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Urbanetz LAML, Soares-Junior JM, Dos Santos Simões R, Maciel GAR, Baracat MCP, Baracat EC. Bisphenol A and polycystic ovary syndrome in human: A systematic review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 166:190-203. [PMID: 38197560 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Its etiology is uncertain and one of the hypotheses is that environmental factors, such as the bisphenol A (BPA) endocrine disruptor, may be involved. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between exposure to BPA and PCOS. SEARCH STRATEGY Research was conducted focusing on studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish from January 2001 to March 2023 and available in Embase, Medline/PubMed, Rima, Lilacs, Scielo, Google academic, and SCI databases. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies in humans that evaluated the association between exposure to BPA and a diagnosis of PCOS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Following PRISMA guidelines, study characteristics and relevant data were extracted. MAIN RESULTS Selection of 15 case-control and 7 cross-sectional studies with a total of 1682 PCOS patients. The studies were carried out in China, Poland, Turkey, Japan, Greece, Italy, the USA, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, India, Czechia, and Slovakia. A positive relationship between exposure to BPA and PCOS was described in19 studies (1391 [82.70%] of the PCOS patients). The fluids used in the studies were serum, urine, plasma, and follicular fluid. BPA was measured by ELISA and by chromatography (HPLC, HPLC-MS/MS, GC-MS, and GC-MS/MS). Diagnosis of PCOS used Rotterdam criteria in 15, NIH 1999 in 3, AE&PCOS Society in 2, similar to the Rotterdam criteria in 1, and criteria not informed in 1. Androgens were measured in 16 studies; in 12, hyperandrogenism was positively associated with BPA. BPA level was related to body mass index (BMI) in studies. In 15 studies independently of BMI, women with PCOS had higher BPA levels. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were evaluated in 12 studies and in 6 a positive correlation was found with BPA levels. Lipid profile was evaluated in seven studies and in only one the correlation between lipid profile and BPA levels was present. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to BPA is positively associated with PCOS, mainly with the hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ana Mercedes Lara Urbanetz
- Gynecology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maria Soares-Junior
- Gynecology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dos Santos Simões
- Gynecology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Arantes Rosa Maciel
- Gynecology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Candida Pinheiro Baracat
- Gynecology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Gynecology Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Departmente, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li N, Kang H, Liu Z, Li L, Deng Y, Wang M, Li Y, Xu W, Li X, Wang Y, Zhu J, Tao J, Yu P. Association of maternal phthalates exposure and metabolic gene polymorphisms with congenital heart diseases: a multicenter case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:167. [PMID: 38408952 PMCID: PMC10895762 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are thought to result from the interactions of genetics and the environment factors. This study aimed to assess the association of maternal non-occupational phthalates exposure, metabolic gene polymorphisms and their interactions with risk of CHDs in offspring. METHODS A multicenter case-control study of 245 mothers with CHDs infants and 268 control mothers of health infant was conducted from six hospitals. Maternal urinary concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (CYP2C9) and 19 (CYP2C19), uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyl transferase family 1 member A7 (UGT1A7), family 2 member B7 (UGT2B7) and B15(UGT2B15) genes were genotyped. The multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate the association between maternal phthalates exposure or gene polymorphisms and risk of CHDs. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the gene-gene and gene-phthalates exposure interactions. RESULTS There was no significant difference in phthalate metabolites concentrations between the cases and controls. No significant positive associations were observed between maternal exposure to phthalates and CHDs. The SNPs of UGT1A7 gene at rs4124874 (under three models, log-additive: aOR = 1.74, 95% CI:1.28-2.37; dominant: aOR = 1.86, 95% CI:1.25-2.78; recessive: aOR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.26-4.94) and rs887829 (under the recessive model: aOR = 13.66, 95% CI: 1.54-121) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CHDs. Furthermore, the associations between rs4124874 (under log-additive and dominant models) of UGT1A7 were statistically significant after the false discovery rate correction. No significant gene-gene or gene-phthalate metabolites interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS The polymorphisms of maternal UGT1A7 gene at rs4124874 and rs887829 were significantly associated with an increased risk of CHDs. More large-scale studies or prospective study designs are needed to confirm or refute our findings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Kang
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Li
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Deng
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meixian Wang
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuting Li
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Xu
- Department of Maternal Healthcare, Pidu Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Tao
