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Li W, Wang Y, Liu Y. DMAF-Net: deformable multi-scale adaptive fusion network for dental structure detection with panoramic radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2024; 53:296-307. [PMID: 38518093 DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Panoramic radiography is one of the most commonly used diagnostic modalities in dentistry. Automatic recognition of panoramic radiography helps dentists in decision support. In order to improve the accuracy of the detection of dental structural problems in panoramic radiographs, we have improved the You Only Look Once (YOLO) network and verified the feasibility of this new method in aiding the detection of dental problems. METHODS We propose a Deformable Multi-scale Adaptive Fusion Net (DMAF-Net) to detect 5 types of dental situations (impacted teeth, missing teeth, implants, crown restorations, and root canal-treated teeth) in panoramic radiography by improving the YOLO network. In DMAF-Net, we propose different modules to enhance the feature extraction capability of the network as well as to acquire high-level features at different scales, while using adaptively spatial feature fusion to solve the problem of scale mismatches of different feature layers, which effectively improves the detection performance. In order to evaluate the detection performance of the models, we compare the experimental results of different models in the test set and select the optimal results of the models by calculating the average of different metrics in each category as the evaluation criteria. RESULTS About 1474 panoramic radiographs were divided into training, validation, and test sets in the ratio of 7:2:1. In the test set, the average precision and recall of DMAF-Net are 92.7% and 87.6%, respectively; the mean Average Precision (mAP0.5 and mAP[0.5:0.95]) are 91.8% and 63.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed DMAF-Net model improves existing deep learning models and achieves automatic detection of tooth structure problems in panoramic radiographs. This new method has great potential for new computer-aided diagnostic, teaching, and clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuanjun Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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Șalgău CA, Morar A, Zgarta AD, Ancuța DL, Rădulescu A, Mitrea IL, Tănase AO. Applications of Machine Learning in Periodontology and Implantology: A Comprehensive Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2024:10.1007/s10439-024-03559-0. [PMID: 38884831 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) has led to significant advances in dentistry, easing the workload of professionals and improving the performance of various medical processes. The fields of periodontology and implantology can profit from these advances for tasks such as determining periodontally compromised teeth, assisting doctors in the implant planning process, determining types of implants, or predicting the occurrence of peri-implantitis. The current paper provides an overview of recent ML techniques applied in periodontology and implantology, aiming to identify popular models for different medical tasks, to assess the impact of the training data on the success of the automatic algorithms and to highlight advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. 48 original research papers, published between 2016 and 2023, were selected and divided into four classes: periodontology, implant planning, implant brands and types, and success of dental implants. These papers were analyzed in terms of aim, technical details, characteristics of training and testing data, results, and medical observations. The purpose of this paper is not to provide an exhaustive survey, but to show representative methods from recent literature that highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, as well as the potential of applying machine learning in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Adina Șalgău
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Morar
- National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | | | - Diana-Larisa Ancuța
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Cantacuzino National Medical-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandros Rădulescu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan Liviu Mitrea
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Ovidiu Tănase
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Al-Asali M, Alqutaibi AY, Al-Sarem M, Saeed F. Deep learning-based approach for 3D bone segmentation and prediction of missing tooth region for dental implant planning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13888. [PMID: 38880802 PMCID: PMC11180661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that dental implants have high long-term survival rates, indicating their effectiveness compared to other treatments. However, there is still a concern regarding treatment failure. Deep learning methods, specifically U-Net models, have been effectively applied to analyze medical and dental images. This study aims to utilize U-Net models to segment bone in regions where teeth are missing in cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans and predict the positions of implants. The proposed models were applied to a CBCT dataset of Taibah University Dental Hospital (TUDH) patients between 2018 and 2023. They were evaluated using different performance metrics and validated by a domain expert. The experimental results demonstrated outstanding performance in terms of dice, precision, and recall for bone segmentation (0.93, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively) with a low volume error (0.01). The proposed models offer promising automated dental implant planning for dental implantologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Asali
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, 42353, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi
- Substitutive Dental Sciences Department (Prosthodontics), College of Dentistry, Taibah University, 41311, Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Ibb University, 70270, Ibb, Yemen.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sarem
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, 42353, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Computer Science, Sheba Region University, Marib, Yemen
| | - Faisal Saeed
- College of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B4 7XG, UK.
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4
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Semerci ZM, Yardımcı S. Empowering Modern Dentistry: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Patient Care and Clinical Decision Making. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1260. [PMID: 38928675 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are poised to catalyze a transformative shift across diverse dental disciplines including endodontics, oral radiology, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontology, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry. This narrative review delineates the burgeoning role of AI in enhancing diagnostic precision, streamlining treatment planning, and potentially unveiling innovative therapeutic modalities, thereby elevating patient care standards. Recent analyses corroborate the superiority of AI-assisted methodologies over conventional techniques, affirming their capacity for personalization, accuracy, and efficiency in dental care. Central to these AI applications are convolutional neural networks and deep learning models, which have demonstrated efficacy in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic decision making, in some instances surpassing traditional methods in complex cases. Despite these advancements, the integration of AI into clinical practice is accompanied by challenges, such as data security concerns, the demand for transparency in AI-generated outcomes, and the imperative for ongoing validation to establish the reliability and applicability of AI tools. This review underscores the prospective benefits of AI in dental practice, envisioning AI not as a replacement for dental professionals but as an adjunctive tool that fortifies the dental profession. While AI heralds improvements in diagnostics, treatment planning, and personalized care, ethical and practical considerations must be meticulously navigated to ensure responsible development of AI in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Merve Semerci
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Selmi Yardımcı
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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5
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Lee JH, Kim YT, Lee JB. Identification of dental implant systems from low-quality and distorted dental radiographs using AI trained on a large multi-center dataset. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12606. [PMID: 38824187 PMCID: PMC11144187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Most artificial intelligence (AI) studies have attempted to identify dental implant systems (DISs) while excluding low-quality and distorted dental radiographs, limiting their actual clinical use. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an AI model, trained on a large and multi-center dataset, in identifying different types of DIS in low-quality and distorted dental radiographs. Based on the fine-tuned pre-trained ResNet-50 algorithm, 156,965 panoramic and periapical radiological images were used as training and validation datasets, and 530 low-quality and distorted images of four types (including those not perpendicular to the axis of the fixture, radiation overexposure, cut off the apex of the fixture, and containing foreign bodies) were used as test datasets. Moreover, the accuracy performance of low-quality and distorted DIS classification was compared using AI and five periodontists. Based on a test dataset, the performance evaluation of the AI model achieved accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score metrics of 95.05%, 95.91%, 92.49%, and 94.17%, respectively. However, five periodontists performed the classification of nine types of DISs based on four different types of low-quality and distorted radiographs, achieving a mean overall accuracy of 37.2 ± 29.0%. Within the limitations of this study, AI demonstrated superior accuracy in identifying DIS from low-quality or distorted radiographs, outperforming dental professionals in classification tasks. However, for actual clinical application of AI, extensive standardization research on low-quality and distorted radiographic images is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Jeonbuk National University College of Dentistry, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
| | - Young-Taek Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Ilsan Hospital, National Health Insurance Service, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Bin Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Gangneung-Wonju National University College of Dentistry, Gangneung, Korea
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Naeimi SM, Darvish S, Salman BN, Luchian I. Artificial Intelligence in Adult and Pediatric Dentistry: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:431. [PMID: 38790300 PMCID: PMC11118054 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been recently introduced into clinical dentistry, and it has assisted professionals in analyzing medical data with unprecedented speed and an accuracy level comparable to humans. With the help of AI, meaningful information can be extracted from dental databases, especially dental radiographs, to devise machine learning (a subset of AI) models. This study focuses on models that can diagnose and assist with clinical conditions such as oral cancers, early childhood caries, deciduous teeth numbering, periodontal bone loss, cysts, peri-implantitis, osteoporosis, locating minor apical foramen, orthodontic landmark identification, temporomandibular joint disorders, and more. The aim of the authors was to outline by means of a review the state-of-the-art applications of AI technologies in several dental subfields and to discuss the efficacy of machine learning algorithms, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), among different types of patients, such as pediatric cases, that were neglected by previous reviews. They performed an electronic search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Medline to locate relevant articles. They concluded that even though clinicians encounter challenges in implementing AI technologies, such as data management, limited processing capabilities, and biased outcomes, they have observed positive results, such as decreased diagnosis costs and time, as well as early cancer detection. Thus, further research and development should be considered to address the existing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shayan Darvish
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;
| | - Bahareh Nazemi Salman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran
| | - Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Ibraheem WI. Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Models in Dental Implant Fixture Identification and Classification from Radiographs: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:806. [PMID: 38667452 PMCID: PMC11049199 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14080806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The availability of multiple dental implant systems makes it difficult for the treating dentist to identify and classify the implant in case of inaccessibility or loss of previous records. Artificial intelligence (AI) is reported to have a high success rate in medical image classification and is effectively used in this area. Studies have reported improved implant classification and identification accuracy when AI is used with trained dental professionals. This systematic review aims to analyze various studies discussing the accuracy of AI tools in implant identification and classification. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the study was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The focused PICO question for the current study was "What is the accuracy (outcome) of artificial intelligence tools (Intervention) in detecting and/or classifying the type of dental implant (Participant/population) using X-ray images?" Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, and Cochrane were searched systematically to collect the relevant published literature. The search strings were based on the formulated PICO question. The article search was conducted in January 2024 using the Boolean operators and truncation. The search was limited to articles published in English in the last 15 years (January 2008 to December 2023). The quality of all the selected articles was critically analyzed using the Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Tool (QUADAS-2). Results: Twenty-one articles were selected for qualitative analysis based on predetermined selection criteria. Study characteristics were tabulated in a self-designed table. Out of the 21 studies evaluated, 14 were found to be at risk of bias, with high or unclear risk in one or more domains. The remaining seven studies, however, had a low risk of bias. The overall accuracy of AI models in implant detection and identification ranged from a low of 67% to as high as 98.5%. Most included studies reported mean accuracy levels above 90%. Conclusions: The articles in the present review provide considerable evidence to validate that AI tools have high accuracy in identifying and classifying dental implant systems using 2-dimensional X-ray images. These outcomes are vital for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning by trained dental professionals to enhance patient treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael I Ibraheem
