Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among 10,348 police officers in a large city of China: A cross-sectional study

Association between the transition to metabolically unhealthy obesity and lifestyle behavior: A nationwide cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To identify the characteristics of individuals transitioning from metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) to unhealthy obesity and the factors influencing the change.

DESIGN

This is a nationwide cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea.

SAMPLE

Individuals with obesity but metabolically healthy in 2009 and 2010 and those still obese 4 years later were selected.

MEASUREMENTS

Sociodemographic, physical, metabolic, and health behavior variables were collected, and logistic regression was used to find an association with the transition.

RESULTS

We analyzed 1,564,467 individuals, observing significant differences in all variables and the transition from MHO to unhealthy obesity. Among males, the transition was associated with smoking and drinking positively and physical activity negatively. Among females, drinking demonstrated a negative correlation. Regardless of age, regular exercise was negatively associated with the transition for all individuals. Except for older adults, all age groups showed a positive correlation with smoking and drinking.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the significant factors in the transition, it is essential to develop and implement interventions varied by gender and age to delay and prevent the change in metabolic status. The necessity of developing interventions enables individuals to engage in regular exercise, regardless of age and gender.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among Police Officers in Kozhikode Corporation

Context

Police personnel constitute a special occupational group with exposure to stressful work environment indirectly resulting in a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (MS), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle is reported among policemen. Surveillance activities are limited in the present scenario.

Aims

The present study was designed to measure the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors among police officers in Kozhikode district and observe the trend over the last 10 years.

Settings and Design

The design was cross-sectional and spanned 630 policemen of Kozhikode Corporation in Kerala Methods and Material: Data collection was done using a pre-tested questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were carried out using standard techniques. MS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.

Statistical Analysis Used

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 software. Prevalence of MS and cardiovascular risk factors were expressed as percentages (95% CI). Associated factors with MS were identified using Chi square test.

Results

MS was observed in 45.1% of the study population. Obesity and lack of physical activity were the commonest abnormalities. Cardiovascular risk factors identified were high body mass index (67.3%), lack of physical activity (47.1%), hypertension (16.7%), alcohol use (24.2%), smoking (17.3%) and diabetes (8.8%).

Conclusions

There is a rising prevalence (16.8% in 2012 to 45.1% in 2021) of Metabolic Syndrome among policemen in Calicut Corporation. All the cardio vascular risk factors are also highly prevalent among the policemen. Policy makers might seriously take up the issue and introduce effective policies that might help reduce the incidence of MS and other cardio vascular risk factors in the newly recruited young policemen.

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and professional category: a cross-sectional study with Nursing professionals

OBJECTIVE

to evaluate the association of Metabolic Syndrome and its components among Primary Health Care Nursing professionals in the state of Bahia, Brazil, according to professional category.

METHOD

a cross-sectional, population-based and multicenter study conducted with 1,125 Nursing professionals. The independent variable was the professional category, dichotomized into technical and higher education levels. The outcome was Metabolic Syndrome following criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III based on anthropometric measurements and blood samples. The statistical analysis was performed by calculating the prevalence ratios and using Pearson's Chi-square test.

RESULTS

the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was higher in the technical level category (PR=1.64; CI=1.29 - 2.06; p≤0.01). When compared to Nurses, these professionals were older, had lower incomes, worked more on duty and performed less physical activity on a regular basis. Among the Nurses, the most prevalent component was altered cholesterol (40.5%) and among the Nursing Technicians/Assistants, it was abdominal obesity (47.3%).

CONCLUSION

the association between the Nursing category and Metabolic Syndrome was evident, with higher occurrence among technical level professionals.

Interaction between Work and Metabolic Syndrome: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition and a relevant risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases; it occurs as a result of lifestyle factors, e.g., work. The aim of this research was to estimate the interaction between work and MS among primary health care (PHC) nursing professionals in the state of Bahia, Brazil. A sectional multicentered study carried out in 43 municipalities in Bahia, whose study population consisted of nursing professionals. The exposure variables were occupation, professional exhaustion, and working time, and the outcome variable was MS. Interaction measures based on the additivity criteria were verified by calculating the excess risks due to the interactions and according to the proportion of cases attributed to the interactions and the synergy index. The global MS prevalence is 24.4%. There was a greater magnitude in the exposure group regarding the three investigated factors (average level occupation, professional exhaustion, and working time in PHC for more than 5 years), reaching an occurrence of 44.9% when compared to the prevalence of 13.1% in the non-exposure group (academic education, without professional burnout, and working time in PHC for up to 5 years). The study's findings showed a synergistic interaction of work aspects for MS occurrence among PHC nursing professionals.

