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Godefroy J, Godefroy R, Vedder K, Altura Y, Chicheportiche A, Ben-Haim S, Goldstein G. Distribution and predictors of F-18-FDG uptake values of non-malignant cervical lymph nodes in pediatric patients. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:52. [PMID: 38809472 PMCID: PMC11136896 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND F-18-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is routinely used for staging, evaluation of response to treatment and follow-up of most pediatric malignancies. Cervical lymph nodes can be involved in some pediatric malignancies, but increased uptake in non-malignant cervical lymph nodes is not exceptional in this population. The aim of the present study is to identify predictors of the maximum uptake in non-malignant cervical lymph nodes in the pediatric population. METHODS 191 FDG PET/CT studies of pediatric patients without malignant involvement of cervical lymph nodes were retrospectively reviewed. The maximal Standard Uptake Value in the hottest cervical lymph node (SUVmaxCLN), as well as demographic, technical and imaging variables were recorded. The predictive effect of those variables on SUVmaxCLN was estimated using linear regression models. RESULTS Increased FDG activity in cervical nodes was observed in 136/191 studies (71%). The mean SUVmaxCLN was 2.2 ± 1.3. Ipsilateral palatine tonsil SUVmax, mean liver uptake, and treatment status were all statistically significant predictors of SUVmaxCLN. However, in multivariate regression analysis, only ipsilateral palatine tonsil SUVmax was found to be significant. In addition, SUVmaxCLN was greater than the mean liver uptake in 50% of all studies. This proportion was higher in younger children, reaching 77% of studies of children younger than six years. CONCLUSION SUVmax in ipsilateral palatine tonsil is a strong predictor of the maximal uptake value of non-malignant cervical lymph nodes in children. The intensity of uptake in non-malignant cervical lymph nodes is frequently higher than liver uptake in children, and this tendency increases for younger patients. TRIAL WAS REGISTERED In the internal hospital registry under TRN 0209-22-HMO on date 23.04.2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Godefroy
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Raphael Godefroy
- Department of Economics, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Koral Vedder
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Altura
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexandre Chicheportiche
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simona Ben-Haim
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Gal Goldstein
- The Dyna and Fala Weinstock Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Masuoka S, Hiyama T, Kuno H, Sekiya K, Sakashita S, Kobayashi T. Imaging Approach for Cervical Lymph Node Metastases from Unknown Primary Tumor. Radiographics 2023; 43:e220071. [PMID: 36795593 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Neck swelling due to lymph node (LN) metastasis is one of the initial symptoms of head and neck cancer, and in some cases, the primary tumor is not clinically evident. The purpose of imaging for LN metastasis from an unknown primary site is to identify the primary tumor or detect its absence, which leads to the correct diagnosis and optimal treatment. The authors discuss diagnostic imaging approaches for identifying the primary tumor in cases of unknown primary cervical LN metastases. The distribution and characteristics of LN metastases may help locate the primary site. Unknown primary LN metastasis often occurs at nodal levels II and III, and in recent reports, these were mostly related to human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Another characteristic imaging finding suggestive of metastasis from HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is a cystic change in LN metastases. Other characteristic imaging findings such as calcification may help predict the histologic type and locate the primary site. In cases of LN metastases at nodal levels IV and VB, a primary lesion located outside the head and neck region must also be considered. One clue for detecting the primary lesion at imaging is the disruption of anatomic structures, which can help in identifying small mucosal lesions or submucosal tumors at each subsite. Additionally, fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT may help identify a primary tumor. These imaging approaches for identifying primary tumors enable prompt identification of the primary site and assist clinicians in making the correct diagnosis. © RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Masuoka
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.M., T.H., H.K., K.S., T.K.) and Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories (S.S.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Hiyama
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.M., T.H., H.K., K.S., T.K.) and Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories (S.S.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kuno
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.M., T.H., H.K., K.S., T.K.) and Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories (S.S.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sekiya
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.M., T.H., H.K., K.S., T.K.) and Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories (S.S.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.M., T.H., H.K., K.S., T.K.) and Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories (S.S.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kobayashi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.M., T.H., H.K., K.S., T.K.) and Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories (S.S.), National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