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ali IE, Sumita Y, Wakabayashi N. Advancing maxillofacial prosthodontics by using pre-trained convolutional neural networks: Image-based classification of the maxilla. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38566564 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to compare the performance of four pre-trained convolutional neural networks in recognizing seven distinct prosthodontic scenarios involving the maxilla, as a preliminary step in developing an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered prosthesis design system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven distinct classes, including cleft palate, dentulous maxillectomy, edentulous maxillectomy, reconstructed maxillectomy, completely dentulous, partially edentulous, and completely edentulous, were considered for recognition. Utilizing transfer learning and fine-tuned hyperparameters, four AI models (VGG16, Inception-ResNet-V2, DenseNet-201, and Xception) were employed. The dataset, consisting of 3541 preprocessed intraoral occlusal images, was divided into training, validation, and test sets. Model performance metrics encompassed accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and confusion matrix. RESULTS VGG16, Inception-ResNet-V2, DenseNet-201, and Xception demonstrated comparable performance, with maximum test accuracies of 0.92, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. Xception and DenseNet-201 slightly outperformed the other models, particularly compared with InceptionResNet-V2. Precision, recall, and F1 scores exceeded 90% for most classes in Xception and DenseNet-201 and the average AUC values for all models ranged between 0.98 and 1.00. CONCLUSIONS While DenseNet-201 and Xception demonstrated superior performance, all models consistently achieved diagnostic accuracy exceeding 90%, highlighting their potential in dental image analysis. This AI application could help work assignments based on difficulty levels and enable the development of an automated diagnosis system at patient admission. It also facilitates prosthesis designing by integrating necessary prosthesis morphology, oral function, and treatment difficulty. Furthermore, it tackles dataset size challenges in model optimization, providing valuable insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam E Ali
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yuka Sumita
- Division of General Dentistry 4, The Nippon Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Lubbad MAH, Kurtulus IL, Karaboga D, Kilic K, Basturk A, Akay B, Nalbantoglu OU, Yilmaz OMD, Ayata M, Yilmaz S, Pacal I. A Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning-Based Approaches for Classifying Dental Implants Decision Support System. JOURNAL OF IMAGING INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE 2024:10.1007/s10278-024-01086-x. [PMID: 38565730 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-024-01086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to provide an effective solution for the autonomous identification of dental implant brands through a deep learning-based computer diagnostic system. It also seeks to ascertain the system's potential in clinical practices and to offer a strategic framework for improving diagnosis and treatment processes in implantology. This study employed a total of 28 different deep learning models, including 18 convolutional neural network (CNN) models (VGG, ResNet, DenseNet, EfficientNet, RegNet, ConvNeXt) and 10 vision transformer models (Swin and Vision Transformer). The dataset comprises 1258 panoramic radiographs from patients who received implant treatments at Erciyes University Faculty of Dentistry between 2012 and 2023. It is utilized for the training and evaluation process of deep learning models and consists of prototypes from six different implant systems provided by six manufacturers. The deep learning-based dental implant system provided high classification accuracy for different dental implant brands using deep learning models. Furthermore, among all the architectures evaluated, the small model of the ConvNeXt architecture achieved an impressive accuracy rate of 94.2%, demonstrating a high level of classification success.This study emphasizes the effectiveness of deep learning-based systems in achieving high classification accuracy in dental implant types. These findings pave the way for integrating advanced deep learning tools into clinical practice, promising significant improvements in patient care and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A H Lubbad
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | | | - Dervis Karaboga
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kerem Kilic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dentistry Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alper Basturk
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bahriye Akay
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ufuk Nalbantoglu
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Ayata
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dentistry Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yilmaz
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Dentistry Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ishak Pacal
- Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Delamare E, Fu X, Huang Z, Kim J. Panoramic imaging errors in machine learning model development: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2024; 53:165-172. [PMID: 38273661 PMCID: PMC11003661 DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the management of imaging errors from panoramic radiography (PAN) datasets used in the development of machine learning (ML) models. METHODS This systematic literature followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and used three databases. Keywords were selected from relevant literature. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA PAN studies that used ML models and mentioned image quality concerns. RESULTS Out of 400 articles, 41 papers satisfied the inclusion criteria. All the studies used ML models, with 35 papers using deep learning (DL) models. PAN quality assessment was approached in 3 ways: acknowledgement and acceptance of imaging errors in the ML model, removal of low-quality radiographs from the dataset before building the model, and application of image enhancement methods prior to model development. The criteria for determining PAN image quality varied widely across studies and were prone to bias. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed significant inconsistencies in the management of PAN imaging errors in ML research. However, most studies agree that such errors are detrimental when building ML models. More research is needed to understand the impact of low-quality inputs on model performance. Prospective studies may streamline image quality assessment by leveraging DL models, which excel at pattern recognition tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Delamare
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Digital Health and Data Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Xingyue Fu
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Zimo Huang
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Jinman Kim
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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11
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Chaurasia A, Namachivayam A, Koca-Ünsal RB, Lee JH. Deep-learning performance in identifying and classifying dental implant systems from dental imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2024; 54:3-12. [PMID: 37154107 PMCID: PMC10901682 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2300160008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) offers promising performance in computer vision tasks and is highly suitable for dental image recognition and analysis. We evaluated the accuracy of DL algorithms in identifying and classifying dental implant systems (DISs) using dental imaging. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we explored the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases and identified studies published between January 2011 and March 2022. Studies conducted on DL approaches for DIS identification or classification were included, and the accuracy of the DL models was evaluated using panoramic and periapical radiographic images. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using QUADAS-2. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRDCRD42022309624). From 1,293 identified records, 9 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The DL-based implant classification accuracy was no less than 70.75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.6%-75.9%) and no higher than 98.19 (95% CI, 97.8%-98.5%). The weighted accuracy was calculated, and the pooled sample size was 46,645, with an overall accuracy of 92.16% (95% CI, 90.8%-93.5%). The risk of bias and applicability concerns were judged as high for most studies, mainly regarding data selection and reference standards. DL models showed high accuracy in identifying and classifying DISs using panoramic and periapical radiographic images. Therefore, DL models are promising prospects for use as decision aids and decision-making tools; however, there are limitations with respect to their application in actual clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilanand Chaurasia
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arunkumar Namachivayam
- Department of Biostatistics, Bapuji Dental College & Hospital, Davengere, Karnataka, India
| | - Revan Birke Koca-Ünsal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia, Cyprus
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
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Dashti M, Londono J, Ghasemi S, Tabatabaei S, Hashemi S, Baghaei K, Palma PJ, Khurshid Z. Evaluation of accuracy of deep learning and conventional neural network algorithms in detection of dental implant type using intraoral radiographic images: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(23)00812-0. [PMID: 38176985 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With the growing importance of implant brand detection in clinical practice, the accuracy of machine learning algorithms in implant brand detection has become a subject of research interest. Recent studies have shown promising results for the use of machine learning in implant brand detection. However, despite these promising findings, a comprehensive evaluation of the accuracy of machine learning in implant brand detection is needed. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of deep learning algorithms in implant brand detection using 2-dimensional images such as from periapical or panoramic radiographs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Scopus Secondary, and Web of Science databases. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model to estimate the pooled performance measures and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using STATA v.17. RESULTS Thirteen studies were selected for the systematic review, and 3 were used in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of the studies found that the overall accuracy of CNN algorithms in detecting dental implants in radiographic images was 95.63%, with a sensitivity of 94.55% and a specificity of 97.91%. The highest reported accuracy was 99.08% for CNN Multitask ResNet152 algorithm, and sensitivity and specificity were 100.00% and 98.70% respectively for the deep CNN (Neuro-T version 2.0.1) algorithm with the Straumann SLActive BLT implant brand. All studies had a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS The highest accuracy and sensitivity were reported in studies using CNN Multitask ResNet152 and deep CNN (Neuro-T version 2.0.1) algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Dashti
- Researcher, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jimmy Londono
- Professor and Director of the Prosthodontics Residency Program and the Ronald Goldstein Center for Esthetics and Implant Dentistry, The Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Shohreh Ghasemi
- Graduate Student, MSc of Trauma and Craniofacial Reconstrution, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, London, England
| | | | - Sara Hashemi
- Graduate student, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimia Baghaei
