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Koizumi M, Ishimoto T, Shimizu S, Sasaki S, Kurita N, Wada T. Japanese clinical practice patterns of rituximab treatment for minimal change disease in adults 2021: A web-based questionnaire survey of certified nephrologists. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299053. [PMID: 38551948 PMCID: PMC10980199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, rituximab (RTX) for adult-onset frequently relapsing (FR)/steroid-dependent (SD) minimal change disease (MCD) is not explicitly reimbursed by insurance, and its standard regimen has not been established. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey between November and December 2021. The participants were nephrologists certified by the Japanese Society of Nephrology and answered 7 items about RTX for adult MCD. Factors related to the experience of RTX administration at their facilities were estimated by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Of 380 respondents, 181 (47.6%) reported the experience of RTX use for adult MCD at their current facilities. Those who worked at university hospitals (vs. non-university hospitals, proportion difference 13.7%) and at facilities with frequent kidney biopsies (vs. 0 cases/year, 19.2% for 1-40 cases/year; 37.9% for 41-80 cases/year; 51.9% for ≥ 81 cases/year) used RTX more frequently. Of 181 respondents, 28 (15.5%) answered that there was no insurance coverage for RTX treatment. Of 327 respondents who had the opportunity to treat MCD, which was a possible indication for RTX, 178 (54.4%) indicated withholding of RTX administration. The most common reason was the cost due to lack of insurance coverage (141, 79.2%). Regarding RTX regimens for FR/SD MCD, introduction treatment with a single body surface area-based dose of 375 mg/m2 and maintenance treatment with a 6-month interval were the most common. CONCLUSION This survey revealed the nephrologists' characteristics associated with RTX use, the barriers to RTX use, and the variation in the regimens for adult MCD in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shimizu
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Patient Driven Academic League (PeDAL), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sho Sasaki
- Section of Education for Clinical Research, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kurita
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Innovative Research and Education for Clinicians and Trainees (DiRECT), Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takehiko Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Aslam A, Koirala A. Review of the Role of Rituximab in the Management of Adult Minimal Change Disease and Immune-Mediated Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. GLOMERULAR DISEASES 2023; 3:211-219. [PMID: 37901702 PMCID: PMC10601923 DOI: 10.1159/000533695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Minimal change disease and primary FSGS are podocytopathies but are also immune-mediated diseases. Rituximab acts via multiple mechanisms by tilting the balance between autoreactive B and T cells in favor of regulatory B and T cells. The consequences are decreased production of cytokines, chemokines, and permeability factors by these cells. In the past decade, we have seen the discovery of autoantibodies mediating nephrotic syndrome (anti-annexin A2 antibody, anti-UCHL1 antibody, and anti-nephrin antibody), and rituximab decreases their production. Rituximab also binds to podocyte SMPDL3b and has direct podocyte actions. Summary Rituximab's role in managing these primary podocytopathies has been discussed in this brief review. Rituximab has been used extensively in children and adults with frequently relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. However, rituximab is not very promising in adult steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Although ofatumumab would cause prolonged B-cell depletion and is fully humanized, it is unclear if it is superior to rituximab in preventing relapse of nephrotic syndrome. Key Messages Rituximab therapy can induce prolonged remission in adults with frequently relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. However, no good data exist on using rituximab in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Aslam
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abbal Koirala
- Division of Nephrology, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Sinha A, Mathew G, Arushi A, Govindarajan S, Ghanapriya K, Grewal N, Rai K, Brijwal M, Kalluru SL, Tewari P, Misra A, Khandelwal P, Hari P, Bagga A. Sequential rituximab therapy sustains remission of nephrotic syndrome but carries high risk of adverse effects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 38:939-949. [PMID: 36071552 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequential rituximab (RTX) administration has emerged as an important strategy to sustain remission of disease in patients with difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome. METHODS We report the efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with two or more courses of intravenous RTX in 250 patients with difficult-to-treat steroid dependence (n = 127) and calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-dependent or CNI-refractory steroid resistance (n = 123) managed at one center during 2015-2021. Subsets of patients were cross-sectionally tested for hypogammaglobulinemia, seroprotection against and hyporesponsiveness to vaccines for hepatitis B and tetanus, BK/JC viruria and human antichimeric antibodies (HACAs). RESULTS Sequential RTX therapy, initiated at a median of 10 years [interquartile range (IQR) 7.3-14.4], was administered for 1.8 courses/person-year [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-2.0] over 2.0 years (95% CI 1.2-3.0). Therapy was associated with postponement of relapses by a median of 3 years in patients with steroid-sensitive disease and 2 years in those with steroid resistance. Relapses were reduced by a mean of 2.0 relapses/person-year (95% CI 1.8-2.2), enabling a reduction in prednisolone dose to 0.04 mg/kg/day (95% CI 