Asociación entre síndrome metabólico y categoría profesional: estudio transversal con profesionales de enfermería

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la asociación que hay entre el Síndrome Metabólico y sus componentes y los profesionales de Enfermería de la Atención Primaria de Salud en el estado de Bahía, Brasil, según la categoría profesional. Método: estudio transversal, de base poblacional y multicéntrico realizado con 1.125 profesionales de Enfermería. La variable independiente fue la categoría profesional, dicotomizada en niveles de educación técnica y superior. El resultado fue Síndrome Metabólico siguiendo los criterios del National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III a partir de mediciones antropométricas y muestras de sangre. El análisis estadístico se realizó calculando las razones de prevalencia y utilizando la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: la prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico fue mayor en la categoría de nivel técnico (RP=1,64; IC 1,29 - 2,06; p≤0,01). Dichos profesionales tenían mayor edad, menor ingreso, más guardias y realizaban menos actividad física de forma regular que los Enfermeros. En los Enfermeros, el componente más prevalente fue el colesterol alterado (40,5%); en los Técnicos en Enfermería/Auxiliares fue la obesidad abdominal (47,3%). Conclusión: fue evidente la asociación entre la categoría de Enfermería y el Síndrome Metabólico, fue mayor en los profesionales de nivel técnico.

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and professional category: a cross-sectional study with Nursing professionals

Objective:

to evaluate the association of Metabolic Syndrome and its components among Primary Health Care Nursing professionals in the state of Bahia, Brazil, according to professional category.

Method:

a cross-sectional, population-based and multicenter study conducted with 1,125 Nursing professionals. The independent variable was the professional category, dichotomized into technical and higher education levels. The outcome was Metabolic Syndrome following criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III based on anthropometric measurements and blood samples. The statistical analysis was performed by calculating the prevalence ratios and using Pearson’s Chi-square test.

Results:

the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was higher in the technical level category (PR=1.64; CI=1.29 - 2.06; p≤0.01). When compared to Nurses, these professionals were older, had lower incomes, worked more on duty and performed less physical activity on a regular basis. Among the Nurses, the most prevalent component was altered cholesterol (40.5%) and among the Nursing Technicians/Assistants, it was abdominal obesity (47.3%).

Conclusion:

the association between the Nursing category and Metabolic Syndrome was evident, with higher occurrence among technical level professionals.

Magnitude of metabolic syndrome in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is becoming a major public health problem globally; it is clear that the burden of MetS is rapidly increasing the rates of non-communicable diseases (NCD). In Ethiopia studies done so far have shown a large disparity in magnitude of the prevalence of MetS and were mainly institution-based studies. Therefore, this study assess the prevalence of MetS among adults who are residing in Gondar city using Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) assessment tool. The findings are imperative to developing and strengthening national NCD prevention and control programs.

Methods

This study was conducted in Gondar city Northwest Ethiopia in 2018. It employs a community-based cross-sectional study design among 3,227 individuals 18 years of age or older. Data was collected using the WHO stepwise tool, lipid profile, blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose levels (FG), and anthropometric measurements. The prevalence estimation was made along with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The Kappa statistic was used to analyze the statistical agreement between ATP III and IDF definitions of the MetS. Stratified analysis was also performed for description and analysis components using ATP III and IDF as an outcome.

Result

Of the total study participants (3227), 3059 (94.8%) were included in the final analysis and 52.5% were female. The mean (±SD) age of the study participant was 40.8 years (16.2 ±SD). The overall prevalence of MetS using ATP III was 11.2% [95%CI: 10.1, 12.3] and using IDF was 11.9% [95%CI: 10.8, 13.2]. The sex-specific proportion was high in females rather than males irrespective of the criteria. The overall level of agreement between ATP III and IDF prevalence was 91.7% and the Kappa statistics was 0.594. Older age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, being female, born in an urban area, consumption of an alcoholic drink in the preceding 30 days, and non-fasting practice was significantly associated with MetS.