- Researcher, Dental Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Researcher, Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Professor, Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Lecturer, Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; and Professor, Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hartoonian S, Hosseini M, Yousefi I, Mahdian M, Ghazizadeh Ahsaie M. Applications of artificial intelligence in dentomaxillofacial imaging-a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024:S2212-4403(23)01566-3. [PMID: 38637235 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.12.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been increasingly developed in oral and maxillofacial imaging. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the applications and performance of the developed algorithms in different dentomaxillofacial imaging modalities. STUDY DESIGN A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases was performed. The search strategy was set as a combination of the following keywords: "Artificial Intelligence," "Machine Learning," "Deep Learning," "Neural Networks," "Head and Neck Imaging," and "Maxillofacial Imaging." Full-text screening and data extraction were independently conducted by two independent reviewers; any mismatch was resolved by discussion. The risk of bias was assessed by one reviewer and validated by another. RESULTS The search returned a total of 3,392 articles. After careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, a total number of 194 articles were included. Most studies focused on AI applications for tooth and implant classification and identification, 3-dimensional cephalometric landmark detection, lesion detection (periapical, jaws, and bone), and osteoporosis detection. CONCLUSION Despite the AI models' limitations, they showed promising results. Further studies are needed to explore specific applications and real-world scenarios before confidently integrating these models into dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serlie Hartoonian
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matine Hosseini
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Yousefi
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Mahdian
- Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mitra Ghazizadeh Ahsaie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kong HJ. Classification of dental implant systems using cloud-based deep learning algorithm: an experimental study. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2023; 40:S29-S36. [PMID: 37491843 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2023.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and clinical usability of implant system classification using automated machine learning on a Google Cloud platform. METHODS Four dental implant systems were selected: Osstem TSIII, Osstem USII, Biomet 3i Os-seotite External, and Dentsply Sirona Xive. A total of 4,800 periapical radiographs (1,200 for each implant system) were collected and labeled based on electronic medical records. Regions of interest were manually cropped to 400×800 pixels, and all images were uploaded to Google Cloud storage. Approximately 80% of the images were used for training, 10% for validation, and 10% for testing. Google automated machine learning (AutoML) Vision automatically executed a neural architecture search technology to apply an appropriate algorithm to the uploaded data. A single-label image classification model was trained using AutoML. The performance of the mod-el was evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1 score. RESULTS The accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1 score of the AutoML Vision model were 0.981, 0.963, 0.961, 0.985, and 0.962, respectively. Osstem TSIII had an accuracy of 100%. Osstem USII and 3i Osseotite External were most often confused in the confusion matrix. CONCLUSION Deep learning-based AutoML on a cloud platform showed high accuracy in the classification of dental implant systems as a fine-tuned convolutional neural network. Higher-quality images from various implant systems will be required to improve the performance and clinical usability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Kong
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Ou-Yang S, Han S, Sun D, Wu H, Chen J, Cai Y, Yin D, Ou-Yang H, Liao L. The preliminary in vitro study and application of deep learning algorithm in cone beam computed tomography image implant recognition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18467. [PMID: 37891408 PMCID: PMC10611753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To properly repair and maintain implants, which are bone tissue implants that replace natural tooth roots, it is crucial to accurately identify their brand and specification. Deep learning has demonstrated outstanding capabilities in analysis, such as image identification and classification, by learning the inherent rules and degrees of representation of data models. The purpose of this study is to evaluate deep learning algorithms and their supporting application software for their ability to recognize and categorize three dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of dental implants. By using CBCT technology, the 3D imaging data of 27 implants of various sizes and brands were obtained. Following manual processing, the data were transformed into a data set that had 13,500 two-dimensional data. Nine deep learning algorithms including GoogleNet, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, ResNet50, ResNet50V2, ResNet101, ResNet101V2, ResNet152 and ResNet152V2 were used to perform the data. Accuracy rates, confusion matrix, ROC curve, AUC, number of model parameters and training times were used to assess the efficacy of these algorithms. These 9 deep learning algorithms achieved training accuracy rates of 100%, 99.3%, 89.3%, 99.2%, 99.1%, 99.5%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 98.9%, test accuracy rates of 98.3%, 97.5%, 94.8%, 85.4%, 92.5%, 80.7%, 93.6%, 93.2%, 99.3%, area under the curve (AUC) values of 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00. When used to identify implants, all nine algorithms perform satisfactorily, with ResNet152V2 achieving the highest test accuracy, classification accuracy, confusion matrix area under the curve, and receiver operating characteristic curve area under the curve area. The results showed that the ResNet152V2 has the best classification effect on identifying implants. The artificial intelligence identification system and application software based on this algorithm can efficiently and accurately identify the brands and specifications of 27 classified implants through processed 3D CBCT images in vitro, with high stability and low recognition cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Ou-Yang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shuqin Han
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Information Security Evaluation Section, Jiangxi Science and Technology Infrastructure Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongping Wu
- Vocational Teachers College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Vocational Teachers College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Cai
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dongmei Yin
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huidan Ou-Yang
- Vocational Teachers College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Lan Liao
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Medical Department of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Park JH, Moon HS, Jung HI, Hwang J, Choi YH, Kim JE. Deep learning and clustering approaches for dental implant size classification based on periapical radiographs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16856. [PMID: 37803022 PMCID: PMC10558577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated two artificial intelligence (AI) methods for automatically classifying dental implant diameter and length based on periapical radiographs. The first method, deep learning (DL), involved utilizing the pre-trained VGG16 model and adjusting the fine-tuning degree to analyze image data obtained from periapical radiographs. The second method, clustering analysis, was accomplished by analyzing the implant-specific feature vector derived from three key points coordinates of the dental implant using the k-means++ algorithm and adjusting the weight of the feature vector. DL and clustering model classified dental implant size into nine groups. The performance metrics of AI models were accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). The final DL model yielded performances above 0.994, 0.950, 0.994, 0.974, 0.952, 0.994, and 0.975, respectively, and the final clustering model yielded performances above 0.983, 0.900, 0.988, 0.923, 0.909, 0.988, and 0.947, respectively. When comparing the AI model before tuning and the final AI model, statistically significant performance improvements were observed in six out of nine groups for DL models and four out of nine groups for clustering models based on AUC-ROC. Two AI models showed reliable classification performances. For clinical applications, AI models require validation on various multicenter data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Moon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hoi-In Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - JaeJoon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 50612, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ho Choi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Huang X, Chen X, Zhong X, Tian T. The CNN model aided the study of the clinical value hidden in the implant images. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e14141. [PMID: 37656066 PMCID: PMC10562019 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article aims to construct a new method to evaluate radiographic image identification results based on artificial intelligence, which can complement the limited vision of researchers when studying the effect of various factors on clinical implantation outcomes. METHODS We constructed a convolutional neural network (CNN) model using the clinical implant radiographic images. Moreover, we used gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to obtain thermal maps to present identification differences before performing statistical analyses. Subsequently, to verify whether these differences presented by the Grad-CAM algorithm would be of value to clinical practices, we measured the bone thickness around the identified sites. Finally, we analyzed the influence of the implant type on the implantation according to the measurement results. RESULTS The thermal maps showed that the sites with significant differences between Straumann BL and Bicon implants as identified by the CNN model were mainly the thread and neck area. (2) The heights of the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual bone of the Bicon implant post-op were greater than those of Straumann BL (P < 0.05). (3) Between the first and second stages of surgery, the amount of bone thickness variation at the buccal and lingual sides of the Bicon implant platform was greater than that of the Straumann BL implant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, we found that the identified-neck-area of the Bicon implant was placed deeper than the Straumann BL implant, and there was more bone resorption on the buccal and lingual sides at the Bicon implant platform between the first and second stages of surgery. In summary, this study proves that using the CNN classification model can identify differences that complement our limited vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinnan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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18
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Vera M, Gómez-Silva MJ, Vera V, López-González CI, Aliaga I, Gascó E, Vera-González V, Pedrera-Canal M, Besada-Portas E, Pajares G. Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Automatic Detection of Peri-implant Marginal Bone Remodeling in Intraoral Radiographs. J Digit Imaging 2023; 36:2259-2277. [PMID: 37468696 PMCID: PMC10501983 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-023-00880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis can cause marginal bone remodeling around implants. The aim is to develop an automatic image processing approach based on two artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in intraoral (periapical and bitewing) radiographs to assist dentists in determining bone loss. The first is a deep learning (DL) object-detector (YOLOv3) to roughly identify (no exact localization is required) two objects: prosthesis (crown) and implant (screw). The second is an image understanding-based (IU) process to fine-tune lines on screw edges and to identify significant points (intensity bone changes, intersections between screw and crown). Distances between these points are used to compute bone loss. A total of 2920 radiographs were used for training (50%) and testing (50%) the DL process. The mAP@0.5 metric is used for performance evaluation of DL considering periapical/bitewing and screws/crowns in upper and lower jaws, with scores ranging from 0.537 to 0.898 (sufficient because DL only needs an approximation). The IU performance is assessed with 50% of the testing radiographs through the t test statistical method, obtaining p values of 0.0106 (line fitting) and 0.0213 (significant point detection). The IU performance is satisfactory, as these values are in accordance with the statistical average/standard deviation in pixels for line fitting (2.75/1.01) and for significant point detection (2.63/1.28) according to the expert criteria of dentists, who establish the ground-truth lines and significant points. In conclusion, AI methods have good prospects for automatic bone loss detection in intraoral radiographs to assist dental specialists in diagnosing peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vera
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prostheses, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Silva
- Department of Computer Architecture and Automation, Faculty of Informatics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Vera
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prostheses, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara I. López-González
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aliaga
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prostheses, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gascó
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Vera-González
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prostheses, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pedrera-Canal
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Besada-Portas
- Department of Computer Architecture and Automation, Faculty of Informatics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pajares
