of Embase, Medline, Web-of-Science, PubMed publisher, Cochrane and Google Scholar was performed for treatment outcomes in IgG4-ROD. Relevant articles on treatment of IgG4-ROD were retrieved to last date of inclusion 3 January 2018. The following inclusion criteria were used: articles in English or English translation, studies evaluating the use of DMARDs (conventional and biologic) in the treatment of IgG4-ROD. Meta-analysis and review articles were excluded. A final selection after full-text evaluation was made by independent reviewers, based on treatment of IgG4-ROD with DMARDs and the availability of treatment outcomes. With this systematic review, we identified 35 studies and case reports/series on IgG4-ROD, describing 95 patients, treated with conventional and/or biologic DMARDs. The success of conventional DMARDs varies between 36% and 75% in patients with IgG4-ROD, while rituximab is successful in the majority (93%) of the patients. Based on this systematic review, rituximab is the most effective DMARD in IgG4-ROD, while the efficacy of conventional DMARDs is limited. We propose early initiation of rituximab in case of refractory and organ- or life-threatening disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Faiz Karim
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology Section Clinical Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine Groene Hart Hospital Gouda the Netherlands
| | - Robert M. Verdijk
- Department of Pathology Section Ophthalmic Pathology Erasmus MC Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology Section Clinical Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. van Laar
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology Section Clinical Immunology Erasmus MC Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Dion Paridaens
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus MC Rotterdam the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Hypophysitis is a rare entity characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland and its stalk that can cause hypopituitarism and/or mass effect. Etiology can be categorized as primary or secondary to systemic disease, but may also be classified according to anatomical and hispathological criteria. Newly recognized causes of hypophysits have been described, mainly secondary to immunomodulatory medications and IgG4-related disease. Diagnosis is based on clinical, laboratory and imaging data, whereas pituitary biopsy, though rarely indicated, may provide a definitive histological diagnosis. For the clinician, obtaining a broad clinical and drug history, and performing a thorough physical examination is essential. Management of hypophysitis includes hormone replacement therapy if hypopituitarism is present and control of the consequences of the inflammatory pituitary mass (e.g. compression of the optic chiasm) using high-dose glucocorticoids, whereas pituitary surgery is reserved for those unresponsive to medical therapy and/or have progressive disease. However, there remains an unmet need for controlled studies to inform clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C J Yuen
- Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States.
| | - Vera Popovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter J Trainer
- Department of Endocrinology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Disease heterogeneity in IgG4-related hypophysitis: report of two histopathologically proven cases and review of the literature. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:373-381. [PMID: 30911814 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IgG4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) is a rare disease, which can occur singularly or as manifestation of a systemic IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Less than one hundred cases have been reported in the literature, very few of which were histopathologically documented. We analyzed the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of two cases of IgG4-RH, the former observed in a 66-year-old man in the context of an IgG4-RD, and the latter affecting a 21-year-old woman, as an isolated lesion. In addition, we performed a comprehensive review of the previously published histopathologically documented cases of IgG4-RH. Pituitary samples from both patients showed dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, interstitial and storiform fibrosis, and high numbers of IgG4-positive plasma cells, consistent with IgG4-RH. From the literature review, we retrieved 18 papers reporting a total of 22 cases of histopathologically documented IgG4-RH. The revision of these cases, also including the two reported herein, showed an equal distribution of IgG4-RH in the two sexes, albeit significant clinico-pathological variation was found between cases arisen in female and male patients, respectively. In detail, IgG4-RH females were affected in their second-third decade of life, with a solitary pituitary lesion, low IgG4 serum level, and frequent association with autoimmune disorders. By contrast, IgG4-RH in men was a disease of the elderly, often in the context of a systemic IgG4-RD, with high IgG4 serum levels. Our study shows that IgG4-RH, as currently defined, is a clinically heterogenous disease, with different features in the two sexes. Indeed, cases diagnosed in young women, as our case 2, mostly do not present other evidence of IgG4-RD