Conclusion and recommendation

There was a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among females than males irrespective of metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria. This also shows good agreement between ATP III and IDF. Being female, urban birthplace, frequent alcohol consumption in the last 30 days, and non-fasting practice are factors associated with higher rates of metabolic syndrome. Hence, awareness campaigns, physical exercise, and nutrition education intervention should be undertaken to promote health behavioral practice.

The Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome in Police Personnel

Hypertension and metabolic syndrome (METSYN) are reportedly high in police forces. This may contribute to health deterioration and absenteeism in police personnel. Police forces comprise of staff in ‘operational’ and ‘non-operational’ job types but it is not known if job type is associated to hypertension and METSYN prevalence. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of hypertension and METSYN, the factors associated with the risk of hypertension and METSYN, and compare physiological, psychological, and behavioural factors between operational and non-operational police personnel. Cross-sectional data was collected from 77 operational and 60 non-operational police workers. Hypertension and METSYN were prevalent in 60.5% and 20% of operational and 60.0% and 13.6% of non-operational police personnel, respectively (p > 0.05). Operational job type, moderate organisational stress (compared with low stress) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower odds of hypertension, whereas increasing body mass index was associated with increased odds of hypertension (p < 0.05). None of the independent variables were significantly associated with the odds of METSYN. Operational police had several increased cardiometabolic risk markers compared with non-operational police. Given the high prevalence of hypertension and METSYN in operational and non-operational personnel, occupational health interventions are needed for the police and could be informed by the findings of this study.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors among staffs in a Malaysian public university

Public health systems are concerned with the commensurate rise of metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence across populations worldwide, due to its tendency to amplify greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases within communities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors among staffs in a Malaysian public university. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 538 staffs from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) between April and June 2019. MetS was defined according to JIS "Harmonized" criteria. A questionnaire that consisted of items on socio-demographics, lifestyle risk behaviors and personal medical history information was administered to participants. Subsequently, a series of physical examination and biochemical assessment was conducted at the hall or foyer of selected faculties in the university. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using SPSS version 22.0. Multivariate models were yielded to determine the risk factors associated with MetS. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The overall prevalence of MetS was 20.6%, with men having greater prevalence than women (24.9% vs. 18.3%). Prevalence of MetS increased with age. Factors contributed to MetS in the overall sample were BMI, hypertension, diabetes and physical activity of moderate intensity. Diabetes and hypertension were significantly associated with MetS in men, whereas BMI, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were significantly associated with MetS in women. Lifestyle behaviors and cardio-metabolic risk factors were associated with MetS for the overall sample, and across genders.

Exercise capacity, cardiovascular and metabolic risk of the sample of German police officers in a descriptive international comparison

Background: The police force has the mandate to protect citizens and enforce the law for public safety. Employment in the police force is recognized as a dangerous occupation and characterized by job-related physical hazards. Therefore, good health and adequate physical condition are necessary. This study aimed to determine cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic risk parameters of German police officers (POs) in comparison to POs from other nations. Methods: 55 male police officers from Germany participated in the survey. We examined anthropometric measurements, cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and blood parameters. Additionally, we calculated 10-year cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome bases on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. We assessed cardiorespiratory status by exercise spirometry. Results: The analyzed group of POs demonstrated a high prevalence of pre obesity (BMI: 28.0±3.2 kg/m², waist circumference: 97.8±12.4 cm). 61.8 % of POs showed an increased waist circumference. POs showed high prevalence of abnormal values of triglyceride (n: 24, 43,6%), and systolic (n: 29, 52,7%) and diastolic (n: 27, 49%) blood pressure. The average 10-year cardiovascular risk (by Framingham) was classified as moderate (9.6 ± 7.4 %). 32 % (n: 18) of POs in our study group were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Maximal relative oxygen uptake of POs was 34.1 ± 8.0 ·ml/kg^-1 ·min^-1. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study was one of the first to assess data on cardiovascular health, metabolic syndrome and cardiorespiratory status of police officers in Germany. The results of our study demonstrated an increased cardiovascular and metabolic risk and decreased cardiorespiratory fitness in German police officers. The present study results underline the need to implement health-promoting interventions and concepts like corporate sports activities or nutrition courses to counteract cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. We have to reduce the subsequent development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in this occupational group.

Adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e ocorrência de Síndrome Metabólica

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre a adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e a ocorrência de Síndrome Metabólica em pacientes hipertensos de uma unidade de atenção primária à saúde. Método Estudo analítico com corte transversal realizado com 306 pacientes hipertensos de uma Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde localizada na cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Resultados Dos participantes do estudo 74,2% eram do sexo feminino, média 61,8 ± 11,9 anos e dentro da faixa etária de 54 a 69, 77,1% raça/cor parda, 60,8% com nível fundamental incompleto ou completo e 70,6% com renda familiar entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos. Dos hipertensos avaliados, 41,5% apresentaram Síndrome Metabólica e 76,5% apresentava aderência parcial ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Na avaliação estatística da associação entre as variáveis foi verificado não existir (p = 0,149 e p = 0,642). Os valores referentes à adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo eram iguais, tanto nos pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica como dos que não apresentavam essa condição. Conclusão e implicações para a prática A adesão terapêutica anti-hipertensiva alta e parcial foi prevalente. A frequência de Síndrome Metabólica entre os hipertensos em estudo foi elevada. Portanto, medidas de prevenção para doenças cardiovasculares e alcance das metas terapêuticas devem ser implementas continuamente. Um desafio a ser superado pelos profissionais e serviços de saúde.

The Associations of Perceived and Oxidative Stress with Hypertension in a Cohort of Police Officers

PURPOSE

Associations between perceived stress and oxidative stress marker and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components were investigated in a cohort of police officers.

METHODS

Cross-sectional data from a cohort of non-diabetic subjects (n=233; 19F), median [interquartile range] age 50 [37-44] years, were analysed. MetS was construed in line with International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and perceived stress with Cohen's 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. Plasma oxidative stress marker (free 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α; 8-iso-PGF_2α), presence of coronary plaque, carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT), and physical activity level were also determined.

RESULTS

Obesity was established in 100 (42.92%), hypertension in 111 (47.64), whereas MetS was identified in 104 (44.63%) of the study subjects. A significant difference (p=0.003) in plasma 8-iso-PGF_2α level, depending on the MetS components status, was noted. The associations of perceived stress with plasma 8-iso-PGF_2α level and the select study variables were gender-specific. In multivariate analysis (adjusted for age and current smoking), positive associations of plasma 8-iso-PGF_2α levels with PSS score (B=0.108, 95% CI [0.008, 0.209], p=0.03) and systolic blood pressure (B=0.029, 95% CI [0.003, 0.057], p=0.02) in men only were established. Both the perceived stress (OR 1.101, 95% CI [1.001-1.202], p=0.03) and plasma 8-iso-PGF_2α levels (OR 1.223, 95% CI [1.046-1.432], p=0.01) impacted the prevalence of hypertension. Out of the MetS components, the effect of waist circumference (OR=1.138, 95% CI [1.064-1.218], p=0.0001) and glucose (B=2.696, 95% CI [1.081-6.725], p=0.03) were also encountered. No such associations were noted in women, though, neither in univariate nor in multivariate analyses. The prevalence of coronary plaque (0.001), obesity (p<0.001), hypertension (p<0.001) and median cIMT value (p=0.005), as well as leisure-time (p=0.04) and total walking physical activity (p=0.03), differed significantly between the subgroups stratified by MetS components status.

CONCLUSION

Both the perceived and oxidative stress were found instrumental in promoting hypertension in a cohort of police officers under study, whereas all study outcomes were conclusively gender-related.

Burnout syndrome and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional population-based study

In the population of Primary Health Care Nursing (PHC) professionals, the association between Burnout Syndrome (BS) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) has not been investigated. The objective was to evaluate the association between BS and MS among PHC Nursing Professionals. A cross-sectional, multicenter, population-based study was conducted in the state of Bahia, Brazil, with 1,125 professionals. The prevalence of BS and MS corresponded to 18.3% and 24.4%, respectively. The prevalence in women of BS was 16.4% and of MS 23.7%, in men 31.6% for BS and 29.4% for MS. Men with BS are 3.23 times more likely to develop MS, and women 1.48 times more. BS was associated between men and women and exhibited a good discriminatory predictive power.

Associations between metabolic syndrome and urinary Na-to-K ratio and glomerular filtration rate in middle-aged adults regardless of Na and K intakes

BACKGROUND

Intake of Na-to-K ratio (I-Na/K), urinary Na-to-K ratio (U-Na/K), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have been reported to be risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS), but results are inconsistent. We examined the hypothesis that U-Na/K, GFR, and a preference for salty foods are associated with MetS risk and the hypothesis in 8540 adults aged over 40 years without chronic kidney disease.