- Instituto de Tecnología del Conocimiento (Institute of Knowledge Technology), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Bonny T, Al Nassan W, Obaideen K, Al Mallahi MN, Mohammad Y, El-damanhoury HM. Contemporary Role and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry. F1000Res 2023; 12:1179. [PMID: 37942018 PMCID: PMC10630586 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140204.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies play a significant role and significantly impact various sectors, including healthcare, engineering, sciences, and smart cities. AI has the potential to improve the quality of patient care and treatment outcomes while minimizing the risk of human error. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the dental industry, just like it is revolutionizing other sectors. It is used in dentistry to diagnose dental diseases and provide treatment recommendations. Dental professionals are increasingly relying on AI technology to assist in diagnosis, clinical decision-making, treatment planning, and prognosis prediction across ten dental specialties. One of the most significant advantages of AI in dentistry is its ability to analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, providing dental professionals with valuable insights to enhance their decision-making processes. The purpose of this paper is to identify the advancement of artificial intelligence algorithms that have been frequently used in dentistry and assess how well they perform in terms of diagnosis, clinical decision-making, treatment, and prognosis prediction in ten dental specialties; dental public health, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine and pathology, oral & maxillofacial radiology, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, and digital dentistry in general. We will also show the pros and cons of using AI in all dental specialties in different ways. Finally, we will present the limitations of using AI in dentistry, which made it incapable of replacing dental personnel, and dentists, who should consider AI a complimentary benefit and not a threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Bonny
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Al Nassan
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Obaideen
- Sustainable Energy and Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maryam Nooman Al Mallahi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yara Mohammad
- College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman University, Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hatem M. El-damanhoury
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Tabatabaian F, Vora SR, Mirabbasi S. Applications, functions, and accuracy of artificial intelligence in restorative dentistry: A literature review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:842-859. [PMID: 37522291 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) are increasing in restorative dentistry; however, the AI performance is unclear for dental professionals. The purpose of this narrative review was to evaluate the applications, functions, and accuracy of AI in diverse aspects of restorative dentistry including caries detection, tooth preparation margin detection, tooth restoration design, metal structure casting, dental restoration/implant detection, removable partial denture design, and tooth shade determination. OVERVIEW An electronic search was performed on Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. English-language articles, published from January 1, 2000, to March 1, 2022, relevant to the aforementioned aspects were selected using the key terms of artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks, clustering, soft computing, automated planning, computational learning, computer vision, and automated reasoning as inclusion criteria. A manual search was also performed. Therefore, 157 articles were included, reviewed, and discussed. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current literature, the AI models have shown promising performance in the mentioned aspects when being compared with traditional approaches in terms of accuracy; however, as these models are still in development, more studies are required to validate their accuracy and apply them to routine clinical practice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AI with its specific functions has shown successful applications with acceptable accuracy in diverse aspects of restorative dentistry. The understanding of these functions may lead to novel applications with optimal accuracy for AI in restorative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Tabatabaian
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Siddharth R Vora
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shahriar Mirabbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Vodanović M, Subašić M, Milošević DP, Galić I, Brkić H. Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry. THE JOURNAL OF FORENSIC ODONTO-STOMATOLOGY 2023; 41:30-41. [PMID: 37634174 PMCID: PMC10473456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This review article aims to highlight the current possibilities for applying Artificial Intelligence in modern forensic medicine and forensic dentistry and present the advantages and disadvantages of its use. For this purpose, the relevant academic literature was searched using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The application of Artificial Intelligence in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry is still in its early stages. However, the possibilities are great, and the future will show what is applicable in daily practice. Artificial Intelligence will improve the accuracy and efficiency of work in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry; it can automate some tasks; and enhance the quality of evidence. Disadvantages of the application of Artificial Intelligence may be related to discrimination, transparency, accountability, privacy, security, ethics and others. Artificial Intelligence systems should be used as a support tool, not as a replacement for forensic experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vodanović
- Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Subašić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D P Milošević
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Galić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - H Brkić
- Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Shafi I, Fatima A, Afzal H, Díez IDLT, Lipari V, Breñosa J, Ashraf I. A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Dentistry E-Health. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2196. [PMID: 37443594 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has made substantial progress in medicine. Automated dental imaging interpretation is one of the most prolific areas of research using AI. X-ray and infrared imaging systems have enabled dental clinicians to identify dental diseases since the 1950s. However, the manual process of dental disease assessment is tedious and error-prone when diagnosed by inexperienced dentists. Thus, researchers have employed different advanced computer vision techniques, and machine- and deep-learning models for dental disease diagnoses using X-ray and near-infrared imagery. Despite the notable development of AI in dentistry, certain factors affect the performance of the proposed approaches, including limited data availability, imbalanced classes, and lack of transparency and interpretability. Hence, it is of utmost importance for the research community to formulate suitable approaches, considering the existing challenges and leveraging findings from the existing studies. Based on an extensive literature review, this survey provides a brief overview of X-ray and near-infrared imaging systems. Additionally, a comprehensive insight into challenges faced by researchers in the dental domain has been brought forth in this survey. The article further offers an amalgamative assessment of both performances and methods evaluated on public benchmarks and concludes with ethical considerations and future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shafi
- College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Anum Fatima
- National Centre for Robotics, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Afzal
- Military College of Signals (MCS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Isabel de la Torre Díez
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Engineering, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vivian Lipari
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Fundación Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111311, Colombia
| | - Jose Breñosa
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Bié, Angola
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Arecibo, Puerto Rico, PR 00613, USA
| | - Imran Ashraf
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Jung W, Lee KE, Suh BJ, Seok H, Lee DW. Deep learning for osteoarthritis classification in temporomandibular joint. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1050-1059. [PMID: 34689379 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop a diagnostic support tool using pretrained models for classifying panoramic images of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) into normal and osteoarthritis (OA) cases. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 858 panoramic images of the TMJ (395 normal and 463 TMJ-OA) were obtained from 518 individuals from January 2015 to December 2018. The data were randomly divided into training, validation, and testing sets (6:2:2). We used pretrained Resnet152 and EfficientNet-B7 as transfer learning models. The accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, area under the curve, and gradient-weighted class activation mapping (grad-CAM) of both trained models were evaluated. The performances of the trained models were compared to that of dentists (both TMD specialists and general dentists). RESULTS The classification accuracies of ResNet-152 and EfficientNet-B7 were 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. The trained models exhibited the highest accuracy in OA classification. In the grad-CAM analysis, the trained models focused on specific areas in osteoarthritis images where erosion or osteophyte were observed. CONCLUSIONS The artificial intelligence model improved the diagnostic power of TMJ-OA when trained with two-dimensional panoramic condyle images and can be effectively applied by dentists as a screening diagnostic tool for TMJ-OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research and Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Eun Lee
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research and Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bong-Jik Suh
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research and Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Seok
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research and Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research and Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Park WS, Huh JK, Lee JH. Automated deep learning for classification of dental implant radiographs using a large multi-center dataset. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4862. [PMID: 36964171 PMCID: PMC10039053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of automated deep learning (DL) algorithm for identifying and classifying various types of dental implant systems (DIS) using a large-scale multicenter dataset. Dental implant radiographs of pos-implant surgery were collected from five college dental hospitals and 10 private dental clinics, and validated by the National Information Society Agency and the Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology. The dataset contained a total of 156,965 panoramic and periapical radiographic images and comprised 10 manufacturers and 27 different types of DIS. The accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix were calculated to evaluate the classification performance of the automated DL algorithm. The performance metrics of the automated DL based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score for 116,756 panoramic and 40,209 periapical radiographic images were 88.53%, 85.70%, 82.30%, and 84.00%, respectively. Using only panoramic images, the DL algorithm achieved 87.89% accuracy, 85.20% precision, 81.10% recall, and 83.10% F1 score, whereas the corresponding values using only periapical images achieved 86.87% accuracy, 84.40% precision, 81.70% recall, and 83.00% F1 score, respectively. Within the study limitations, automated DL shows a reliable classification accuracy based on large-scale and comprehensive datasets. Moreover, we observed no statistically significant difference in accuracy performance between the panoramic and periapical images. The clinical feasibility of the automated DL algorithm requires further confirmation using additional clinical datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Se Park
- Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology (KAOMI) Implant Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ki Huh
- Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology (KAOMI) Implant Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology (KAOMI) Implant Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
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Artificial Intelligence in Periodontology: A Scoping Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11020043. [PMID: 36826188 PMCID: PMC9955396 DOI: 10.3390/dj11020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the development of computer systems whereby machines can mimic human actions. This is increasingly used as an assistive tool to help clinicians diagnose and treat diseases. Periodontitis is one of the most common diseases worldwide, causing the destruction and loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. This study aims to assess current literature describing the effect AI has on the diagnosis and epidemiology of this disease. Extensive searches were performed in April 2022, including studies where AI was employed as the independent variable in the assessment, diagnosis, or treatment of patients with periodontitis. A total of 401 articles were identified for abstract screening after duplicates were removed. In total, 293 texts were excluded, leaving 108 for full-text assessment with 50 included for final synthesis. A broad selection of articles was included, with the majority using visual imaging as the input data field, where the mean number of utilised images was 1666 (median 499). There has been a marked increase in the number of studies published in this field over the last decade. However, reporting outcomes remains heterogeneous because of the variety of statistical tests available for analysis. Efforts should be made to standardise methodologies and reporting in order to ensure that meaningful comparisons can be drawn.