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Reinholdt KB, Dias AH, Hoff CM, Gormsen LC, Klug TE. Incidental FDG-Avid Focuses in Palatine Tonsils on PET/CT. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:2370-2378. [PMID: 35226376 PMCID: PMC9790499 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The management of incidental findings of FDG-avid tonsils on PET/CT (IFT) is unclear. We aimed to explore the prevalence of malignancy in IFT, identify risk factors for malignancy, and calculate optimal cutoffs of maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax ) to discriminate between benign and malignant lesions. METHODS All patients who were tonsillectomized at our institution because of IFT from October 2011 to December 2020 were included. Patients undergoing PET/CT due to suspected tonsillar disease or cancer of unknown primary were excluded. RESULTS In total, 77 patients were included, of which 11 (14%) of them had IFT malignancy. Dysphagia (p = 0.019) and alcohol abuse (p = 0.035) were associated with malignancy. Absolute SUVmax cutoff (≥9: sensitivity 100%; specificity 53%) was superior to SUVmax side-to-side ratio (≥1.5: sensitivity 64%; specificity 70%) to discriminate between benign and malignant lesions. CONCLUSION We recommend tonsillectomy for patients with IFT displaying SUVmax ≥ 9.0, ratio ≥ 1.5, or symptoms or findings suggesting malignancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 132:2370-2378, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Basse Reinholdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - André Henrique Dias
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET CentreAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Camilla Molich Hoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET CentreAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Tejs Ehlers Klug
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
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Mihailovic J, Killeen RP, Duignan JA. PET/CT Variants and Pitfalls in Head and Neck Cancers Including Thyroid Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 51:419-440. [PMID: 33947603 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PET/CT imaging is a dual-modality diagnostic technology that merges metabolic and structural imaging. There are several currently available radiotracers, but 18F-FDG is the most commonly utilized due to its widespread availability. 18F-FDG PET/CT is a cornerstone of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma imaging. 68Ga-DOTA-TOC is another widely used radiotracer. It allows for whole-body imaging of cellular somatostatin receptors, commonly expressed by neuroendocrine tumors and is the standard of reference for the characterization and staging of neuroendocrine tumors. The normal biodistribution of these PET radiotracers as well as the technical aspects of image acquisition and inadequate patient preparation affect the quality of PET/CT imaging. In addition, normal variants, artifacts and incidental findings may impede accurate image interpretation and can potentially lead to misdiagnosis. In order to correctly interpret PET/CT imaging, it is necessary to have a comprehensive knowledge of the normal anatomy of the head and neck and to be cognizant of potential imaging pitfalls. The interpreter must be familiar with benign conditions which may accumulate radiotracer potentially mimicking neoplastic processes and also be aware of malignancies which can demonstrate low radiotracer uptake. Appropriate use of structural imaging with either CT, MR or ultrasound can serve a complimentary role in several head and neck pathologies including local tumor staging, detection of bone marrow involvement or perineural spread, and classification of thyroid nodules. It is important to be aware of the role of these complementary modalities to maximize diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. The purpose of this article is to outline the basic principles of PET/CT imaging, with a focus on 18F-FDG PET/CT and 68Ga-DOTA PET/CT. Basic physiology, variant imaging appearances and potential pitfalls of image interpretation are presented within the context of common use cases of PET technology in patients with head and neck cancers and other pathologies, benign and malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Mihailovic
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Centre of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia.
| | - Ronan P Killeen
- Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD - SVUH PET CT Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John A Duignan
- Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD - SVUH PET CT Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Abstract
A 54-year-old woman with smoking history who was diagnosed with invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon with subsequent surgical resection and chemotherapy was presented. The patient developed local recurrence and pulmonary metastases that required further chemotherapy and surgical resection. During follow-up, the patient had F-FDG PET/CT scan showing asymmetric hypermetabolic tonsils with activity greater on the right compared with the left. The patient underwent bilateral tonsillectomy, and pathology revealed moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the right tonsil, consistent with metastasis from known colonic primary.
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Serfling S, Zhi Y, Schirbel A, Lindner T, Meyer T, Gerhard-Hartmann E, Lapa C, Hagen R, Hackenberg S, Buck AK, Scherzad A. Improved cancer detection in Waldeyer's tonsillar ring by 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:1178-1187. [PMID: 33057927 PMCID: PMC8041699 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In cancer of unknown primary (CUP), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with the glucose analog [18F]FDG represents the standard imaging approach for localization of the malignant primary. Frequently, however, [18F]FDG PET/CT cannot precisely distinguish between small occult tumors and chronic inflammation, especially in Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring. To improve the accuracy for detecting primary tumors in the Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring, the novel PET tracer [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-4 for specific imaging of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expression was used as a more specific target for cancer imaging. Methods Eight patients with suspicion of a malignant tumor in Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring or a CUP syndrome were examined. PET/CT scans with [18F]-FDG and [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-4 were performed for pre-operative tumor localization. After surgical resection, histopathological and immunohistochemical results were compared to PET/CT findings. Results Histopathology revealed a palatine or lingual tonsil carcinoma in all patients. In case of lymph node metastases smaller than 7 mm in size, the [18F]FDG PET/CT detection rate of cervical lymph node metastases was higher than that of [68Ga]FAPI PET/CT, while both tracers identified the primary tumors in all eight cases. The size of the primary and the lymph node