Characteristics and clinical outcomes in pituitary incidentalomas and non-incidental pituitary tumors treated with endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery

A Study in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNETs): Real-Life Data Amid Baseline and Serial CT Scans

Non-functioning (NF) accidentally detected PitNETs (PIs) are common findings of CT/MRI scans currently. Data concerning their behavior vary, and some PIs will potentially experience a size change over time that might become clinically relevant.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate CT-related PIs diameters following 3 aspects: a cross-sectional analysis based on the age' groups at first PI diagnosis and on the gender distribution and a longitudinal analysis in PIs with <0.5 cm versus ≥0.5 cm as the largest diameter at baseline.

METHODS

A retrospective, real-life, multi-centric study in adults with NF micro-PIs was performed.

RESULTS

208 subjects (92.79% females) were included (average age 43.18 ± 12.58 y). The mean largest diameter (between transversal and longitudinal diameters) was 0.55 ± 0.16cm, and 44.71% of the PIs were located on the right part of the pituitary gland. The patients were divided into 10 age-groups (21 to 70 y), and no difference was observed between the mean largest diameters of these groups (p = 0.693). Females and males had a similar age at PIs diagnosis (p = 0.353), transverse diameter (p = 0.910), longitudinal diameter (p = 0.229), and PI location (p = 0.368). Serial CT scans (2 to 4 per patient) included a median (Q1-Q3) of 20 (12-36) months for the second CT scan, 58 (36-84) for the third CT scan, 78 (53-118) for the fourth CT scan, and a total follow-up between baseline and last CT scan of 40 (13-72) months. The initial largest diameter correlated with the diameter change between the baseline and the last CT (r = -0.575, p = 0.000). The largest PI diameter was similar between each serial CT scan (p = 0.840). According to the cut-off value of 0.5 cm diameter (for initial largest tumor diameter), group A (N = 78, 37.50%, <0.5 cm) and group B (N = 130, 62. 50%; ≥0.5 cm) had similar age at baseline (43.83 ± 12.72 versus 42.79 ± 12.54 y, p = 0.565) and PIs locations (right, left, median). The largest PI diameter remained smaller in group A versus B amid the second CT scan (p = 0.000) and the last CT scan (p = 0.009). The largest diameter change from the first to the last CT scan showed an increase in group A (median of +0.10 cm, p = 0.000) and a decrease in group B (median of -0.01 cm, p = 0.002); this diameter change was different in group A versus B (p = 0.000). The cumulative probability of tumor-growth-free survival showed different survival functions (log rank p = 0.000): group A exhibited a more gradual decrease versus B; at 60 months, the cumulative probability was 0.32 ± 0.08 for group A versus 0.75 ± 0.07 for B. During follow-up, all PIs remained NF, and no hypopituitarism was noted (as limits, we mention that dynamic hypopituitarism testing was selectively performed).

CONCLUSIONS

NF micro-PIs in adults showed a similar age and sex distribution. During follow-up, PIs with a largest diameter < 0.5 cm increased after a median of 40 months but remained <1 cm, while in PIs with ≥0.5 cm, the largest diameter decreased. This highlights a lower predictability in tumor behavior than expected, particularly in larger micro-PIs that, overall, remained without relevant clinical implications after surveillance.

A Real-World Longitudinal Study in Non-Functioning Pituitary Incidentalomas: A PRECES Micro-Adenomas Sub-Analysis