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Artificial intelligence models for tooth-supported fixed and removable prosthodontics: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 129:276-292. [PMID: 34281697 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Artificial intelligence applications are increasing in prosthodontics. Still, the current development and performance of artificial intelligence in prosthodontic applications has not yet been systematically documented and analyzed. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the performance of the artificial intelligence models in prosthodontics for tooth shade selection, automation of restoration design, mapping the tooth preparation finishing line, optimizing the manufacturing casting, predicting facial changes in patients with removable prostheses, and designing removable partial dentures. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic systematic review was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. A manual search was also conducted. Studies with artificial intelligence models were selected based on 6 criteria: tooth shade selection, automated fabrication of dental restorations, mapping the finishing line of tooth preparations, optimizing the manufacturing casting process, predicting facial changes in patients with removable prostheses, and designing removable partial dentures. Two investigators independently evaluated the quality assessment of the studies by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies (nonrandomized experimental studies). A third investigator was consulted to resolve lack of consensus. RESULTS A total of 36 articles were reviewed and classified into 6 groups based on the application of the artificial intelligence model. One article reported on the development of an artificial intelligence model for tooth shade selection, reporting better shade matching than with conventional visual selection; 14 articles reported on the feasibility of automated design of dental restorations using different artificial intelligence models; 1 artificial intelligence model was able to mark the margin line without manual interaction with an average accuracy ranging from 90.6% to 97.4%; 2 investigations developed artificial intelligence algorithms for optimizing the manufacturing casting process, reporting an improvement of the design process, minimizing the porosity on the cast metal, and reducing the overall manufacturing time; 1 study proposed an artificial intelligence model that was able to predict facial changes in patients using removable prostheses; and 17 investigations that developed clinical decision support, expert systems for designing removable partial dentures for clinicians and educational purposes, computer-aided learning with video interactive programs for student learning, and automated removable partial denture design. CONCLUSIONS Artificial intelligence models have shown the potential for providing a reliable diagnostic tool for tooth shade selection, automated restoration design, mapping the preparation finishing line, optimizing the manufacturing casting, predicting facial changes in patients with removable prostheses, and designing removable partial dentures, but they are still in development. Additional studies are needed to further develop and assess their clinical performance.
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Artificial intelligence applications in implant dentistry: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 129:293-300. [PMID: 34144789 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are growing in dental implant procedures. The current expansion and performance of AI models in implant dentistry applications have not yet been systematically documented and analyzed. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the performance of AI models in implant dentistry for implant type recognition, implant success prediction by using patient risk factors and ontology criteria, and implant design optimization combining finite element analysis (FEA) calculations and AI models. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic systematic review was completed in 5 databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, World of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. A manual search was also conducted. Peer-reviewed studies that developed AI models for implant type recognition, implant success prediction, and implant design optimization were included. The search strategy included articles published until February 21, 2021. Two investigators independently evaluated the quality of the studies by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies (nonrandomized experimental studies). A third investigator was consulted to resolve lack of consensus. RESULTS Seventeen articles were included: 7 investigations analyzed AI models for implant type recognition, 7 studies included AI prediction models for implant success forecast, and 3 studies evaluated AI models for optimization of implant designs. The AI models developed to recognize implant type by using periapical and panoramic images obtained an overall accuracy outcome ranging from 93.8% to 98%. The models to predict osteointegration success or implant success by using different input data varied among the studies, ranging from 62.4% to 80.5%. Finally, the studies that developed AI models to optimize implant designs seem to agree on the applicability of AI models to improve the design of dental implants. This improvement includes minimizing the stress at the implant-bone interface by 36.6% compared with the finite element model; optimizing the implant design porosity, length, and diameter to improve the finite element calculations; or accurately determining the elastic modulus of the implant-bone interface. CONCLUSIONS AI models for implant type recognition, implant success prediction, and implant design optimization have demonstrated great potential but are still in development. Additional studies are indispensable to the further development and assessment of the clinical performance of AI models for those implant dentistry applications reviewed.
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Machine Learning in Dentistry: A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030937. [PMID: 36769585 PMCID: PMC9918184 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is being increasingly employed in dental research and application. We aimed to systematically compile studies using ML in dentistry and assess their methodological quality, including the risk of bias and reporting standards. We evaluated studies employing ML in dentistry published from 1 January 2015 to 31 May 2021 on MEDLINE, IEEE Xplore, and arXiv. We assessed publication trends and the distribution of ML tasks (classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, and generation) in different clinical fields. We appraised the risk of bias and adherence to reporting standards, using the QUADAS-2 and TRIPOD checklists, respectively. Out of 183 identified studies, 168 were included, focusing on various ML tasks and employing a broad range of ML models, input data, data sources, strategies to generate reference tests, and performance metrics. Classification tasks were most common. Forty-two different metrics were used to evaluate model performances, with accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and intersection-over-union being the most common. We observed considerable risk of bias and moderate adherence to reporting standards which hampers replication of results. A minimum (core) set of outcome and outcome metrics is necessary to facilitate comparisons across studies.
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Jang WS, Kim S, Yun PS, Jang HS, Seong YW, Yang HS, Chang JS. Accurate detection for dental implant and peri-implant tissue by transfer learning of faster R-CNN: a diagnostic accuracy study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:591. [PMID: 36494645 PMCID: PMC9737962 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of dental implants and the periapical tissues using periapical radiographs is crucial. Recently, artificial intelligence has shown a rapid advancement in the field of radiographic imaging. PURPOSE This study attempted to detect dental implants and peri-implant tissues by using a deep learning method known as object detection on the implant image of periapical radiographs. METHODS After implant treatment, the periapical images were collected and data were processed by labeling the dental implant and peri-implant tissue together in the images. Next, 300 images of the periapical radiographs were split into 80:20 ratio (i.e. 80% of the data were used for training the model while 20% were used for testing the model). These were evaluated using an object detection model known as Faster R-CNN, which simultaneously performs classification and localization. This model was evaluated on the classification performance using metrics, including precision, recall, and F1 score. Additionally, in order to assess the localization performance, an evaluation through intersection over union (IoU) was utilized, and, Average Precision (AP) was used to assess both the classification and localization performance. RESULTS Considering the classification performance, precision = 0.977, recall = 0.992, and F1 score = 0.984 were derived. The indicator of localization was derived as mean IoU = 0.907. On the other hand, considering the indicators of both classification and localization performance, AP showed an object detection level of AP@0.5 = 0.996 and AP@0.75 = 0.967. CONCLUSION Thus, the implementation of Faster R-CNN model for object detection on 300 periapical radiographic images including dental implants, resulted in high-quality object detection for dental implants and peri-implant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sung Jang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Artificial Intelligence, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunjai Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Prosthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, 06273 Seoul, Korea
| | - Pill Sang Yun
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Prosthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, 06273 Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Sol Jang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Prosthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, 06273 Seoul, Korea
| | - You Won Seong
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hee Soo Yang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Chang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Prosthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, 06273 Seoul, Korea
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Singi SR, Sathe S, Reche AR, Sibal A, Mantri N. Extended Arm of Precision in Prosthodontics: Artificial Intelligence. Cureus 2022; 14:e30962. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fatima A, Shafi I, Afzal H, Díez IDLT, Lourdes DRSM, Breñosa J, Espinosa JCM, Ashraf I. Advancements in Dentistry with Artificial Intelligence: Current Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:2188. [PMID: 36360529 PMCID: PMC9690084 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has been widely used in the field of dentistry in recent years. The present study highlights current advances and limitations in integrating artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in subfields of dentistry including periodontology, endodontics, orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and oral pathology. This article aims to provide a systematic review of current clinical applications of artificial intelligence within different fields of dentistry. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) statement was used as a formal guideline for data collection. Data was obtained from research studies for 2009-2022. The analysis included a total of 55 papers from Google Scholar, IEEE, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Results show that artificial intelligence has the potential to improve dental care, disease diagnosis and prognosis, treatment planning, and risk assessment. Finally, this study highlights the limitations of the analyzed studies and provides future directions to improve dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Fatima
- National Centre for Robotics, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Shafi
- College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Afzal
- Military College of Signals (MCS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Isabel De La Torre Díez
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Engineering, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Del Rio-Solá M. Lourdes
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Breñosa
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Arecibo, PR 00613, USA
- Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Estrada Nacional 250, Bairro Kaluapanda Cuito- Bié, Angola
| | - Julio César Martínez Espinosa
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
- Fundación Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, Calle 39A #19-18 Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Imran Ashraf
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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Bayrakdar IS, Orhan K, Akarsu S, Çelik Ö, Atasoy S, Pekince A, Yasa Y, Bilgir E, Sağlam H, Aslan AF, Odabaş A. Deep-learning approach for caries detection and segmentation on dental bitewing radiographs. Oral Radiol 2022; 38:468-479. [PMID: 34807344 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to recommend an automatic caries detection and segmentation model based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms in dental bitewing radiographs using VGG-16 and U-Net architecture and evaluate the clinical performance of the model comparing to human observer. METHODS A total of 621 anonymized bitewing radiographs were used to progress the Artificial Intelligence (AI) system (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) for the detection and segmentation of caries lesions. The radiographs were obtained from the Radiology Archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Ordu University. VGG-16 and U-Net implemented with PyTorch models were used for the detection and segmentation of caries lesions, respectively. RESULTS The sensitivity, precision, and F-measure rates for caries detection and caries segmentation were 0.84, 0.81; 0.84, 0.86; and 0.84, 0.84, respectively. Comparing to 5 different experienced observers and AI models on external radiographic dataset, AI models showed superiority to assistant specialists. CONCLUSION CNN-based AI algorithms can have the potential to detect and segmentation of dental caries accurately and effectively in bitewing radiographs. AI algorithms based on the deep-learning method have the potential to assist clinicians in routine clinical practice for quickly and reliably detecting the tooth caries. The use of these algorithms in clinical practice can provide to important benefit to physicians as a clinical decision support system in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sevki Bayrakdar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26240, Eskisehir, Turkey.