0.01-0.11) and withdrawal of additional immunosuppression in 154 (62%) patients. RTX-associated adverse events, occurring at 0.20 events/person-year (95% CI 0.17-0.23), were chiefly comprised of infusion reactions (n = 108) and infections (n = 46); serious adverse events were observed in 10.8% patients, at 0.03 events/person-year (95% CI 0.02-0.05). Hypogammaglobulinemia was observed in 35% of 177 patients and was moderate to severe in 8.5% of cases. Rates of seroprotection at baseline and response following vaccination were lower for hepatitis B [1.9% and 29.4% (n = 52)] than tetanus [65.5% and 34.5% (n = 58)]. BK/JC viruria, without viremia, was observed in 7.3% of 109 cases. A total of 19 of 107 patients (17.8%) had HACAs, which were associated with B cell nondepletion and serum sickness. Age at therapy of <9-10 years was associated with a risk of early relapse, treatment failure and hypogammaglobulinemia following RTX therapy. CONCLUSIONS Sequential therapy with RTX effectively reduces relapses in patients with difficult-to-treat steroid- and/or CNI-dependent or CNI-refractory nephrotic syndrome. Therapy is associated with high rates of hypogammaglobulinemia and infusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sinha
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Georgie Mathew
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Child Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arushi Arushi
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Srinivasavaradan Govindarajan
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kshetrimayum Ghanapriya
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Grewal
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Rai
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Brijwal
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sree Laya Kalluru
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prachi Tewari
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Priyanka Khandelwal
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Hari
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Division of Nephrology and ICMR Center for Advanced Research in Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Meeuwisse C, Morgan CJ, Samuel S, Alexander RT, Rodriguez-Lopez S. Rituximab Use for the Treatment of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome by Canadian Pediatric Nephrologists: A National Survey. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2022; 9:20543581221079959. [PMID: 35300066 PMCID: PMC8922210 DOI: 10.1177/20543581221079959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is known practice variation in the treatment of frequently relapsing, steroid-dependent, and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. Rituximab is an emerging therapy for difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome; however, there are no clear treatment guidelines. We therefore hypothesized that a wide variety of approaches to this therapy exist. Objective: To evaluate when and how rituximab is used for the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Canada. Design and setting: An online survey was used. Participants: Canadian pediatric nephrologists. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed across Canada through the Canadian Association of Pediatric Nephrologists (CAPN) to evaluate rituximab treatment practices. Results: Of a total of 20 responses, 19 (95%) use rituximab in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome, usually as a third or fourth agent. For the number of rituximab doses, the majority (68%) uses 2 doses each time they use it. Eighteen respondents (90%) measure B cells when using this medication, mostly monthly (50%) or every 3 months (39%). Respondents were administered additional doses of rituximab prophylactically (74%) or at first relapse (47%). Long-term drug safety and drug funding were identified as the main barriers to rituximab use. Limitations: This survey represents the practice styles of physicians in a single country, and there is a nonresponse bias of 63%. Also, associations were not calculated. Conclusions: Among Canadian pediatric nephrologists, rituximab use for nephrotic syndrome appears to be increasing, but significant practice variations remain, including approaches to B-cell monitoring. It is reserved mostly for second-line and third-line use due to cost, funding issues, and residual uncertainty regarding long-term safety. Understanding these critical areas of practice uncertainty is a first step to optimize treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Meeuwisse
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Morgan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susan Samuel
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Lopez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Chen S, Wang J, Liang S. Clinical significance of T lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin and complement expression in peripheral blood of children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome/frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:1890-1895. [PMID: 33841716 PMCID: PMC8014369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance of T lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin and complement expression in the peripheral blood of children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome/frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (SDNS/FRNS). METHODS A prospective study was conducted on 285 children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Among the 285 patients, 187 children had steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and 98 children had SDNS/FRNS according to their sensitivity to hormones. Meanwhile, 50 healthy children in the same period were selected as the control group. Serum albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM and complement C3 and C4 were measured upon admission, and the content of urinary CD80 was also determined. RESULTS Compared with the control group, BUN, SCr, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels, urinary CD80, IgA, IgM and C3 in the SDNS/FRNS and SSNS groups were