and might be better classified as lymphocytic hypophysitis with abundant IgG4+ plasma cells. For this reason, the histopathological examination of the pituitary lesion, particularly in female patients, may still be useful for a correct differential diagnosis with other variants of primary hypophysitis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Betancur-Vásquez L, Gonzalez-Hurtado D, Arango-Isaza D, Rojas-Villarraga A, Hernandez-Parra D, Carmona S, Díaz-Coronado JC. IgG4-related disease: Is rituximab the best therapeutic strategy for cases refractory to conventional therapy? Results of a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 16:195-202. [PMID: 30665856 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IgG4 related disease is a fibroinflammatory condition characterised by lymphoplasmocytic infiltration with predominance of IgG4+ plasma cells, fibrosis, and in most cases elevated IgG4 serum levels. It can affect any organ and result in varying clinical manifestations. Steroids are the cornerstone of treatment, however there is a high percentage of relapse. Recent studies have demonstrated favourable effects with rituximab. OBJECTIVE To evaluate effectiveness related to the response to treatment with rituximab in patients with IgG4 related disease refractory to steroids and other immunosuppressant therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We undertook a systematic search of the specialist databases EMBASE, LILACS, PUBMED and OVID-Cochrane for publications up until December 2017. RESULTS After the quality analysis, we selected 27 articles (264 patients in total) for the final review, of which 23 were case reports and case series (105 patients), 3 were observational follow-up cohort studies (129 patients), and there was one clinical trial (30 patients). IgG4 related disease presents predominantly in male patients aged between 50 and 70 years on average. Multiple organs are compromised with an average of 3.5 compromised organs. Orbital, glandular and lymph-node compromise is most frequent. Patients in the different studies we included had received various treatments prior to starting rituximab, including glucocorticoids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. There was 90.7% response in the cases where rituximab was used as second line therapy; rituximab was used as first line treatment for 10% of the patients with a 100% response rate. CONCLUSION The use of rituximab for patients refractory to first-line treatments was associated with a high response percentage and less dependence on glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Carmona
- Grupo de información clínica, Artmedica IPS, Medellín, Colombia
| | - J C Díaz-Coronado
- Departamento de medicina interna, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia; Departamento de investigación en medicina, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de información clínica, Artmedica IPS, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Gao H, Li Z, Zhang X, Ding Y, Li F. Clinical Characteristics of 76 Patients with IgG4-Related Hypophysitis: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:5382640. [PMID: 31929792 PMCID: PMC6935800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5382640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgG4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) is a rare disease, and its prevalence remains unclear. In recent years, an increasing number of cases have been reported because of the increasing recognition of this disease. We aimed to summarize case reports of IgG4-RH and outline the clinical features and outcomes. METHODS We performed PubMed search of articles using the search terms "hypophysitis [AND] IgG4." Consequently, only 54 English articles (76 cases) met Leporati's diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Of the 76 cases, the ratio of men to women was 1.5 : 1, and the age at diagnosis was 54.1 ± 17.8 years. The median IgG4 concentration was 405.0 mg/dl. Anterior hypopituitarism, isolated central diabetes insipidus, and panhypopituitarism were observed in 14 (18.4%), 12 (15.8%), and 44 (57.9%) cases, respectively. The sequence of anterior hormone deficiency was as follows: gonadotropin (68.4%), ACTH (63.2%), TSH (59.2%), GH (48.7%), and prolactin (42.1%). The median number of involved organs was 1.5, and the lung (18.4%), retroperitoneum (17.1%), kidney (15.8%), submandibular glands (14.5%), and pancreas (13.2%) were the common involved organs. Elevated IgG4 concentration and normal IgG4 level were in 42 (76.4%) and 13 (23.6%) cases, respectively. Patients with elevated serum IgG4 concentration were older (60.9 ± 14.3 vs 45.6 ± 17.4, p=0.001) and male-prone (78.6% vs 40.4%, p=0.003) and had a susceptibility of multiple organ involvement (78.6% vs 35.0%, p=0.001) compared to those with normal serum IgG4 levels. Males were older at disease onset (61.5 ± 12.6 vs 42.9 ± 18.8, p < 0.001) and had a higher IgG4 concentration (425.0 vs 152.5, p=0.029) and a greater number of involved organs (2.0 vs 0.0, p=0.001), while isolated hypophysitis was more prominent in female (63.3% vs 26.1%, p=0.001). CONCLUSION In this review, we found that there were different characteristics between different genders. Patients with elevated serum IgG4 level in terms of some clinical features were also different from those with normal serum IgG4 level. However, the data in this review were limited by bias and confounding. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yizhi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pomponio G, Olivari D, Mattioli M, Angeletti A, Rossetti G, Goteri G, Gabrielli A. Sustained clinical response after single course of rituximab as first-line monotherapy in adult-onset asthma and periocular xanthogranulomas syndrome associated with IgG4-related disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11143. [PMID: 29952960 PMCID: PMC6039602 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an emerging immune-mediated disease characterized by multi-organ involvement and variable clinical behavior. PATIENT CONCERNS We describe the case of a 50-year-old woman affected by a rare variant of IgG4-RD, characterized by eyelid xanthelasmas, adult-onset asthma and salivary and lacrimal glands enlargement. Multiple lymphadenopathies and a pulmonary mass were present at initial evaluation. INTEVENTIONS After a single course of rituximab (2g in 2 refracted doses), an almost complete clinical remission was achieved without chronic steroid administration. OUTCOMES Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax, and positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET-CT) confirmed good response to treatment. Circulating plasmablasts dropped to undetectable levels as well. Xanthelasmas only remained unchanged. Remission persisted at 1-year follow-up. LESSONS Steroid therapy is still considered standard first-line therapy in IgG4-RD. However, high doses are generally required and relapses are common during the tapering phase. Rituximab is a well described steroid-sparing strategy, so far reserved to refractory cases only. In our experience, rituximab has been used as first-line monotherapy, showing great and sustained efficacy and optimal tolerability. The peculiar variant of IgG4-RD affecting our patient, the relatively low baseline plasmablast concentration, and the early placement of rituximab therapy may have facilitated the good response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gaia Goteri
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yuen KCJ, Moloney KJ, Mercado JU, Rostad S, McCullough BJ, Litvack ZN, Delashaw JB, Mayberg MR. A case series of atypical features of patients with biopsy-proven isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis and normal serum IgG4 levels. Pituitary 2018; 21:238-246. [PMID: 29248982 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-017-0852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgG4-related hypophysitis is a rare clinical entity that forms part of an emerging group of multi-organ IgG4-related fibrosclerotic systemic diseases. The rare prevalence of the disease, presenting features that overlap with other sellar pathologies, and variable imaging features can make preoperative identification challenging. PURPOSE AND METHODS We report three cases of isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis with atypical clinical and imaging features that mimicked those of pituitary apoplexy and other sellar lesions. Additionally, we review the literature of IgG4-related hypophysitis to provide context for individual patient data described herein. RESULTS All patients presented with symptoms that mimicked those of pituitary apoplexy and visual disturbance, and MRI findings suggestive of pituitary macroadenoma, Rathke's cleft cyst and craniopharyngioma. The clinical presentation warranted surgical decompression, resulting in rapid symptomatic improvement. Preoperative high-dose followed by postoperative low-dose glucocorticoid replacement therapy was administered in all cases. Histopathology showed dense infiltrate of IgG4 cells. Post-operative follow-up monitoring for 12-26 months revealed normal serum IgG4 levels with no other organ involvement, while endocrinological testing revealed persistent pituitary hormone deficiencies. CONCLUSIONS Our cases highlight the importance of considering IgG4-related hypophysitis in the differential diagnosis of solid and cystic sellar lesions presenting acutely with pituitary apoplexy symptoms. Existing diagnostic criteria may not be sufficiently precise to permit rapid and reliable identification, or avoidance of surgery in the acute setting. In contrast to other reports of the natural history of this condition, despite the severity of presenting features, the disease in our cases was pituitary-restricted with normal serum IgG4 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C J Yuen
- Swedish Pituitary Center, Department of Neuroendocrinology, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
- Barrow Pituitary Center, Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
| | - Kelley J Moloney
- Swedish Pituitary Center, Department of Neuroendocrinology, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Jennifer U Mercado
- Swedish Pituitary Center, Department of Neuroendocrinology, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | | | - Brendan J McCullough
- Department of Neuroradiology, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
- Radia, Inc., 19020 33rd Avenue West, Suite 210, Lynnwood, WA, 98036, USA
| | - Zachary N Litvack
- Department of Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Johnny B Delashaw
- Department of Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Marc R Mayberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| |
Collapse
|