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Ramon C, Shay N, Malka A, Daniel E. Phlegmonous gastritis: Review of the pathophysiology. Am J Med Sci 2024; 367:274-277. [PMID: 38281622 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare infection of the gastric wall. Clinical presentation of phlegmonous gastritis is generally non-specific and includes epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. The infection results from a transmural infection of the stomach. Several possible routes for phlegmonous gastritis have been proposed: a direct spread from the injured gastric mucosa site, a hematogenous spread to the stomach from a distant focus and lymphatic spread from a contiguous septic focus. The possibility that swallowing Streptococcus-containing secretion is also mentioned. We present a case of phlegmonous gastritis following a pharyngitis and discuss the routes of phlegmonous gastritis, the possible link to pharyngitis and review the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cohen Ramon
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Nemet Shay
- Department of Clinical Immunology Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Attali Malka
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elbirt Daniel
- Department of Clinical Immunology Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Rugge M, Genta RM, Malfertheiner P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, El-Serag H, Graham DY, Kuipers EJ, Leung WK, Park JY, Rokkas T, Schulz C, El-Omar EM. RE.GA.IN.: the Real-world Gastritis Initiative-updating the updates. Gut 2024; 73:407-441. [PMID: 38383142 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
At the end of the last century, a far-sighted 'working party' held in Sydney, Australia addressed the clinicopathological issues related to gastric inflammatory diseases. A few years later, an international conference held in Houston, Texas, USA critically updated the seminal Sydney classification. In line with these initiatives, Kyoto Global Consensus Report, flanked by the Maastricht-Florence conferences, added new clinical evidence to the gastritis clinicopathological puzzle.The most relevant topics related to the gastric inflammatory diseases have been addressed by the Real-world Gastritis Initiative (RE.GA.IN.), from disease definitions to the clinical diagnosis and prognosis. This paper reports the conclusions of the RE.GA.IN. consensus process, which culminated in Venice in November 2022 after more than 8 months of intense global scientific deliberations. A forum of gastritis scholars from five continents participated in the multidisciplinary RE.GA.IN. consensus. After lively debates on the most controversial aspects of the gastritis spectrum, the RE.GA.IN. Faculty amalgamated complementary knowledge to distil patient-centred, evidence-based statements to assist health professionals in their real-world clinical practice. The sections of this report focus on: the epidemiology of gastritis; Helicobacter pylori as dominant aetiology of environmental gastritis and as the most important determinant of the gastric oncogenetic field; the evolving knowledge on gastric autoimmunity; the clinicopathological relevance of gastric microbiota; the new diagnostic horizons of endoscopy; and the clinical priority of histologically reporting gastritis in terms of staging. The ultimate goal of RE.GA.IN. was and remains the promotion of further improvement in the clinical management of patients with gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Azienda Zero, Veneto Tumour Registry, Padua, Italy
| | - Robert M Genta
- Gastrointestinal Pathology, Inform Diagnostics Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Ludwig Maximilian Universität Klinikum München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mario Dinis-Ribeiro
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center & RISE@CI-IPO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hashem El-Serag
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Houston VA Health Services Research & Development Center of Excellence, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jin Young Park
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Theodore Rokkas
- Gastroenterology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Emad M El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Wang T, Xiao P, Xue J, Ma J, Zheng C. Abdominal pain in an adolescent girl with acute phlegmonous gastritis: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231202136. [PMID: 37968062 PMCID: PMC10652809 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231202136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute phlegmonous gastritis (APG), a rare clinical condition, is mainly characterized by bacterial invasion in the gastric lining and is associated with a high mortality rate. The symptoms of APG include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and infection. Notably, the lack of specificity in the clinical presentation presents challenges in the early diagnosis of the disease. APG is often prevalent in adults, with a higher incidence in men than women. However, patients of other ages may also be affected. We herein present a case report of a 12-year-old girl who was admitted to the hospital with gastrointestinal symptoms and fever. The patient's imaging findings were compatible with APG. Despite the requirement for surgical treatment in most cases of phlegmonous gastritis, our patient rapidly improved with imaging and antibiotic therapy. This case demonstrates the success of antibiotic therapy with early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Guihang GuiYang Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Peizhen Xiao
- Guihang GuiYang Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiawen Xue
- Guihang GuiYang Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Guihang GuiYang Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chunhua Zheng
- Guihang GuiYang Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
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Masarweh OM, Shah R, Al-Moussally F, Huang A, Atiquzzaman B. A Rare Case of Phlegmonous Gastritis in a Previously Healthy Male: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e35013. [PMID: 36938228 PMCID: PMC10022251 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Though rare, phlegmonous gastritis (PG) is a serious and life-threatening infection of the gastric submucosa and mucosa. Many factors have been associated with PG, including malignancy, chronic alcohol use, and immunocompromised states. Clinical presentation of PG is often non-specific, and diagnosis is often delayed. Early recognition and starting antibiotics significantly reduce overall mortality. We describe a case of a previously healthy male who presented with moderate abdominal pain and was found to have PG that was treated with an extensive course of antibiotics and total parental nutrition. Contrary to previously described cases in the literature, our patient had no predisposing factors, highlighting the importance of suspecting PG even in the absence of such factors and demonstrating the effectiveness of antibiotics in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Masarweh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Orlando, USA