Background. Incidentalomas have an increasing incidence all over the world due to a larger access to imaging assessments, and endocrine incidentalomas make no exception in this matter, including pituitary incidentalomas (PIs). Objective. Our objective was to analyse the dynamic changes amid a second computed tomography (CT) scan after adult patients were initially confirmed with a PI (non-functioning micro-adenoma). Methods. This was a multi-centric, longitudinal, retrospective study in adults (aged between 20 and 70 y) amid real-world data collection. We excluded patients who experienced baseline pituitary hormonal excess or deficiency or those with tumours larger than 1 cm. Results. A total of 117 adults were included (94.02% females) with a mean age of 43.86 ± 11.99 years, followed between 6 and 156 months with a median (M) of 40 months (Q1 Q3: 13.50, 72.00). At the time of PI diagnosis, the transverse diameter had a mean value of 0.53 ± 0.16 cm, the longitudinal mean diameter was 0.41 ± 0.13 cm, and the largest diameter was 0.55 ± 0.16 cm. No PI became functioning during follow-up, neither associated hypopituitarism nor increased >1 cm diameter. A total of 46/117 (39.32%) patients had a larger diameter during follow-up (increase group = IG) versus a non-increase group (non-IG; N = 71, 60.68%) that included the subjects with stationary or decreased diameters. IG had lower initial transverse, longitudinal, and largest diameter versus non-IG: 0.45 ± 0.12 versus 0.57 ± 0.17 (p < 0.0001), 0.36 ± 0.11 versus 0.43 ± 0.13 (p = 0.004), respectively, 0.46 ± 0.12 versus 0.6 ± 0.16 (p < 0.0001). IG versus non-IG had a larger period of surveillance: M (Q1, Q3) of 48 (24, 84) versus 32.5 (12, 72) months (p = 0.045) and showed similar age, pituitary hormone profile, and tumour lateralisation at baseline and displayed a median diameter change of +0.14 cm versus -0.03 cm (p < 0.0001). To conclude, a rather high percent of patients might experience PI diameter increase during a longer period of follow-up, including those with a smaller initial size, while the age at diagnosis does not predict the tumour growth. This might help practitioners with further long-term surveillance protocols.

Incidental versus symptomatic nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: Are they different?

BACKGROUND

Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) constitute one of the most common tumours in the sellar region and are often discovered only when associated with compressive symptoms. With the frequent use of brain imaging, there has been an increase in the prevalence of incidentally discovered NFPAs.

AIM

We aim to determine the prevalence of incidental diagnosis with NPAs observed over a decade and compare the analytical, clinical and treatment differences between those who were diagnosed either incidentally or symptomatically. We also intend to evaluate the pathology differences between both groups.

METHODS

We retrospectively analysed patients aged ≥18 years with an apparent NFPA, defined as a pituitary lesion compatible with pituitary adenoma which is not associated with the clinical or biochemical evidence of a hormone-secreting tumour. Inclusion criteria included normal prolactin level for lesions <9 mm or a prolactin level <100 ng/mL for lesions ≥10 mm in maximal tumour diameter.

RESULTS

We included 119 patients [53.8% males; mean age: 56.8 years (SD = 16.7)]. Diagnosis was incidental in 47.1% of patients, and many patients had unappreciated signs and symptoms of pituitary disease. In the symptomatic and incidental groups, 66.7% and 41.1% of patients had hypopituitarism, respectively (p = .005). Only 20.4% of patients incidentally diagnosed had microadenoma (p = .060). Hypopituitarism was present in 18.8% of those patients with microadenomas. Most tumours were macroadenomas (87.4%). Half of those patients diagnosed incidentally were submitted to surgery, compared with 75.8% of those who were diagnosed symptomatically (p = .004).

CONCLUSIONS

Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas are commonly diagnosed incidentally, with many manifesting symptoms on examination. NFPAs incidentally diagnosed are more commonly macroadenomas and less frequently associated with hypopituitarism than symptomatic. Accordingly, if there was a greater level of knowledge and more suspicion about these pathologies, it might be possible to discover them earlier.

Pituitary Incidentalomas: Best Practices and Looking Ahead

Pituitary Incidentalomas (PI) are pituitary lesions serendipitously identified on imaging. PIs have become common in clinical practice because of increased use of imaging and radiologic advances. The most frequently incidentally detected lesions in adults are pituitary adenomas, followed by cystic lesions, and rarely other types of tumors and infiltrative and inflammatory disorders. Biochemical screening for hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly is needed in all patients with PI, whereas testing for hyposecretion is recommended for lesions larger than 6.0 mm. Most PIs are small nonfunctioning adenomas or cysts, which can be conservatively managed. For larger lesions, a multidisciplinary approach including endocrinology, neurosurgery, and neuro-ophthalmology is required. For incidentally detected lactotroph, somatotroph, and corticotroph adenomas, disease-specific management guidelines apply. Prospective studies are needed to enhance our understanding of the long-term course and response to treatment.