METHODS

Participants were categorized using a U-Na/K of < 2.1 (low-U-Na/k) and a GFR of < 60 mL/min (low-GFR). A GFR of 60-90 mL/min was considered as a normal level, since it is a normal or marginal disease state. Correlations and associations were determined using Pearson's correlation coefficients and logistic regression analysis after adjusting for covariates related to MetS.

RESULTS

U-Na/K, but not I-Na/K, was positively correlated with blood pressure (r² = 0.20, P < 0.0001). The GFR was negatively correlated with age, gender, HOMA-B, and MetS (r² = - 0.14 to - 0.595, P < 0.0001), and positively correlated with education, current smoking, and alcohol intake (r² = 0.21 to 0.40, P < 0.0001). MetS risk had a positive association with the following combinations with low-U-Na/K + low-GFR, high-U-Na/K + high-GFR, and high-U-Na/K +low-GFR by 1.830-, 3.182-, and 3.696-fold, respectively, as compared with low-U-Na/K + high-GFR. Risks of the MetS components (abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia) were similarly associated with U-Na/K and GFR, though hypertension had the strongest association. Hypertension risk had positive associations with low-U-Na/K + low-GFR, high-U-Na/K + high-GFR, and high-U-Na/K + low-GFR by 1.526-, 14.06-, and 7.079-fold, respectively, as compared with low-U-Na/K + high-GFR.

CONCLUSION

MetS risk was found to be associated with U-Na/K and GFR regardless of I-Na/K. Women need to maintain a high GFR to reduce the MetS risk, especially the risk of hypertension.

Metabolic Syndrome in Female Police Officers and Female Office Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Occupations with Different Physical Activities

INTRODUCTION

Increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a worldwide major health problem. So far, there are limited data about the impact of occupation types and the development of metabolic risks in females. This study aimed to compare the metabolic risk profiles and in two extremely different female occupational groups: police officers (PO) and office workers (OW).

METHODS

The prospective study included a total number of 97 female subjects (37 POs and 60 OWs) from Germany. Anthropometric characteristics, metabolic risk parameters as well as laboratory parameters were taken. The diagnosis of MetS was based on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

RESULTS

Female OWs presented a high prevalence of obesity, shown in average abdominal waist circumference (85.3 ± 14.5 cm) above the threshold of ≥80 cm recommended by the IDF to define abdominal obesity. Sixty percent of OWs versus 25% of POs had an abnormal abdominal waist circumference. Concerning other metabolic risk factors (HDL, triglycerides, body mass index, blood pressure) no significant differences were found, but a tendency toward a higher prevalence of abnormal values is presented in OWs than POs. MetS was detected in almost 8% of OWs as compared with 5% in POs (p = 0.705).

CONCLUSION

In an international comparison, German female POs showed one of the lowest prevalence of MetS, whereas the prevalence in OWs is equal to results in other countries. In conclusion, especially the occupational type of female OWs presented elevated factors, that are associated with increased metabolic risk. There is a relevant need for further prospective studies with larger sample sizes in female workers to determine the influence between occupational type and metabolic system.

The Study of Clustering Effects of Behavior Risk Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVES

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is now becoming a serious public health threat. Some behaviors risk factors were considered to be associated with MetS and interacted to adversely affect MetS. However, the clustering effects of behavior risk factors of MetS among Chinese population remain unclear. The aim of this study is to observe the behavior risk factors and their clustering effects of MetS in China.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study design was used. Subjects were recruited in the departments of Cardiology Clinic, Endocrine Clinic, and Health Management from March to December 2019. A demographic sheet was designed to collect the demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects. International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short was applied to evaluate the level of PA in this study. Other behavior risk factors were observed by the questionnaire. The stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of MetS. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the clustering effects of behavior risk factors in MetS.

RESULTS

There are a total of 532 eligible subjects (56.6% females; mean age was 48.4 ± 15.3 years), and approximately 33.3% were diagnosed as MetS. The subjects with a smoking habit (heavy and long-time history) had a 1.833-fold higher risk for MetS than their counterparts (none and light smoking), and the subjects that preferred salty taste had a 1.626-fold higher risk for MetS than the comparison cohort. Smoking and alcohol drinking had the highest clustering effect on MetS among the behavior risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The main finding of this study was that smoking and salty taste preference were the independent determinants of MetS. Smoking and alcohol consumption had the highest clustering effect on southern Chinese MetS.