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ping Yu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sec.3 No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Neuvonen R, Huovinen M, Dorman DC, Laitinen H, Sahlman H. Phthalates and polycystic ovary syndrome - Systematic literature review. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 121:108473. [PMID: 37741514 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common endocrine disorders in women, may involve both environmental and genetic factors. One potential environmental factor of concern is exposure to phthalates and other endocrine disrupting chemicals many of which have adverse effects on the female reproductive system. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate possible association between prenatal phthalate exposure and PCOS. Six databases were searched for relevant human studies. Inclusion criteria were female human population diagnosed with PCOS and exposed during any lifestage to any phthalate or phthalate metabolite through oral, dermal, inhalation, or intravenous route. Search results were screened for relevance, and studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated for study quality using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. The systematic literature search yielded seven articles, six case-control studies and one cohort study. Three studies found a significant positive association, two studies found a significant negative association, and two studies found no association between phthalate exposure and the incidence of PCOS. Even though studies found no consistent pattern on association with phthalates and PCOS, the results of analyzed studies did not exclude possible effects of phthalates on the female reproductive and metabolic system. Some of the factors in study design such as recruiting participants from IVF clinics and young age of participants may have biased the results. Further studies with more careful study design and longer follow-up time are needed to bring more reliable information about the role of phthalates in onset of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosa Neuvonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Marjo Huovinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - David C Dorman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, North Carolina State University, USA
| | | | - Heidi Sahlman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
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Stein TP, Schluter MD, Steer RA, Ming X. Bisphenol-A and phthalate metabolism in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289841. [PMID: 37703261 PMCID: PMC10499243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of autism spectrum (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders are multifactorial. Epidemiological studies have shown associations with environmental pollutants, such as plasticizers. This study focused on two of these compounds, the Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP). The major pathway for BPA and DEHP excretion is via glucuronidation. Glucuronidation makes insoluble substances more water-soluble allowing for their subsequent elimination in urine. HYPOTHESIS Detoxification of these two plasticizers is compromised in children with ASD and ADHD. Consequently, their tissues are more exposed to these two plasticizers. METHODS We measured the efficiency of glucuronidation in three groups of children, ASD (n = 66), ADHD (n = 46) and healthy controls (CTR, n = 37). The children were recruited from the clinics of Rutgers-NJ Medical School. A urine specimen was collected from each child. Multiple mass spectrometric analyses including the complete metabolome were determined and used to derive values for the efficiency of glucuronidation for 12 varied glucuronidation pathways including those for BPA and MEHP. RESULTS (1) Both fold differences and metabolome analyses showed that the three groups of children were metabolically different from each other. (2) Of the 12 pathways examined, only the BPA and DEHP pathways discriminated between the three groups. (3) Glucuronidation efficiencies for BPA were reduced by 11% for ASD (p = 0.020) and 17% for ADHD (p<0.001) compared to controls. DEHP showed similar, but not significant trends. CONCLUSION ASD and ADHD are clinically and metabolically different but share a reduction in the efficiency of detoxification for both BPA and DEHP with the reductions for BPA being statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Peter Stein
- Department of Surgery, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States of America
| | - Margaret D. Schluter
- Department of Surgery, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Steer
- Department of Psychiatry, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States of America
| | - Xue Ming
- Departments of Neurosciences and Neurology, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
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Ghanati K, Jahanbakhsh M, Shakoori A, Aghebat-Bekheir S, Khalili-Rikabadi A, Sadighara P. The association between polycystic ovary syndrome and environmental pollutants based on animal and human study; a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023:reveh-2022-0187. [PMID: 37167197 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders. This abnormality is identified with hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovary and ovulation disorder. Environmental factors are one of the etiologies of this disease. In this systematic review, a search was performed with the keywords of polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS, pesticides, organochlorine, heavy metals, PCBs, PAHs, bisphenol A, BPA, phthalates, mycotoxin, Tributyltin, TBT, environmental contaminants, regardless of publication time. 567 studies were obtained and after assessing 26 articles were finally selected. 61 % of the studies were attributed to bisphenol A. The positive correlation was seen between bisphenol A, tributyltin, air pollutants and organic contaminates with this disease. The association between this syndrome and bisphenol A in adolescents was also confirmed. Zinc has led to a reduction in the incidence of disease in almost all research literature. This issue can be considered in the prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiandokht Ghanati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI) and Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jahanbakhsh