metastases was directly correlated to the respective FAP expression, as detected by immunohistochemistry. The mean SUVmax for the primary tumors was 21.29 ± 7.97 for 18F-FDG and 16.06 ± 6.29 for 68Ga-FAPI, respectively (p = 0.2). The mean SUVmax for the healthy contralateral tonsils was 8.38 ± 2.45 for [18F]FDG and 3.55 ± 0.47 for [68Ga]FAPI (p < 0.001). The SUVmax ratio of [68Ga]FAPI was significantly different from [18F] FDG (p = 0.03). Mean TBRmax for the [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-4 tracer was markedly higher in comparison to [18F]FDG (10.90 vs. 4.11). Conclusion Non-invasive imaging of FAP expression by [68Ga]FAPI PET/CT resulted in a better visual detection of the malignant primary in CUP, as compared to [18F]FDG imaging. However, the detection rate of lymph node metastases was inferior, presumably due to low FAP expression in small metastases. Nevertheless, by offering a detection method for primary tumors with the potential of lower false positive rates and thus avoiding biopsies, patients with CUP syndrome may benefit from [68Ga]FAPI PET/CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serfling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Y Zhi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Meyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - E Gerhard-Hartmann
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - C Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - R Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Kurtoğlu E, Göçer M. Clinical Significance of Increased FDG Uptake in the Waldeyer Ring and the Nasopharynx Region Identified by PET-CT in Postchemotherapy Follow-up in Patients With Lymphoma: When Should We Perform Biopsy? CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:830-835. [PMID: 32917575 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify whether fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the Waldeyer ring (WR)/nasopharyngeal (NP) region by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was physiologic or pathologic in the follow-up of lymphoma patients receiving postchemotherapy treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively examined FDG uptake in the WR/NP region in 534 patients with lymphoma as assessed by PET-CT used for both diagnosis and follow-up. RESULTS Forty-nine patients had FDG uptake in the WR/NP region by PET-CT performed after completion of a chemotherapy regimen. Biopsy was performed for 11 of these patients in whom the uptake was considered to be pathologic, and results indicated the presence of reactive follicular hyperplasia. It was considered to be physiologic in 38 patients. PET-CT was repeated after 1 year, and no significant difference was identified between the standardized maximum uptake values (SUVmax; P = .107). The initial diagnosis of 20 patients was made via biopsy performed in the WR/NP region. The SUVmax for the FDG uptake in these patients, asymmetry, SUVmax of the coexisting lymphadenopathies in the neck, and FDG uptake with a counterpart finding by CT were significantly higher than other groups (P = .047, .001, and .005). CONCLUSION When deciding whether to resample after treatment completion, it should be taken into account that, in addition to the SUVmax of the lesion, asymmetry, and the SUVmax of the coexisting lymphadenopathy in the neck, a crucial criterion is whether the FDG uptake has a counterpart finding by CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Kurtoğlu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Mesut Göçer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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Kumbhar SS, Qi J. Normal FDG uptake in the adenoids and palatine tonsils in children on PET/MRI. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:958-965. [PMID: 32198664 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about the normal [F-18]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the adenoids and palatine tonsils in children is not available. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to report the range of standardized uptake values (SUVs) in the normal adenoids and palatine tonsils in children, assess for the degree of asymmetry between the right and left tonsils and evaluate for the correlation of SUVs between the adenoids and tonsils. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pediatric patients who had had an FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain study in our institution from January 2018 to March 2019 were identified. Patients with a history of malignancy, adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy, incomplete imaging coverage of Waldeyer ring and the presence of artifact on PET/MRI were excluded. Two pediatric radiologists independently measured the mean and maximum SUVs of the right tonsil, left tonsil and the adenoids. Range, mean and standard deviation were calculated for all measurements. Ratios of SUV of the left to right tonsils and the adenoids to the tonsils were calculated. The paired t-test and Pearson's correlation test were used for statistical analysis with a P-value <0.05 considered to be significant. RESULTS Sixty-one PET/MRI brain scans were performed in our institution during the study period. After reviewing for exclusion criteria, 41 patients were included in the study (mean age: 10.1 years, range: 2-17 years; 19 boys and 22 girls). The mean SUV was 5.30±1.57 in the right tonsil, 5.25±1.53 in the left tonsil and 4.56±1.90 in the adenoids. The maximum SUV was 8.47±2.22 in the right tonsil, 8.45±2.18 in the left tonsil and 7.59±2.94 in the adenoids. The difference between the SUVs of the right and left tonsil was not statistically significant (P=0.69 for mean SUV and P=0.90 for maximum SUV). There was a statistically significant moderately positive correlation between the FDG uptake in the adenoids and the right and left tonsil for both mean and maximum SUV (r=0.36-0.41; P=0.008-0.022). CONCLUSION There is a wide variation of FDG uptake in the normal tonsils and adenoids in children. Uptake in the right and left tonsils is not significantly different. There is a moderately positive correlation between the FDG uptake in the adenoids and the tonsils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Kumbhar
- Department of Radiology, Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, 8915 W. Connell Ct., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Radiology, Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, 8915 W. Connell Ct., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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