An Overview of Pituitary Incidentalomas: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Management

Simple Summary

A pituitary incidentaloma is a pituitary tumor or mass that is incidentally discovered in imaging studies which have been performed for reasons other than the symptoms of pituitary lesions. The majority of pituitary incidentalomas are pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) and Rathke cleft cysts. PitNETs have received attention because of their distinction from pituitary adenoma in the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The natural history of PitNETs is partially known, and the management of pituitary incidentalomas has been determined based on this history; however, the pathology of PitNETs has significantly changed with the new WHO classification, and studies with a high level of evidence are required to consider treatment guidelines for pituitary incidentalomas.

Abstract

Pituitary incidentalomas are tumors or mass lesions of the pituitary gland. These are incidentally discovered during imaging studies for symptoms that are not causally related to pituitary diseases. The most common symptom that triggers an examination is headache, and the most common type of pituitary incidentalomas are pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) and Rathke cleft cysts. The existing treatment strategy is controversial; however, surgical resection is recommended in cases of clinically non-functioning PitNETs with optic chiasm compression. In contrast, cystic lesions, such as Rathke cleft cysts, should be followed if the patients are asymptomatic. In this case, MRI and pituitary function tests are recommended every six months to one year; if there is no change, the follow-up period should be extended. The natural history of PitNET is partially known, and the management of pituitary incidentalomas is determined by this history. However, the pathogenesis of PitNET has significantly changed with the new World Health Organization classification, and follow-up is important based on this new classification. Therefore, a high level of evidence-based research is needed to consider treatment guidelines for pituitary incidentalomas in the future.

A patient-reported outcome measure for patients with pituitary adenoma undergoing transsphenoidal surgery

PURPOSE

Pituitary adenomas affect patients' quality-of-life (QoL) across several domains, with long-term implications even following gross-total resection or disease remission. While clinical outcomes can assess treatment efficacy, they do not capture variations in QoL. We present the development and validation of a patient reported outcome measure (PROM) for patients with pituitary adenomas undergoing transsphenoidal surgery.

METHODS

The COSMIN checklist informed the development of the pituitary outcome score (POS). Consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for suspected pituitary adenoma at a single centre were included prospectively. An expert focus group and patient interviews informed item generation. Item reduction was conducted through exploratory factor analysis and expert consensus, followed by assessment of the tool's validity, reliability, responsiveness, and interpretability.

RESULTS

96 patients with a median age of 50 years validated the POS. The final questionnaire included 25 questions with four subscales: EQ-5D-5L-QoL, Visual Symptoms, Endocrine Symptoms and Nasal Symptoms.

CONCLUSION

The POS is the first validated PROM for patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for a pituitary adenoma. This PROM could be integrated into contemporary practice to provide patient-centred outcomes assessment for this patient group, aligning more closely with patient objectives.

Evaluation of early postoperative day 1 discharge after endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection

OBJECTIVE

While multiple studies have evaluated the length of stay after endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) for pituitary adenoma, the potential for early discharge on postoperative day 1 (POD 1) remains unclear. The authors compared patients discharged on POD 1 with patients discharged on POD > 1 to better characterize factors that facilitate early discharge after ETS.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed for patients undergoing ETS for pituitary adenoma at a single tertiary care academic center from February 2005 to February 2020. Discharge on POD 1 was defined as a discharge within 24 hours of surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 726 patients (mean age 55 years, 52% male) were identified, of whom 178 (24.5%) patients were discharged on POD 1. These patients were more likely to have pituitary incidentaloma (p = 0.001), require dural substitutes and DuraSeal (p = 0.0001), have fewer intraoperative CSF leaks (p = 0.02), and have lower postoperative complication rates (p = 0.006) compared with patients discharged on POD > 1. POD 1 patients also showed higher rates of macroadenomas (96.1% vs 91.4%, p = 0.03) and lower rates of functional tumors (p = 0.02). POD > 1 patients were more likely to have readmission within 30 days (p = 0.002), readmission after 30 days (p = 0.0001), nasal synechiae on follow-up (p = 0.003), diabetes insipidus (DI; 1.7% vs 9.8%, p = 0.0001), postoperative hypocortisolism (21.8% vs 12.1%, p = 0.01), and postoperative steroid usage (44.6% vs 59.7%, p = 0.003). The number of patients discharged on POD 1 significantly increased during each subsequent time epoch: 2005-2010, 2011-2015, and 2016-2020 (p = 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, DI (OR 7.02, 95% CI 2.01-24.57; p = 0.002) and intraoperative leak (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.25-3.28; p = 0.004) were associated with increased risk for POD > 1 discharge, while operation epoch (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.3-0.71; p = 0.0001) was associated with POD 1 discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that discharge on POD 1 after ETS for pituitary adenomas was safe and feasible and without increased risk of 30-day readmission. On multivariate analysis, surgical epoch was associated with decreased risk of prolonged length of stay, while factors associated with increased risk of prolonged length of stay included DI and intraoperative CSF leak. These findings may help in selecting patients who are deemed reasonable for safe, early discharge after pituitary adenoma resection.