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Center of Research and Application for Computer Aided Diagnosis and Treatment in Health, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Akarsu
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Özer Çelik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Ankara University Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samet Atasoy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Adem Pekince
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Yasin Yasa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26240, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hande Sağlam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26240, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Faruk Aslan
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Alper Odabaş
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Jeon JH, Kim MJ, Yun PY, Jo DW, Kim YK. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two types of sandblasted with large-grit and acid-etched surface implants with different surface roughness. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 48:225-231. [PMID: 36043253 PMCID: PMC9433856 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2022.48.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two types of sandblasted with large-grit and acid-etched (SLA) surface implants with different surface roughness. Patients and Methods This study was conducted based on a clinical record review of 55 patients (mean age, 53.00 years). A total of 80 SLA surface implants was placed. Among the 80 implants, 38 implants placed in 29 subjects had surface roughness (Ra) of 3.09 µm (test group, TG), while the other 42 implants placed in 31 subjects had a surface roughness (Ra) of 2.50 µm (control group, CG). A comparison was made of implant primary/secondary stability; success and survival rates; marginal bone loss; and soft tissue assessment including probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) between the groups at 1 year after implant placement. Results Among the implants that were initially registered, 1 from the TG and 4 from the CG dropped out, leaving 37 implants in the TG and 38 implants in the CG to be traced and analyzed. Although 1 TG case showed unstable primary stability, all cases showed stable secondary stability. Success and survival rates at 1 year after implant placement were 100% in both groups. Marginal bone loss was 0.07 mm and 0.00 mm for the TG and CG, respectively, but the difference was not significant. Among the several parameters for evaluation of soft tissue, the TG showed lower PI at 1 year after implant placement (TG=0.00, CG=0.29; P=0.0004), while the remaining categories showed no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion This study shows that the two types of SLA implants with different surface roughness have no difference in efficacy or safety. Therefore, both of the implants can be used safely and with promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyung Jeon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min-Joong Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pil-Young Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deuk-Won Jo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Calazans MAA, Ferreira FABS, Alcoforado MDLMG, dos Santos A, Pontual ADA, Madeiro F. Automatic Classification System for Periapical Lesions in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176481. [PMID: 36080940 PMCID: PMC9459969 DOI: 10.3390/s22176481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Imaging examinations are of remarkable importance for diagnostic support in Dentistry. Imaging techniques allow analysis of dental and maxillofacial tissues (e.g., bone, dentine, and enamel) that are inaccessible through clinical examination, which aids in the diagnosis of diseases as well as treatment planning. The analysis of imaging exams is not trivial; so, it is usually performed by oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The increasing demand for imaging examinations motivates the development of an automatic classification system for diagnostic support, as proposed in this paper, in which we aim to classify teeth as healthy or with endodontic lesion. The classification system was developed based on a Siamese Network combined with the use of convolutional neural networks with transfer learning for VGG-16 and DenseNet-121 networks. For this purpose, a database with 1000 sagittal and coronal sections of cone-beam CT scans was used. The results in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, specificity, and F1-score show that the proposed system has a satisfactory classification performance. The innovative automatic classification system led to an accuracy of about 70%. The work is pioneer since, to the authors knowledge, no other previous work has used a Siamese Network for the purpose of classifying teeth as healthy or with endodontic lesion, based on cone-beam computed tomography images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Alberto B. S. Ferreira
- Unidade Acadêmica do Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Cabo de Santo Agostinho 54518-430, Brazil
| | | | - Andrezza dos Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Andréa dos Anjos Pontual
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Francisco Madeiro
- Escola Politécnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife 50720-001, Brazil
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Sukegawa S, Yoshii K, Hara T, Tanaka F, Yamashita K, Kagaya T, Nakano K, Takabatake K, Kawai H, Nagatsuka H, Furuki Y. Is attention branch network effective in classifying dental implants from panoramic radiograph images by deep learning? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269016. [PMID: 35895591 PMCID: PMC9328496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention mechanism, which is a means of determining which part of the forced data is emphasized, has attracted attention in various fields of deep learning in recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the attention branch network (ABN) for implant classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The data consisted of 10191 dental implant images from 13 implant brands that cropped the site, including dental implants as pretreatment, from digital panoramic radiographs of patients who underwent surgery at Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital between 2005 and 2021. ResNet 18, 50, and 152 were evaluated as CNN models that were compared with and without the ABN. We used accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, F1 score, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve as performance metrics. We also performed statistical and effect size evaluations of the 30-time performance metrics of the simple CNNs and the ABN model. ResNet18 with ABN significantly improved the dental implant classification performance for all the performance metrics. Effect sizes were equivalent to “Huge” for all performance metrics. In contrast, the classification performance of ResNet50 and 152 deteriorated by adding the attention mechanism. ResNet18 showed considerably high compatibility with the ABN model in dental implant classification (AUC = 0.9993) despite the small number of parameters. The limitation of this study is that only ResNet was verified as a CNN; further studies are required for other CNN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazumasa Yoshii
- Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
- Center for Healthcare Information Technology, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Futa Tanaka
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Tutaro Kagaya
- Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Furuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
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Mohammad-Rahimi H, Motamedian SR, Pirayesh Z, Haiat A, Zahedrozegar S, Mahmoudinia E, Rohban MH, Krois J, Lee JH, Schwendicke F. Deep learning in periodontology and oral implantology: A scoping review. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:942-951. [PMID: 35856183 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) has been employed for a wide range of tasks in dentistry. We aimed to systematically review studies employing DL for periodontal and implantological purposes. A systematic electronic search was conducted on four databases (Medline via PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase) and a repository (ArXiv) for publications after 2010, without any limitation on language. In the present review, we included studies that reported deep learning models' performance on periodontal or oral implantological tasks. Given the heterogeneities in the included studies, no meta-analysis was performed. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. We included 47 studies: focusing on imaging data (n = 20) and non-imaging data in periodontology (n = 12), or dental implantology (n = 15). The detection of periodontitis and gingivitis or periodontal bone loss, the classification of dental implant systems, or the prediction of treatment outcomes in periodontology and implantology were major use cases. The performance of the models was generally high. However, it varied given the employed methods (which includes various types of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and multi-layered perceptron (MLP)), the variety in specific modeling tasks, as well as the chosen and reported outcomes, outcome measures and outcome level. Only a few studies (n = 7) showed a low risk of bias across all assessed domains. A growing number of studies evaluated DL for periodontal or implantological objectives. Heterogeneity in study design, poor reporting and a high risk of bias severely limit the comparability of studies and the robustness of the overall evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammad-Rahimi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeed Reza Motamedian
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Pirayesh
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anahita Haiat
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samira Zahedrozegar
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Mahmoudinia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Joachim Krois
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Oral Diagnostics, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Periodontology, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Oral Diagnostics, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lee SJ, Chung D, Asano A, Sasaki D, Maeno M, Ishida Y, Kobayashi T, Kuwajima Y, Da Silva JD, Nagai S. Diagnosis of Tooth Prognosis Using Artificial Intelligence. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061422. [PMID: 35741232 PMCID: PMC9221626 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of individual tooth prognosis has to be determined comprehensively in consideration of the broader treatment plan. The objective of this study was to establish an effective artificial intelligence (AI)-based module for an accurate tooth prognosis decision based on the Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) comprehensive treatment planning curriculum (CTPC). The tooth prognosis of 2359 teeth from 94 cases was evaluated with 1 to 5 levels (1—Hopeless, 5—Good condition for long term) by two groups (Model-A with 16, and Model-B with 13 examiners) based on 17 clinical determining factors selected from the HSDM-CTPC. Three AI machine-learning methods including gradient boosting classifier, decision tree classifier, and random forest classifier were used to create an algorithm. These three methods were evaluated against the gold standard data determined by consensus of three experienced prosthodontists, and their accuracy was analyzed. The decision tree classifier indicated the highest accuracy at 0.8413 (Model-A) and 0.7523 (Model-B). Accuracy with the gradient boosting classifier and the random forest classifier was 0.6896, 0.6687, and 0.8413, 0.7523, respectively. Overall, the decision tree classifier had the best accuracy among the three methods. The study contributes to the implementation of AI in the decision-making process of tooth prognosis in consideration of the treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang J. Lee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterial Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.J.L.); (J.D.D.S.)