| | - Raj Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Orlando, USA
| | - Feras Al-Moussally
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Orlando, USA
| | - Andy Huang
- Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
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Yang KC, Kuo HY, Kang JW. Phlegmonous gastritis after biloma drainage: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:12430-12439. [PMID: 36483820 PMCID: PMC9724512 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i33.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlegmonous gastritis (PG) is a rare bacterial infection of the gastric submucosa and is related to septicemia, direct gastric mucosal injury, or the direct influence of infection or inflammation in neighboring organs. Here, we present a patient who had spontaneous biloma caused by choledocholithiasis and then PG resulting from bile leakage after biloma drainage. CASE SUMMARY A 79-year-old man with a medical history of hypertension had persistent diffuse abdominal pain for 4 d. Physical examination showed stable vital signs, icteric sclera, diffuse abdominal tenderness, and muscle guarding. Laboratory tests showed hyperbilirubinemia and bandemia. Contrast computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a dilated common bile duct and left subphrenic abscess. Left subphrenic abscess drainage revealed bilious fluid, and infected biloma was confirmed. Repeated abdominal CT for persistent epigastralgia after drainage showed gastric wall thickening. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed an edematous, hyperemic gastric mucosa with poor distensibility. The gastric mucosal culture yielded Enterococcus faecalis. PG was diagnosed based on imaging, EGD findings, and gastric mucosal culture. The patient recovered successfully with antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION PG should be considered in patients with intraabdominal infection, especially from infected organs adjacent to the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Wen Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Durdella H, Everett S, Rose JA. Acute phlegmonous gastritis: A case report. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12640. [PMID: 35252969 PMCID: PMC8886178 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute phlegmonous gastritis (APG) is an extremely uncommon and potentially rapid fatal systemic infection with very few reported cases in the literature. This case report demonstrates a case of idiopathic APG in an afebrile, otherwise healthy individual that resolved with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and did not require operative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Durdella
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Jerri A. Rose
- Pediatric Fellowship Education, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship ProgramUH‐Rainbow Babies and Children's HospitalCWRU School of MedicineClevelandOhioUSA
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7
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Elisabeth P, Cornelia M, Athinna S, Anastasia A, Apostolos A, George D. Phlegmonous Gastritis and Streptoccocal Toxic Shock Syndrome: An Almost Lethal Combination. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:1197-1200. [PMID: 34916756 PMCID: PMC8645801 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of phlegmonous gastritis in a 70-year-old woman without any predisposing factors, presenting with high fever, epigastric pain, and vomiting complicated by septic shock and multi-organ failure. The ultrasound and the computed tomography scan showed thickening of the stomach wall. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in the blood, thereby establishing the diagnosis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. An exploratory laparotomy excluded the need for a gastrectomy, and the patient was successfully treated with antibiotics. A short review of phlegmonous gastritis caused by S. pyogenes during the last 12 years is also presented. How to cite this article: Elisabeth P, Cornelia M, Athinna S, Anastasia A, Apostolos A, George D. Phlegmonous Gastritis and Streptoccocal Toxic Shock Syndrome: An Almost Lethal Combination. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(10):1197-1200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramythiotou Elisabeth
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mitrakou Cornelia
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Savva Athinna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antoniadou Anastasia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Armaganidis Apostolos
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimopoulos George
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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8
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Fraissé M, Manceau C, Claudinon A, Plantefève G, Contou D. A Patient with Sepsis and Thickened Gastric Wall. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 78:195-196. [PMID: 34167731 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fraissé
- Service de réanimation polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
| | - Christine Manceau
- Service de chirurgie digestive, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
| | - Aurore Claudinon
- Service de microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
| | - Gaëtan Plantefève
- Service de réanimation polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
| | - Damien Contou
- Service de réanimation polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
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9
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Wang J, Zhang T, Zhou X, Huang H, Wang M, Xie M. Combination of antibiotics, gastric lavage and nasojejunal feeding-an effective alternative for the management of acute phlegmonous gastritis: a case report. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520985742. [PMID: 33541174 PMCID: PMC7869160 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520985742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare bacterial infection of the gastric wall, characterised
by purulent inflammation of the gastric mucosa, submucosa and muscularis layers.