Pituitary incidentaloma

Pituitary incidentalomas (PI) are lesions of the pituitary region discovered fortuitously by imaging for reasons unrelated to pituitary disease. They range from small cysts to large invasive adenomas. All over the world, improvements in the quality and availability of radiological examinations are leading to an increase in the discovery of PI. In the last four decades, significant advances have been made in the understanding of PI. Autopsy studies have shown that about 10% of deceased individuals harbour a PI, most often a non-functioning microadenoma. In contrast, modern patient series showed that among PIs that come to endocrinological attention, a significant proportion are macroadenomas, and many patients suffer from asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic endocrine or ophthalmologic disturbances. Other than adenomas, empty sella, Rathke's cleft cyst, craniopharyngioma and meningioma are the most frequent types of PIs. About 10% of micro-incidentalomas and 25% of macro-incidentalomas grow over time. Most cases can be managed conservatively by mere surveillance. Follow-up is necessary in all patients with macroadenoma, but uncertainty remains for microadenomas as to the extent of endocrinological work-up as well as the necessity and duration of follow-up. Visual and endocrine anomalies constitute the most common indications for surgery. When needed, surgery yields better outcome in PIs than in symptomatic pituitary lesions.

A survey of surgically resected pituitary incidentalomas and a comparison of the clinical features and surgical outcomes of non-functioning pituitary adenomas discovered incidentally versus symptomatically

Pituitary tumors are discovered either incidentally by imaging studies (incidentalomas) or via evaluation of certain clinical symptoms (symptomatic tumors). In this study, we first surveyed patients with incidentalomas who underwent surgery. Cases included 62.3% non-functioning adenomas (NFPAs), 14.5% functioning adenomas, and 13.8% Rathke's cleft cysts. Next, we compared the clinical features and surgical outcomes of 145 patients whose preoperative diagnosis was NFPA (incidentalomas [n = 79] vs. symptomatic tumors [n = 66]). The patients with incidentalomas were older (59.9 vs. 55.3 years, p < 0.05) and had smaller tumors compared with the patients with symptomatic tumors (mean maximum diameter: 23.1 vs. 27.5 mm, p < 0.01). The main reason for undergoing imaging studies was headache (n = 25) in the incidentaloma group and visual disturbance (n = 46) in the symptomatic tumor group. The incidence of preoperative pituitary hormone deficiencies was lower in the incidentaloma than symptomatic tumor group (growth hormone deficiency: 37.7% vs. 66.7%, p < 0.01; gonadotropin deficiency: 19.0% vs. 39.4%, p < 0.01; adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: 3.8% vs. 18.2%, p < 0.01; thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency: 6.3% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.25). Postoperative pituitary function was better preserved in the incidentaloma than symptomatic tumor group (no deficiency: 58.2% vs. 28.8%, p < 0.01). The difference in postoperative complications between groups was not statistically significant (incidentalomas vs. symptomatic tumors: 21.5% vs. 19.7%, p = 0.84). In conclusion, incidentalomas were detected while smaller size and lower incidence of hormone deficiency than symptomatic tumors, and the pituitary hormones were also preserved after surgery. It is important to observe incidentalomas carefully and to judge whether to operate appropriately before they become symptomatic tumors.