| | - Dahee Chung
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Akiko Asano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan;
| | - Masahiko Maeno
- Department of Adhesive Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan;
| | - Yoshiki Ishida
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan;
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dental Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan;
| | - Yukinori Kuwajima
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan;
| | - John D. Da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterial Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.J.L.); (J.D.D.S.)
| | - Shigemi Nagai
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-781-698-9688
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Multispectral Image under Tissue Classification Algorithm in Screening of Cervical Cancer. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:9048123. [PMID: 35035863 PMCID: PMC8759862 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9048123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to improve the efficiency and accuracy of early clinical diagnosis of cervical cancer and to explore the application of tissue classification algorithm combined with multispectral imaging in screening of cervical cancer. 50 patients with suspected cervical cancer were selected. Firstly, the multispectral imaging technology was used to collect the multispectral images of the cervical tissues of 50 patients under the conventional white light waveband, the narrowband green light waveband, and the narrowband blue light waveband. Secondly, the collected multispectral images were fused, and then the tissue classification algorithm was used to segment the diseased area according to the difference between the cervical tissues without lesions and the cervical tissues with lesions. The difference in the contrast and other characteristics of the multiband spectrum fusion image would segment the diseased area, which was compared with the results of the disease examination. The average gradient, standard deviation (SD), and image entropy were adopted to evaluate the image quality, and the sensitivity and specificity were selected to evaluate the clinical application value of discussed method. The fused spectral image was compared with the image without lesions, it was found that there was a clear difference, and the fused multispectral image showed a contrast of 0.7549, which was also higher than that before fusion (0.4716), showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). The average gradient, SD, and image entropy of the multispectral image assisted by the tissue classification algorithm were 2.0765, 65.2579, and 4.974, respectively, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). Compared with the three reported indicators, the values of the algorithm in this study were higher. The sensitivity and specificity of the multispectral image with the tissue classification algorithm were 85.3% and 70.8%, respectively, which were both greater than those of the image without the algorithm. It showed that the multispectral image assisted by tissue classification algorithm can effectively screen the cervical cancer and can quickly, efficiently, and safely segment the cervical tissue from the lesion area and the nonlesion area. The segmentation result was the same as that of the doctor's disease examination, indicating that it showed high clinical application value. This provided an effective reference for the clinical application of multispectral imaging technology assisted by tissue classification algorithm in the early screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer.
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Kim HE, Cosa-Linan A, Santhanam N, Jannesari M, Maros ME, Ganslandt T. Transfer learning for medical image classification: a literature review. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:69. [PMID: 35418051 PMCID: PMC9007400 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer learning (TL) with convolutional neural networks aims to improve performances on a new task by leveraging the knowledge of similar tasks learned in advance. It has made a major contribution to medical image analysis as it overcomes the data scarcity problem as well as it saves time and hardware resources. However, transfer learning has been arbitrarily configured in the majority of studies. This review paper attempts to provide guidance for selecting a model and TL approaches for the medical image classification task. METHODS 425 peer-reviewed articles were retrieved from two databases, PubMed and Web of Science, published in English, up until December 31, 2020. Articles were assessed by two independent reviewers, with the aid of a third reviewer in the case of discrepancies. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for the paper selection and 121 studies were regarded as eligible for the scope of this review. We investigated articles focused on selecting backbone models and TL approaches including feature extractor, feature extractor hybrid, fine-tuning and fine-tuning from scratch. RESULTS The majority of studies (n = 57) empirically evaluated multiple models followed by deep models (n = 33) and shallow (n = 24) models. Inception, one of the deep models, was the most employed in literature (n = 26). With respect to the TL, the majority of studies (n = 46) empirically benchmarked multiple approaches to identify the optimal configuration. The rest of the studies applied only a single approach for which feature extractor (n = 38) and fine-tuning from scratch (n = 27) were the two most favored approaches. Only a few studies applied feature extractor hybrid (n = 7) and fine-tuning (n = 3) with pretrained models. CONCLUSION The investigated studies demonstrated the efficacy of transfer learning despite the data scarcity. We encourage data scientists and practitioners to use deep models (e.g. ResNet or Inception) as feature extractors, which can save computational costs and time without degrading the predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee E Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Cosa-Linan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nandhini Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mahboubeh Jannesari
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mate E Maros
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Ganslandt
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Sultan H, Owais M, Choi J, Mahmood T, Haider A, Ullah N, Park KR. Artificial Intelligence-Based Solution in Personalized Computer-Aided Arthroscopy of Shoulder Prostheses. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010109. [PMID: 35055427 PMCID: PMC8780458 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Early recognition of prostheses before reoperation can reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. Because of the intricacy of the shoulder biomechanics, accurate classification of implant models before surgery is fundamental for planning the correct medical procedure and setting apparatus for personalized medicine. Expert surgeons usually use X-ray images of prostheses to set the patient-specific apparatus. However, this subjective method is time-consuming and prone to errors. Method: As an alternative, artificial intelligence has played a vital role in orthopedic surgery and clinical decision-making for accurate prosthesis placement. In this study, three different deep learning-based frameworks are proposed to identify different types of shoulder implants in X-ray scans. We mainly propose an efficient ensemble network called the Inception Mobile Fully-Connected Convolutional Network (IMFC-Net), which is comprised of our two designed convolutional neural networks and a classifier. To evaluate the performance of the IMFC-Net and state-of-the-art models, experiments were performed with a public data set of 597 de-identified patients (597 shoulder implants). Moreover, to demonstrate the generalizability of IMFC-Net, experiments were performed with two augmentation techniques and without augmentation, in which our model ranked first, with a considerable difference from the comparison models. A gradient-weighted class activation map technique was also used to find distinct implant characteristics needed for IMFC-Net classification decisions. Results: The results confirmed that the proposed IMFC-Net model yielded an average accuracy of 89.09%, a precision rate of 89.54%, a recall rate of 86.57%, and an F1.score of 87.94%, which were higher than those of the comparison models. Conclusion: The proposed model is efficient and can minimize the revision complexities of implants.