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Attaollah Shakoori
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aghebat-Bekheir
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khalili-Rikabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Babayeva M, Loewy ZG. Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3479-3514. [PMID: 37185752 PMCID: PMC10137111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in many disorders. However, the individual therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and the incidence of side effects are still difficult to determine. Pharmacogenomics may provide the answers to many questions and concerns regarding the cannabis/cannabinoid treatment and help us to understand the variability in individual responses and associated risks. Pharmacogenomics research has made meaningful progress in identifying genetic variations that play a critical role in interpatient variability in response to cannabis. This review classifies the current knowledge of pharmacogenomics associated with medical marijuana and related compounds and can assist in improving the outcomes of cannabinoid therapy and to minimize the adverse effects of cannabis use. Specific examples of pharmacogenomics informing pharmacotherapy as a path to personalized medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Babayeva
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zvi G Loewy
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endocrine Disruptors (Bisphenols, Parabens, and Triclosan)-A Systematic Review. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010138. [PMID: 36676087 PMCID: PMC9864804 DOI: 10.3390/life13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can result in alterations of the female reproductive system, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this review was to summarize the knowledge about the association of EDCs (bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan) with PCOS. We conducted an electronic literature search using PubMed for studies published between January 2007 and October 2022 on EDCs related to PCOS, and evaluated the association of PCOS with bisphenols, parabens and triclosan in 15 articles. Most studies revealed significantly higher plasma, urinary or follicular fluid levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in women with PCOS, and some showed a positive correlation of BPA with insulin resistance, polycystic morphology on ultrasound, hepatic steatosis, bilirubin levels, as well as free androgen index, androstenedione and testosterone serum levels, and markers of low-grade chronic inflammation. There was a negative correlation of BPA with markers of ovarian reserve, sex hormone binding globulin and vitamin D-binding protein. Parabens and triclosan have been studied in only one study each, with no significant associations with PCOS observed. Our review revealed an association of BPA with PCOS and negative effects of BPA on human ovaries; more research is needed to assess the potential associations of parabens and triclosan with PCOS.
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Kaya-Akyüzlü D, Özkan-Kotiloğlu S, Bal C, Yalçın-Şahiner Ş, Avcıoğlu G, Danışman M. Effects of UGT2B7 rs7662029 and rs7439366 polymorphisms on sublingual buprenorphine metabolism in heroin addicts: An improved PCR-RFLP assay for the detection of rs7662029 polymorphism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103902. [PMID: 35697190 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of UGT2B7 rs7662029 and rs7439366 polymorphisms on plasma buprenorphine (BUP) concentration and different treatment responses in a sample of 109 patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) treated with sublingual BUP/naloxone. Polymorphisms were analysed by PCR-RFLP. Plasma concentrations of BUP and its metabolite norbuprenorphine were detected by LC-MS/MS. Craving, withdrawal, depression and anxiety were measured by appropriate scales. OUD patients with rs7439366 CC or rs7662029 GG genotypes had significantly lower dose-normalized (BUP/D) and dose/kg-normalized BUP (BUP/D.kg-1) levels than those who were CT or AA carriers. Significant associations between UGT2B7 rs7662029 and increased craving (p = 0.037) and withdrawal symptoms (p = 0.029) were detected. Our findings were pointing to an important role of UGT2B7 in the metabolism of sublingual BUP/naloxone in the heroin addicts for the first time. A novel PCR-RFLP assay was developed for the determination of UGT2B7 rs7662029 polymorphism, based on utilizing novel restriction enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selin Özkan-Kotiloğlu
- Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Bal
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Gamze Avcıoğlu
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Danışman
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital AMATEM Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
