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Awazu M, Matsumura K. Utility of fractional excretion of magnesium in diagnosing renal magnesium wasting in pediatric nephrology practice. Clin Biochem 2024; 131-132:110807. [PMID: 39059606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2024.110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg) is commonly used to diagnose of renal magnesium (Mg) wasting, but it can be affected by serum Mg (SMg) and serum creatinine concentration (SCr). We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of FEMg to diagnose Mg wasting in subgroups with different SMg and eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) in pediatric nephrology practice. METHODS One hundred and nineteen patients (59 males and 60 females, median 15 years) seen in our pediatric clinic were investigated for FEMg, SMg, eGFR, and urine Mg-to-creatinine ratio (Mg/Cr). Normal eGFR was defined as ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 or for infants SCr < chronic kidney disease stage 2. Urine Mg/Cr was compared with age-specific reference values. RESULTS Sixteen of all patients (13 %) had hypomagnesemia. All had FEMg greater than the cut-off value of 2 %. Only 4 patients had elevated urine Mg/Cr. Of 65 patients with normal SMg and eGFR, 19 had FEMg above the cut-off value of 4 %. Of these, 13 patients had elevated urine Mg/Cr i.e. Mg wasting (sensitivity and specificity of FEMg, 93 % and 88 %, respectively). Among 38 patients with normal SMg and low eGFR, 30 had FEMg > 4 %, but only 6 had elevated urine Mg/Cr (sensitivity 100 % and specificity 25 %). Overall, hypomagnesemic patients and normomagnesemic patients with elevated urine Mg/Cr were diagnosed with Mg wasting (36/119, 30 %). CONCLUSIONS FEMg has variable sensitivity and specificity depending on SMg and eGFR in the diagnosis of Mg wasting. Mg wasting is not uncommon in pediatric nephrology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8583, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Matsumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8583, Japan
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Zieg J, Ghose S, Raina R. Electrolyte disorders related emergencies in children. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:282. [PMID: 39215244 PMCID: PMC11363364 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of electrolyte and water homeostasis in pediatric patients, focusing on some of the common serum electrolyte abnormalities encountered in clinical practice. Understanding pathophysiology, taking a detailed history, performing comprehensive physical examinations, and ordering basic laboratory investigations are essential for the timely proper management of these conditions. We will discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for each electrolyte disorder. This article aims to enhance the clinical approach to pediatric patients with electrolyte imbalance-related emergencies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.Trial registration This manuscript does not include a clinical trial; instead, it provides an updated review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Shaarav Ghose
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Clinic, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA
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Guida SJ, Bazzle L. Rebound hyperkalemia in a dog with albuterol toxicosis after cessation of potassium supplementation. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:715-721. [PMID: 37943086 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation of rebound hyperkalemia as a delayed side effect of albuterol toxicity in a dog. CASE SUMMARY A 3-year-old female neutered mixed-breed dog was presented for albuterol toxicosis that led to a severe hypokalemia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperglycemia. The dog also experienced sinus tachycardia and generalized weakness. Treatment was instituted with intravenous fluid therapy and potassium supplementation, and the dog was monitored with a continuous electrocardiogram. Resolution of hypokalemia was documented 12 hours after initial presentation, at which time fluid therapy and potassium supplementation were discontinued. There were no further periods of sinus tachycardia, but instead the dog developed ventricular ectopy with rapid couplets (instantaneous rates of 300/min). An echocardiogram revealed normal cardiac size and function. Twenty-four hours after presentation, the patient developed severe hyperkalemia, despite discontinuation of fluids and potassium supplementation for 12 hours. Serial venous and urinary electrolytes were performed for determination of the fractional excretion of electrolytes. These data confirmed rebound hyperkalemia (7.0 mmol/L), consistent with a markedly increased fractional excretion of potassium, and secondary to the release of potassium from inside the cells. Fluid therapy with dextrose supplementation was provided until 36 hours postpresentation. The hyperkalemia resolved, and the dog was discharged after 44 hours of hospitalization. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This case documents rebound hyperkalemia following treatment of albuterol toxicosis in a dog. This case highlights the importance of understanding the distribution of total body potassium when treating serum hypokalemia. Transcellular shifts of potassium, as in the case of albuterol toxicosis, can lead to rebound hyperkalemia even after discontinuation of potassium supplementation. This case further explores the utility of fractional excretion of electrolytes in elucidating the etiology and management of electrolyte disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Guida
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa Bazzle
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Klhůfek J, Vodička M. Furosemide-associated hyponatremia in internal medicine patients: Analysis of epidemiological and biochemical profiles. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 114:138-140. [PMID: 37173194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Klhůfek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tomas Bata Hospital in Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Vodička
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tomas Bata Hospital in Zlín, Czech Republic
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Wu ZH, Chiu CH, Chen CC, Chyau CC, Cheng CH. Amelioration of Cyclosporine A-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity by Cordyceps cicadae Mycelia via Mg +2 Reabsorption and the Inhibition of GRP78-IRE1-CHOP Pathway: In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010772. [PMID: 36614214 PMCID: PMC9820889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies of Cordyceps cicadae (CC) have been reported to have a therapeutic effect in chronic kidney disease. Due to the rare and expensive resources from natural habitats, artificially cultivated mycelia using submerged liquid cultivation of CC (CCM) have been recently developed as an alternative to scarce sources of CC. However, little is known regarding potential protective effects of CCM against cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced acute nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, CCM (40 mg and 400 mg/kg, orally), CsA (10 mg/kg, oral gavage), and CsA + CCM (40 mg and 400 mg/kg, orally). At the end of the study on day 8, all rats were sacrificed, and the blood and kidneys retrieved. CsA-induced acute nephrotoxicity was evident by increased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Levels of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident chaperone glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP 78) were increased significantly in rats with acute nephrotoxicity. BUN and GRP 78 were significantly ameliorated in synchronous oral groups of CCM (40 or 400 mg/kg) plus CsA. Examination of hematoxylin and eosin stained kidney tissues revealed that the combined treatment of CCM slightly improved vacuolization in renal tubules upon CsA-induced damage. CsA-induced down-regulation of protein expression of magnesium ion channel proteins and transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 were abolished by the combined treatment of CCM. CCM has the potential to protect the kidney against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing magnesium ion wasting, tubular cell damage, and ER stress demonstrated further by human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Our results contribute to the in-depth understanding of the role of polysaccharides and nucleobases as the main secondary metabolites of CCM in the defense system of renal functions in CsA-induced acute nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Wu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Center, Longtan District, Taoyuan 325002, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chi-Hung Cheng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Catholic Mercy Hospital, Hukou Township 303032, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-26318652 (C.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-26525386 (C.-C.C.)
