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Yang H, Yang T, Ding J, Wang X, Chen X, Liu J, Shu T, Wu Z, Sun L, Huang X, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Taurocholic acid represents an earlier and more sensitive biomarker and promotes cholestatic hepatotoxicity in ANIT-treated rats. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39030796 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Bile acid homeostasis is crucial for the normal physiological functioning of the liver. Disruptions in bile acid profiles are closely linked to the occurrence of cholestatic liver injury. As part of our diagnostic and therapeutic approach, we aimed to investigate the disturbance in bile acid profiles during cholestasis and its correlation with cholestatic liver injury. Before the occurrence of liver injury, alterations in bile acid profiles were detected in both plasma and liver between 8 and 16 h, persisting up to 96 h. TCA, TCDCA, and TUDCA in the plasma, as well as TCA, TUDCA, TCDCA, TDCA, TLCA, and THDCA in the liver, emerged as early sensitive and potential markers for diagnosing ANIT-induced cholestasis at 8-16 h. The distinguishing features of ANIT-induced liver injury were as follows: T-BAs exceeding G-BAs and serum biochemical indicators surpassing free bile acids. Notably, plasma T-BAs, particularly TCA, exhibited higher sensitivity to cholestatic hepatotoxicity compared with serum enzyme activity and liver histopathology. Further investigation revealed that TCA exacerbated ANIT-induced liver injury by elevating liver function enzyme activity, inflammation, and bile duct proliferation and promoting the migration of bile duct epithelial cell. Nevertheless, no morphological changes or alterations in transaminase activity indicative of liver damage were observed in the rats treated with TCA alone. Additionally, there were no changes in bile acid profiles or inflammatory responses under physiological conditions with maintained bile acid homeostasis. In summary, our findings suggest that taurine-conjugated bile acids in both plasma and liver, particularly TCA, can serve as early and sensitive markers for predicting intrahepatic cholestatic drugs and can act as potent exacerbators of cholestatic liver injury progression. However, exogenous TCA does not induce liver injury under physiological conditions where bile acid homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Shu
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziteng Wu
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang F, Deng Y, Wang H, Fu J, Wu G, Duan Z, Zhang X, Cai Y, Zhou H, Yin J, He Y. Gut microbiota-mediated ursodeoxycholic acids regulate the inflammation of microglia through TGR5 signaling after MCAO. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:667-679. [PMID: 37989444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has been demonstrated to cause an imbalance of gut microbiota. However, the change in gut microbiota-mediated bile acids (BAs) metabolites remains unclear. Here, we observed a decrease in gut microbiota-mediated BAs, especially ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), in the serum of stroke patients as well as in the intestine, serum and brain of stroke mice. Restoration of UDCA could decrease the area of infarction and improve the neurological function and cognitive function in mice in association with inhibition of NLRP3-related pro-inflammatory cytokines through TGR5/PKA pathway. Furthermore, knocking out TGR5 and inhibiting PKA activity reduce the protective effect of UDCA. Taken together, our results suggest that microbiota-mediated UDCA plays an important role in alleviating inflammatory responses and might be a promising therapeutic target in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, PR China
| | - Yiting Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huidi Wang
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Jingxiang Fu
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Guangyan Wu
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Zhuo Duan
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Xiru Zhang
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Yijia Cai
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510033, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yan He
- Microbiome Medicine Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510033, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China.
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Gilbert MC, Setayesh T, Wan YJY. The contributions of bacteria metabolites to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. LIVER RESEARCH 2023; 7:296-303. [PMID: 38221945 PMCID: PMC10786625 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 20% of mortality during acute liver failure is associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Thus, HE is a complication of acute liver failure with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma. HE is caused by the diversion of portal blood into systemic circulation through portosystemic collateral vessels. Thus, the brain is exposed to intestinal-derived toxic substances. Moreover, the strategies to prevent advancement and improve the prognosis of such a liver-brain disease rely on intestinal microbial modulation. This is supported by the findings that antibiotics such as rifaximin and laxative lactulose can alleviate hepatic cirrhosis and/or prevent HE. Together, the significance of the gut-liver-brain axis in human health warrants attention. This review paper focuses on the roles of bacteria metabolites, mainly ammonia and bile acids (BAs) as well as BA receptors in HE. The literature search conducted for this review included searches for phrases such as BA receptors, BAs, ammonia, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and cirrhosis in conjunction with the phrase hepatic encephalopathy and portosystemic encephalopathy. PubMed, as well as Google Scholar, was the search engines used to find relevant publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Claire Gilbert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Urinary BA Indices as Prognostic Biomarkers for Complications Associated with Liver Diseases. Int J Hepatol 2022; 2022:5473752. [PMID: 35402050 PMCID: PMC8986411 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5473752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary diseases and their complications cause the accumulation of toxic bile acids (BA) in the liver, blood, and other tissues, which may exacerbate the underlying condition and lead to unfavorable prognosis. To develop and validate prognostic biomarkers for the prediction of complications of cholestatic liver disease based on urinary BA indices, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze urine samples from 257 patients with cholestatic liver diseases during a 7-year follow-up period. The urinary BA profile and non-BA parameters were monitored, and logistic regression models were used to predict the prognosis of hepatobiliary disease-related complications. Urinary BA indices were applied to quantify the composition, metabolism, hydrophilicity, and toxicity of the BA profile. We have developed and validated the bile-acid liver disease complication (BALDC) model based on BA indices using logistic regression model, to predict the prognosis of cholestatic liver disease complications including ascites. The mixed BA and non-BA model was the most accurate and provided higher area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and smaller akaike information criterion (AIC) values compared to both non-BA and MELD (models for end stage liver disease) models. Therefore, the mixed BA and non-BA model could be used to predict the development of ascites in patients diagnosed with liver disease at early stages of intervention. This will help physicians to make a better decision when treating hepatobiliary disease-related ascites.
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