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Huynh K, Kempegowda P, Tamblyn J, O' Reilly MW, Mueller JW, Hewison M, Jenkinson C. Development of a LC-MS/MS method to measure serum 3-sulfate and 3-glucuronide 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites; comparisons to unconjugated 25OHD in pregnancy and polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2021; 169:108812. [PMID: 33636208 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status is routinely assessed by measuring circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD2 or 25OHD3). However as deconjugation is not routinely incorporated into sample treatment prior to analysis, conjugated forms of 25OHD (particularly the more abundant 25OHD3) are often not considered in determining serum concentrations of total 25OHD. Two major circulating conjugated forms of 25OHD3 are 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-sulfate (25OHD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-glucuronide (25OHD3-G). Incorporating these two conjugated metabolites into the measurement of vitamin D status could improve our understanding of vitamin D status in health, particularly if there are changes in sulfation and glucuronidation activities. The aim of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) targeted method for measurement of 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G in serum to enable comparisons with circulating levels of the free 25OHD3 form. We developed and validated a new LC-MS/MS method that measured both 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G following a solid phase extraction sample preparation method. Partial separation of analytes by LC, and the separation of analytes by the optimized multiple reaction monitoring transitions enabled the quantitation of both 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G in the single method. Serum concentrations of 25OHD3-S (24.7 ± 11.8 ng/mL) and 25OHD3-G (2.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL) were shown to be a significant proportion of circulating vitamin D metabolites in healthy donor serums. These levels of 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G closely associated with 25OHD3 concentrations, r = 0.728, p = 0.001 and r = 0.632, p = 0.006 respectively. However in serum from pregnant women and non-pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) significant differences in the ratios between conjugated and free 25OHD3 were observed between pregnancy groups (25OHD3/25OHD3-S and 25OHD3/25OHD3-G p < 0.001), and between healthy and PCOS subjects (25OHD3/25OHD3-G p < 0.050). Development of this novel high-throughput LC-MS/MS method indicates that 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G are substantial components of circulating vitamin D metabolites. The concentrations of these metabolites relative to conventional 25OHD3 may vary in different physiological and pathophysiological settings, and may therefore play an unrecognized but important role in the actions of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huynh
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Tamblyn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M W O' Reilly
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J W Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Tkalec Ž, Kosjek T, Snoj Tratnik J, Stajnko A, Runkel AA, Sykiotou M, Mazej D, Horvat M. Exposure of Slovenian children and adolescents to bisphenols, parabens and triclosan: Urinary levels, exposure patterns, determinants of exposure and susceptibility. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106172. [PMID: 33113465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals such as bisphenols, parabens and triclosan are endocrine disrupting chemicals. They are used in a wide variety of consumer products, making human exposure to those chemicals widespread. In the present study, levels of three bisphenols (bisphenol A, F and S), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl-, benzyl paraben) and triclosan were measured in first morning void from 246 Slovenian children and adolescents, aged 6-9 and 11-15 years and living in a rural region of Slovenia. Median levels of specific-gravity corrected levels for bisphenol A, bisphenol F, methyl paraben and ethyl paraben were 1.9, 0.085, 5.4 and 2.5 µg/L for children and 1.6, 0.11, 7.2 and 6.0 µg/L for adolescents, respectively. Median levels for all other endocrine disrupting chemicals were < LOQ. The levels are comparable with the levels reported in studies across the world. Exposure was age, sex, and location specific. Higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben were found in the samples of adolescents, while higher levels of methyl paraben were found in samples from girls. Furthermore, individuals living in one of the sampling locations, Goričko, were exposed to higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben than those in the remaining two sampling locations. Information about participants' dietary habits, use of food packaging and personal care products was obtained through questionnaires, and used to investigate associations between urinary levels of the biomarkers and potential exposure sources. High fat foods were associated with bisphenol A exposure, and cosmetics items such as lipstick and perfume with methyl paraben exposure. Significant correlation between methyl- and propyl paraben was observed in children's samples, suggesting similar exposure sources, while other compounds were not largely correlated, indicating independent sources. Furthermore, association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in UGT2B15 gene and urinary levels of methyl and ethyl paraben was observed, showing the role of UGT2B15 isoform in methyl and ethyl paraben metabolism as well as indicating the SNP rs1902023 as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to adverse effects caused by the exposure. The present study reports exposure of children and adolescents in Slovenia to a wide range of different endocrine disrupting chemicals for the first time, connecting it to exposure patterns and exposure sources. The study is to the authors' knowledge the first that investigates direct connection between levels of urinary endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers and genetic polymorphism in UGT2B15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Agneta Annika Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marianthi Sykiotou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, University Campus GR - 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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