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Liu SC, Wu TY, Hsu TH, Lai MN, Wu YC, Ng LT. Chemical Composition and Chronic Toxicity of Disc-Cultured Antrodia cinnamomea Fruiting Bodies. TOXICS 2022; 10:587. [PMID: 36287867 PMCID: PMC9610047 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a popular fungus for use as folk medicine in health maintenance and disease prevention and treatment. Disc culture is a novel technique for producing AC fruiting bodies. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive components and toxicological properties of disc-cultured AC fruiting body powders (ACP) in rats. The HPLC technique was used to quantify the composition of bioactive triterpenoids in ACP. Toxicological properties were evaluated on male and female Sprague-Dawley rats receiving ACP orally at 200, 600, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 90 days; the control group received only distilled water. The results show that ACP contained seven important AC index compounds, namely antcins A, B, C, K, and H, dehydrosulphurenic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid. At the tested doses, oral ACP administration for 90 days caused no mortality, adverse effects on general health, body and organ weights, and food intake. Furthermore, no significant variations were observed in hematological and biochemical parameters among either sex of ACP-treated and control animals. An histopathological examination of vital organs showed no significant structural changes in organs, even in high-dose ACP-treated animals. This study indicated that ACP contained the major bioactive triterpenoids of AC fruiting bodies, and its no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg/day, about 20 times the recommended daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua County 51591, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 912009, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hao Hsu
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua County 51591, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Lai
- Kang Jian Biotech Co., Ltd., Nantou 54245, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Lean-Teik Ng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Peride I, Tiglis M, Neagu TP, Niculae A, Checherita IA. Magnesium—A More Important Role in CKD–MBD than We Thought. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040880. [PMID: 35453928 PMCID: PMC9031465 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with different complications, including chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD), which represents a systemic disorder that involves the presence of different mineral or bone structure abnormalities (i.e., modification of bone turnover, strength, volume, etc.), including even vascular calcification development. Even if, over the years, different pathophysiological theories have been developed to explain the onset and progression of CKD–MBD, the influence and importance of serum magnesium level on the evolution of CKD have only recently been highlighted. So far, data are inconclusive and conflicting; therefore, further studies are necessary to validate these findings, which could be useful in developing a better, more adequate, and personalized management of CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Peride
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Mirela Tiglis
- Clinical Department No. 14, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Tiberiu Paul Neagu
- Clinical Department No. 11, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andrei Niculae
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Ionel Alexandru Checherita
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
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Aptamer-functionalised magnetic particles for highly selective detection of urinary albumin in clinical samples of diabetic nephropathy and other kidney tract disease. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338302. [PMID: 33736810 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a new highly selective detection platform for human albumin (HA) in urine based on aptamer-functionalised magnetic particles. Magnetic separation and re-dispersion was utilised to expose the HA-bound particles to a methylene blue solution. A second magnetic collection step was then used to allow the methylene blue supernatant to be reduced at an unmodified screen-printed electrode. Since methylene blue adsorbs to HA, the reduction current fell in proportion to HA concentration. There was no interference from compounds such as dopamine, epinephrine, vanillylmandelic acid, normetanephrine, metanephrine and creatinine in artificial urine at the concentrations at which they would be expected to appear. A calibration equation was derived to allow for the effect of pH on the response. This enabled measurement to be made directly in clinical urine samples of varying pH. After optimisation of experimental parameters, the total assay time was 40 min and the limit of detection was between 0.93 and 1.16 μg mL-1, depending on the pH used. HA could be detected up to 400 μg mL-1, covering the range from normoalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. Analysis of urine samples of patients, with diabatic nephropathy, type I & II diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, from a local hospital showed good agreement with the standard urinary human albumin detection method.
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Association of predialysis serum sodium level with fluid status in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:1571-1579. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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