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do Nascimento Gerhardt M, Shujaat S, Jacobs R. AIM in Dentistry. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kim HS, Ha EG, Kim YH, Jeon KJ, Lee C, Han SS. Transfer learning in a deep convolutional neural network for implant fixture classification: A pilot study. Imaging Sci Dent 2022; 52:219-224. [PMID: 35799970 PMCID: PMC9226228 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20210287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the performance of transfer learning in a deep convolutional neural network for classifying implant fixtures. Materials and Methods Periapical radiographs of implant fixtures obtained using the Superline (Dentium Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea), TS III (Osstem Implant Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea), and Bone Level Implant (Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) systems were selected from patients who underwent dental implant treatment. All 355 implant fixtures comprised the total dataset and were annotated with the name of the system. The total dataset was split into a training dataset and a test dataset at a ratio of 8 to 2, respectively. YOLOv3 (You Only Look Once version 3, available at https://pjreddie.com/darknet/yolo/), a deep convolutional neural network that has been pretrained with a large image dataset of objects, was used to train the model to classify fixtures in periapical images, in a process called transfer learning. This network was trained with the training dataset for 100, 200, and 300 epochs. Using the test dataset, the performance of the network was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Results When YOLOv3 was trained for 200 epochs, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and confidence score were the highest for all systems, with overall results of 94.4%, 97.9%, 96.7%, and 0.75, respectively. The network showed the best performance in classifying Bone Level Implant fixtures, with 100.0% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Conclusion Through transfer learning, high performance could be achieved with YOLOv3, even using a small amount of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Sun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyu Ha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kug Jin Jeon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chena Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Sun Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee JH, Kim YT, Lee JB, Jeong SN. Deep learning improves implant classification by dental professionals: a multi-center evaluation of accuracy and efficiency. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:220-229. [PMID: 35775697 PMCID: PMC9253278 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2104080204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Taek Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Ilsan Hospital, National Health Insurance Service, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Bin Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Gangneung-Wonju National University College of Dentistry, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Seong-Nyum Jeong
- Department of Periodontology, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Daejeon, Korea
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Putra RH, Doi C, Yoda N, Astuti ER, Sasaki K. Current applications and development of artificial intelligence for digital dental radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2022; 51:20210197. [PMID: 34233515 PMCID: PMC8693331 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, artificial intelligence (AI) research has been rapidly developing and emerging in the field of dental and maxillofacial radiology. Dental radiography, which is commonly used in daily practices, provides an incredibly rich resource for AI development and attracted many researchers to develop its application for various purposes. This study reviewed the applicability of AI for dental radiography from the current studies. Online searches on PubMed and IEEE Xplore databases, up to December 2020, and subsequent manual searches were performed. Then, we categorized the application of AI according to similarity of the following purposes: diagnosis of dental caries, periapical pathologies, and periodontal bone loss; cyst and tumor classification; cephalometric analysis; screening of osteoporosis; tooth recognition and forensic odontology; dental implant system recognition; and image quality enhancement. Current development of AI methodology in each aforementioned application were subsequently discussed. Although most of the reviewed studies demonstrated a great potential of AI application for dental radiography, further development is still needed before implementation in clinical routine due to several challenges and limitations, such as lack of datasets size justification and unstandardized reporting format. Considering the current limitations and challenges, future AI research in dental radiography should follow standardized reporting formats in order to align the research designs and enhance the impact of AI development globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiaki Doi
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4–1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yoda
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4–1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eha Renwi Astuti
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo no 47, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4–1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Japan
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Benakatti V, Nayakar R, Anandhalli M, Lagali-Jirge V. Accuracy of machine learning in identification of dental implant systems in radiographs – A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ACADEMY OF ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_86_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Benakatti VB, Nayakar RP, Anandhalli M. Machine learning for identification of dental implant systems based on shape - A descriptive study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2021; 21:405-411. [PMID: 34810369 PMCID: PMC8617441 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_324_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of machine learning in identification of dental implant systems from panoramic radiographs based on the shape. Settings and Design: In vitro–Descriptive study Materials and Methods: A Dataset of digital panoramic radiographs of three dental implant systems were obtained. The images were divided into two datasets: one for training and another for testing of the machine learning models. Machine learning algorithms namely, support vector machine, logistic regression, K Nearest neighbor and X boost classifiers were trained to classify implant systems from radiographs, based on the shape using Hu and Eigen values. Performance of algorithms was evaluated by its classification accuracy using the test dataset. Statistical Analysis Used: Accuracy and recover operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated to analyze the performance of the model. Results: The classifiers tested in the study were able to identify the implant systems with an average accuracy of 0.67. Of the classifiers trained, logistic regression showed best overall performance followed by SVM, KNN and X boost classifiers. Conclusions: Machine learning models tested in the study are proficient enough to identify dental implant systems; hence we are proposing machine learning as a method for implant identification and can be generalized with a larger dataset and more cross sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Basappa Benakatti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, KAHER'S KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh P Nayakar
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, KAHER'S KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallikarjun Anandhalli
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Bernauer SA, Zitzmann NU, Joda T. The Use and Performance of Artificial Intelligence in Prosthodontics: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196628. [PMID: 34640948 PMCID: PMC8512216 DOI: 10.3390/s21196628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The rapid pace of digital development in everyday life is also reflected in dentistry, including the emergence of the first systems based on artificial intelligence (AI). This systematic review focused on the recent scientific literature and provides an overview of the application of AI in the dental discipline of prosthodontics. (2) Method: According to a modified PICO-strategy, an electronic (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL) and manual search up to 30 June 2021 was carried out for the literature published in the last five years reporting the use of AI in the field of prosthodontics. (3) Results: 560 titles were screened, of which 30 abstracts and 16 full texts were selected for further review. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most of the identified studies reported the training and application of an AI system (n = 6) or explored the function of an intrinsic AI system in a CAD software (n = 1). (4) Conclusions: While the number of included studies reporting the use of AI was relatively low, the summary of the obtained findings by the included studies represents the latest AI developments in prosthodontics demonstrating its application for automated diagnostics, as a predictive measure, and as a classification or identification tool. In the future, AI technologies will likely be used for collecting, processing, and organizing patient-related datasets to provide patient-centered, individualized dental treatment.
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Reyes LT, Knorst JK, Ortiz FR, Ardenghi TM. Scope and challenges of machine learning-based diagnosis and prognosis in clinical dentistry: A literature review. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:523-539. [PMID: 34541366 PMCID: PMC8445629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a branch of artificial intelligence dealing with the analysis of large amounts of data. The applications of ML algorithms have also expanded to health care, including dentistry. Recent advances in this field point to future improvements in diagnostic techniques and the prognosis of various diseases of the teeth and other maxillofacial structures. AIM The aim of this literature review is to describe the basis for ML being applied to different dental sub-fields in recent years, to identify typical algorithms used in the studies, and to summarize the scope and challenges of using these techniques in dental clinical practice. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS The proficiency of emerging technologies that have begun to show encouraging results in the diagnosis and prognosis of oral diseases can improve the precision in the selection of treatment for patients. It is necessary to understand the challenges associated with using these tools to effectively use them in dental services and ensure a higher quality of care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Toledo Reyes
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jessica Klöckner Knorst
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ruffo Ortiz
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Thiago Machado Ardenghi
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil,
Corresponding author Thiago Machado Ardenghi Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária - 26F, 97015-372, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Fax: +55.55-3220-9272 E-mail:
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Sukegawa S, Yoshii K, Hara T, Matsuyama T, Yamashita K, Nakano K, Takabatake K, Kawai H, Nagatsuka H, Furuki Y. Multi-Task Deep Learning Model for Classification of Dental Implant Brand and Treatment Stage Using Dental Panoramic Radiograph Images. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060815. [PMID: 34070916 PMCID: PMC8226505 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to accurately identify dental implant brands and the stage of treatment to ensure efficient care. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use multi-task deep learning to investigate a classifier that categorizes implant brands and treatment stages from dental panoramic radiographic images. For objective labeling, 9767 dental implant images of 12 implant brands and treatment stages were obtained from the digital panoramic radiographs of patients who underwent procedures at Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan, between 2005 and 2020. Five deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models (ResNet18, 34, 50, 101 and 152) were evaluated. The accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, F1 score, and area under the curve score were calculated for each CNN. We also compared the multi-task and single-task accuracies of brand classification and implant treatment stage classification. Our analysis revealed that the larger the number of parameters and the deeper the network, the better the performance for both classifications. Multi-tasking significantly improved brand classification on all performance indicators, except recall, and significantly improved all metrics in treatment phase classification. Using CNNs conferred high validity in the classification of dental implant brands and treatment stages. Furthermore, multi-task learning facilitated analysis accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-2-1, Asahi-machi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.F.)
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.N.); (K.T.); (H.K.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-811-3333; Fax: +81-87-835-8363
| | - Kazumasa Yoshii
- Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.H.)
- Center for Healthcare Information Technology, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tamamo Matsuyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-2-1, Asahi-machi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.F.)
| | - Katsusuke Yamashita
- Polytechnic Center Kagawa, 2-4-3, Hananomiya-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-8063, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.N.); (K.T.); (H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.N.); (K.T.); (H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.N.); (K.T.); (H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.N.); (K.T.); (H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Yoshihiko Furuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-2-1, Asahi-machi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.F.)
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Artificial Intelligence in Fractured Dental Implant Detection and Classification: Evaluation Using Dataset from Two Dental Hospitals. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020233. [PMID: 33546446 PMCID: PMC7913638 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture of a dental implant (DI) is a rare mechanical complication that is a critical cause of DI failure and explantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a three different deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architectures (VGGNet-19, GoogLeNet Inception-v3, and automated DCNN) for the detection and classification of fractured DI using panoramic and periapical radiographic images. A total of 21,398 DIs were reviewed at two dental hospitals, and 251 intact and 194 fractured DI radiographic images were identified and included as the dataset in this study. All three DCNN architectures achieved a fractured DI detection and classification accuracy of over 0.80 AUC. In particular, automated DCNN architecture using periapical images showed the highest and most reliable detection (AUC = 0.984, 95% CI = 0.900–1.000) and classification (AUC = 0.869, 95% CI = 0.778–0.929) accuracy performance compared to fine-tuned and pre-trained VGGNet-19 and GoogLeNet Inception-v3 architectures. The three DCNN architectures showed acceptable accuracy in the detection and classification of fractured DIs, with the best accuracy performance achieved by the automated DCNN architecture using only periapical images.
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