significantly higher, while ALB, eGFR, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, IgG and IgG/IgM were significantly lower (all P<0.05). Compared with the SSNS group, BUN, SCr, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in the SDNS/FRNS group were significantly higher, while ALB and eGFR levels were significantly lower (all P<0.05). Compared with the SDNS/FRNS group, IgM in the SSNS group was significantly lower, while CD4+/CD8+, urinary CD80 and IgG/IgM were significantly higher (all P<0.001). CONCLUSION Renal function decline and inflammatory response existed in children with NS. CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ and IgG/IgM in peripheral blood were decreased, while IgA, IgM, C3 and urinary CD80 were increased. Moreover, renal function decline, increase of inflammatory factors, decrease of IgG/IgM and CD4+/CD8+ were more obvious in the SDNS/FRNS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulian Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shishan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Liu S, Gui C, Lu Z, Li H, Fu Z, Deng Y. The Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab for Childhood Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:728010. [PMID: 34490171 PMCID: PMC8417896 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.728010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Rituximab (RTX), a possible alternative treatment option, is recognized as a new therapeutic hope for the treatment of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) in children. However, the efficacy and safety of RTX in the treatment of childhood SDNS are still controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RTX treatment in children with SDNS. Study Design: Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one retrospective comparative control study data from studies, performed before January 2021 were collected, from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science. The studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of RTX in childhood SDNS were included. Results: Six RCTs and one retrospective comparative control study were included in our analysis. Compared with the control group, the RTX treatment group achieved a higher complete remission rate (OR = 5.21; 95% CI, 3.18-8.54; p < 0.00001), and we found significant differences between the two groups on serum albumin level (MD = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.43-1.33; p = 0.0001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (MD = 6.43; 95% CI, 2.68-10.19; p = 0.0008). However, RTX treatment did not significantly lower serum creatinine levels nor did it significantly reduce the occurrence of proteinuria. In addition, we found no advantages with RTX on treatment safety. Conclusions: RTX has shown satisfactory characteristics in terms of efficacy and may be a promising treatment method for SDNS in children. However, the long-term effects have not been fully evaluated and should be further studied through randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuying Gui
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhike Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyi Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xue C, Yang B, Xu J, Zhou C, Zhang L, Gao X, Dai B, Yu S, Mao Z, Mei C, Xu C. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in adult frequent-relapsing or steroid-dependent minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J 2020; 14:1042-1054. [PMID: 34094516 PMCID: PMC8173623 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in adult frequent-relapsing (FR) or steroid-dependent (SD) nephrotic syndrome (NS), including minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), are still inconclusive. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019148102) by pooling data of cohort studies or case series on adult patients with difficult-to-treat NS. Steroid-resistant NS was excluded. The primary outcomes were the complete remission (CR) rate and the relapse rate. Partial remission (PR) rate, no response (NR) rate and adverse events were the secondary outcomes. A random-effects model was performed for all the outcomes. Results We included 21 studies involving 382 adult MCD/FSGS subjects with a median follow-up duration from 12 to 43 months. RTX treatment induced a pooled 84.2% CR rate [95% confidence interval (CI): 67.7–96.3%], while MCD patients had a high 91.6% CR rate and FSGS patients a moderate 43% CR rate. However, 27.4% (95% CI 20.7–34.5%) of the patients relapsed during the follow-up. The pooled PR and NR rates were 5.8% (95% CI 1.2–12.5%) and 5.2% (95% CI 0.0–15.0%), respectively. RTX was associated with trivial adverse events and good tolerance. Conclusions In summary, by pooling results of current pilot studies, RTX may be an effective and relatively safe alternative for most adult FR or SD MCD/FSGS to displace calcineurin inhibitors or prednisone in the hierarchy of treatment. More clinical trials comparing RTX with other immunosuppressants and concerning the long-term adverse events are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Naval Medical Center of PLA (People's Liberation Army), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- Outpatient Department, Yangpu Third Military Retreat, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhabei Central Hospital of Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Dai
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqiang Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Mao
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlin Mei
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People's Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Heybeli C, Erickson SB, Fervenza FC, Hogan MC, Zand L, Leung N. Comparison of treatment options in adults with frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent minimal change disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:1821-1827. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Studies comparing all treatment options for frequently-relapsing/steroid-dependent (FR/SD) minimal change disease (MCD) in adults are lacking.