Phlegmonous gastritis has a high mortality rate, even with correct diagnosis and
antimicrobial therapy. Case presentation A 22-year-old man presented for acute epigastric pain associated with aqueous
diarrhoea, vomiting and sustained fever. Abdominal computed tomography showed diffuse
oedema and thickened gastric wall, increased number and size of abdominal lymph nodes
and the absence of pneumoperitoneum. Fibregastroscopy revealed oedematous, ridged and
thickened gastric mucosa with abundant purulent secretion, especially in the antrum,
consistent with phlegmonous gastritis, which was confirmed by histological evaluation of
gastric biopsies. Cultures of the tissue biopsies and purulent secretion were positive
for Enterococcus cecorum. He was treated with sensitive antibiotics
according to the antibiogram, and importantly, with continuous gastric lavage and
individualised nutritional support therapy. He eventually recovered well and was
discharged with no abdominal symptoms. Conclusions Our case indicates that early diagnosis and immediate treatment are crucial to achieve
positive outcomes. The combination of sensitive antibiotics, gastric lavage and early
enteral nutrition via nasojejunal feeding might be an effective alternative for the
comprehensive treatment of acute phlegmonous gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province 563000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province 563000, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province 563000, China
| | - Handong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province 563000, China
| | - Maijian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province 563000, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province 563000, China
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DeCino A, Gonzalez Martinez JL, Wright R. Phlegmonous Gastritis: A Case Report of Successful Early Antibiotic Treatment. Cureus 2021; 13:e13359. [PMID: 33754092 PMCID: PMC7971729 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlegmonous gastritis (PG) is a rare and serious bacterial infection of the gastric submucosa. Diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific symptoms, but if recognized early, PG may be treated successfully with medical therapy alone. We describe a case of a 47-year-old patient admitted with gastrointestinal symptoms and sepsis. He was found to have beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacteremia with a purulent gastric ulcer on endoscopic evaluation, consistent with the diagnosis of PG. Though surgical evaluation is often required in cases of PG, our patient quickly improved with parenteral antibiotic therapy. This case highlights an uncommon source of sepsis and demonstrates the success of antibiotic monotherapy with early recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DeCino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Randy Wright
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
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11
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Taniguchi H, Aimi M, Matsushita H, Shimazaki G. A case of phlegmonous gastritis after acute pharyngitis. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:500-505. [PMID: 33539005 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of phlegmonous gastritis that followed an episode of acute pharyngitis. A 21-year-old man visited our emergency room because of intense epigastric pain. Fourteen days before the visit, he had symptoms of a sore throat and high fever. He was diagnosed with acute pharyngitis and treated with antibiotics. Although the symptoms of acute pharyngitis were relieved, epigastric pain began 5 days before the emergency visit. Computed tomography showed diffuse gastric wall thickening, and emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed diffusely spreading hyperemic mucosa with multiple erosions. He was admitted with a diagnosis of acute phlegmonous gastritis and was treated with antibiotics. The antibiotic treatment was effective and resulted in resolution of his clinical symptoms and normalized C-reactive protein concentrations. On hospital day 29, he was discharged. However, he was re-admitted because of recurrence of phlegmonous gastritis 5 days after discharge and 15 days after finishing the antibiotics. Cultures of gastric biopsies and juice were both positive for Streptococcus constellatus/milleri. Antibiotic treatment was effective, and he recovered without recurrence. A possible association between upper respiratory infections and subsequent phlegmonous gastritis has been reported, and this case supports causality. However, further studies are needed to evaluate causality and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Taniguchi
- Internal Medicine, Tottori Municipal Hospital, 1-1 Matoba, Tottori, 6808501, Japan.
| | - Masahito Aimi
- Internal Medicine, Tottori Municipal Hospital, 1-1 Matoba, Tottori, 6808501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Internal Medicine, Tottori Municipal Hospital, 1-1 Matoba, Tottori, 6808501, Japan
| | - Gaku Shimazaki
- Internal Medicine, Tottori Municipal Hospital, 1-1 Matoba, Tottori, 6808501, Japan
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12
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Ponnampalam S, Lim CSH, Longano A, Wong E, Sayed-Hassen A. Phlegmonous gastritis: an unusual mimic of gastric cancer. ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:1945-1947. [PMID: 33448585 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Ponnampalam
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Longano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Eastern Health, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enoch Wong
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akhtar Sayed-Hassen
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Modares M, Tabari M. Phlegmonous gastritis complicated by abdominal compartment syndrome: a case report. BMC Surg 2021; 21:5. [PMID: 33397326 PMCID: PMC7784299 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-020-00999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlegmonous gastritis (PG) is a rare, suppurative bacterial infection of the gastric wall, which may rapidly evolve into fatal septicemia. The etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood; however, multiple risk factors have been cited in current literature. Most cases have been diagnosed at autopsy, and occasionally at laparotomy, as the clinical presentation is often variable. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 67-year-old male presenting with intractable nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain following an uneventful upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Diagnostic workup including contrast tomography (CT) and endoscopic assessment was in keeping with PG. This was subsequently followed by development of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and clinical deterioration necessitating surgical resection of the stomach. CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of this potentially fatal infection that can follow endoscopic procedures and illustrates ACS and septic shock as serious complications. There is currently no consensus on the proper management of PG; however, in this case, a combination of surgery and antibiotics provided a favourable outcome. Limited number of cases of PG have been reported in literature, and to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PG with subsequent ACS as an acute complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Modares
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Tabari
- Department of Surgery, Scarborough Health Network, University of Toronto, 3030 Lawrence Avenue East, suite 414, Toronto, ON, M1P 2T7, Canada.
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14
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Panarelli NC. Infectious diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Histopathology 2020; 78:70-87. [PMID: 33382485 DOI: 10.1111/his.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A broad spectrum of pathogens produce gastrointestinal disease. The ongoing spread of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, the increased use of immunosuppressive therapy and the persistence of overcrowding and suboptimal sanitation in underdeveloped areas facilitate both disease transmission from environmental and foodborne sources and person-to-person transmission. Clinicians increasingly rely on endoscopic biopsy sample interpretation to diagnose gastrointestinal infections. Thus, pathologists must be aware of diagnostic features of a variety of microbial pathogens. Detection with molecular techniques also allows for correlation between infectious agents and their histopathological features, which has expanded our knowledge of the inflammatory changes produced by infectious agents. This review covers infectious disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract encountered in surgical pathology. Clinical, endoscopic and pathological features are presented. The review emphasises morphological features of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that may be found in tissue samples, and the inflammatory patterns that they produce. Differential diagnoses and useful ancillary techniques are discussed.
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15
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Abstract
Phlegmonous gastritis (PG) is a rare and severe infection, with less than 500 cases reported. Similarly, Good syndrome represents a rare adult-onset immunodeficiency with a prevalence of 1 in 500,000 people. We present the first case of a patient with Good syndrome complicated with PG. Given that up to 50% of patients with PG do not have an identified risk factor, underlying immunodeficiencies should be conscientiously investigated.
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16
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Ramphal W, Mus M, Nuytinck HKS, van Heerde MJ, Verduin CM, Gobardhan PD. Sepsis caused by acute phlegmonous gastritis based on a group A Streptococcus. J Surg Case Rep 2018; 2018:rjy188. [PMID: 30093990 PMCID: PMC6077785 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of 45-year-old male with acute phlegmonous gastritis (APG) based on a hemolytic group A Streptococcus. APG is a rare and often a potentially fatal disease, which is characterized by a severe bacterial infection of the gastric wall. Because APG is a rapidly progressive disease, it comes with high mortality rates. Patients with an early diagnosis may undergo successful treatment and have a survival benefit. As soon as the diagnosis of APG is suspected, aggressive and adequate antibiotic treatment in combination with surgical intervention should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winesh Ramphal
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Marnix Mus
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Hans K S Nuytinck
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne J van Heerde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Cees M Verduin
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Paul D Gobardhan
- Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, the Netherlands
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