Methods
Medical records of 76 adults with FR/SD MCD who were treated with corticosteroids as the first-line therapy were reviewed. Treatment options were compared for the time to relapse, change of therapy and progression (relapse on full-dose treatment).
Results
Second-line treatments included rituximab (RTX; n = 13), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; n = 12), calcineurin inhibitors (CNI; n = 26) and cyclophosphamide (CTX; n = 16). During the second-line treatments, 48 (71.6%) patients relapsed at median 17 (range 2–100) months. The majority of relapses occurred during dose tapering or off drug. Twenty of 65 (30.8%) changed therapy after the first relapse. The median time to relapse after the second line was 66 versus 28 months in RTX versus non-RTX groups (P = 0.170). The median time to change of treatment was 66 and 44 months, respectively (P = 0.060). Last-line treatment options included RTX (n = 8), MMF (n = 4), CNI (n = 3) and CTX (n = 2). Seven (41.2%) patients had a relapse during the last-line treatment at median 39 (range 5–112) months. The median time to relapse was 48 versus 34 months in the RTX versus non-RTX groups (P = 0.727). One patient in the RTX group died presumably of heart failure. No major adverse event was observed. During the median follow-up of 81 (range 9–355) months, no patients developed end-stage renal disease.
Conclusions
Relapse is frequent in MCD in adults. Patients treated with RTX may be less likely to require a change of therapy and more likely to come off immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Heybeli
- Division of Nephrology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Stephen B Erickson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Marie C Hogan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ladan Zand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Chen P, Chen Y, Jiang M, Mo Y, Ying H, Tang X, Zhang J. Usefulness of the cytokines expression of Th1/Th2/Th17 and urinary CD80 excretion in adult-onset minimal change disease. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9854. [PMID: 33194357 PMCID: PMC7485503 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minimal change disease (MCD) is a common form of nephrotic syndrome in adults. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of MCD remains incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of the cytokines expression of Th1/Th2/Th17 and urinary CD80 excretion in adult-onset MCD patients. Methods The lymphocyte subsets, 34 cytokine levels of Th1/Th2/Th17, serum and urine concentrations of CD80, and expression of CD80 in glomeruli were analyzed in 28 cases (15 males and 13 females; average age: 34.1 years, age range: 18–56 years), including 10 patients with MCD in relapse, nine patients with MCD in remission and nine healthy controls. Results There was no significant difference of CD3+CD4+ cells proportion among patients with MCD in relapse, MCD in remission and healthy controls (P = 0.802). The cytokine levels of GM-CSF and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) in patients with MCD in relapse increased 1.5 times higher than those in remission. An evident increase in the excretion of urinary CD80 was found in patients with relapsed MCD compared with those in remission (598.4 ± 115.8 vs 81.78 ± 7.04 ng/g creatinine, P < 0.001) and healthy controls (598.4 ± 115.8 vs 67.44 ± 8.94 ng/g creatinine, P < 0.001). CD80 expression was observed in podocyte of MCD patient in relapse by immunofluorescence technique. Conclusions The cytokines GM-CSF and TRANCE are increased and the urinary CD80 levels are elevated in adult-onset MCD patients in relapse, indicating a disorder of Th1/Th2/Th17 balance and that the elevated excretion of CD80 may underlie the pathogenesis and development of adult-onset MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nephrology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Physical Examination, Ningbo First hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maoqing Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Mo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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10
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Terada K, Mugishima K, Kawasaki S, Itagaki F, Yamada T, Sakai Y. Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Due to Minimal Change Disease Requiring Acute Renal Replacement Therapy. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2020; 13:157-162. [PMID: 32606890 PMCID: PMC7308121 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s248610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein apheresis (LDL-A) has been developed as a therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia, but LDL-A has also been used as a general treatment for drug-resistant nephrotic syndrome (NS) due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The patients with NS due to minimal change disease (MCD) are often difficult to control effective circulating plasma volume, causes acute kidney injury (AKI), and when diuretics are not effective and the respiratory condition of patients worsens, patients require acute renal replacement therapy (ARRT). The effectiveness of LDL-A is not only reduction of serum low-density lipoprotein but also various other benefits. LDL-A might have improved renal hemodynamics by reducing vasoconstrictive eicosanoids and contributed to the therapeutic effect of antiproteinuric drugs such as corticosteroids. We treated a 49-year-old Japanese woman and a 71-year-old Japanese man with AKI caused by NS due to MCD, who required ARRT. Although these patients received ARRT and corticosteroids, their AKI and MCD did not improve sufficiently. We initiated LDL-A treatment for these patients as an additional treatment modality, because their total serum cholesterol levels were high at the time of admission. After the additional LDL-A treatment, both patients were able to discontinue ARRT, because NS and AKI in both patients were improved sufficiently. It is possible that early additional LDL-A is effective for patients with AKI and NS due to MCD who require ARRT, and may help patients discontinue ARRT because of the effect of LDL-A such as improving hypercoagulability and renal hemodynamics and contributing to the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Terada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Mugishima
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kawasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Itagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinao Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhong H, Li HY, Zhou T, Weng W. Rituximab therapy in adults with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Arch Med Sci 2019; 19:577-585. [PMID: 37313189 PMCID: PMC10259397 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.88404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) suffer frequent relapse with adverse effects caused by long-term prednisolone treatment. Recently, the chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20 (rituximab - RTX) was observed to be efficacious and safe in the treatment of patients with SDNS. We summarized the scientific literature to evaluate RTX therapy in the clinical management of SDNS. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were investigated from interception to 2019-6-6, without language limitation. The analysis was restricted to adults ≥ 19 years of age. Data were administered and analyzed through the Review manager 5.3 software. RESULTS After RTX treatment, relapse times, prednisolone dose, and proteinuria decreased, whereas serum albumin was increased. The clinical parameters blood pressure and total cholesterol diminished also, whereas bone mineral density was improved. Overall, RTX ameliorated the adverse effects of prednisolone. Moreover, the Th1/Th2 ratio was changed except for the CD19 and CD20 cell counts. Additionally, most of the adverse effects of RTX were mild and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS In the studies that we considered, we concluded that RTX treatment was effective and safe in the therapy of patients with SDNS. Nevertheless, more randomized controlled trials are required to explore the mechanism of RTX action and verify its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianbiao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjuan Weng
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Su MH, Cho SW, Kung YS, Lin JH, Lee WL, Wang PH. Update on the differential diagnosis of gynecologic organ-related diseases in women presenting with ascites. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 58:587-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kallash M, Smoyer WE, Mahan JD. Rituximab Use in the Management of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:178. [PMID: 31134169 PMCID: PMC6524616 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood nephrotic syndrome is a challenging and often persistent renal disorder, and its incidence varies between different ethnicities and regions. Corticosteroids have been the main treatment for decades and are effective in most children with idiopathic NS, although 10-15% of these children become steroid resistant. Furthermore, some initially steroid sensitive children follow a steroid dependent or frequently relapsing course and are therefore at increased risk for developing steroid toxicity. In such children, alternative immunosuppressive medications are used to induce and/or maintain remission of NS. One such drug, rituximab, is a monoclonal antibody directed against the B lymphocyte CD20 marker which induces depletion of B cells, and has shown promising results in the management of NS in children. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the efficacy and safety of rituximab in the different types of childhood nephrotic syndrome, the known and potential mechanisms of action of rituximab, its possible complications and side effects, and the available and potential biomarkers of rituximab activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kallash
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William E Smoyer
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John D Mahan
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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