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Wojnicka J, Grywalska E, Hymos A, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Charytanowicz M, Klatka M, Klatka J, Dolliver WR, Błażewicz A. The Relationship between Cancer Stage, Selected Immunological Parameters, Epstein-Barr Virus Infection, and Total Serum Content of Iron, Zinc, and Copper in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer. J Clin Med 2024; 13:511. [PMID: 38256645 PMCID: PMC10816330 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between cancer stage, selected immunological parameters, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and total serum content of iron, zinc, and copper in patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). (2) Methods: serum Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured in 40 LC patients and 20 controls. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry using fluorescent antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD25, CD69, and PD-1. Tumor and lymph node lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. EBV DNA was quantified by real-time PCR, targeting the EBNA-1 gene. Associations between serum elements, immune markers, and cancer grade/stage were evaluated using ANOVA and appropriate nonparametric tests. (3) Results: levels of Fe, Cu, and Zn were lower, while Cu/Zn was statistically higher, in patients with LC than in the control group. Correlation analysis showed a statistically significant association between the levels of these elements and parameters of the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) staging system, immunophenotype, and the amount of EBV genetic material in patients with LC who survived for more than 5 years. (4) Conclusion: the results suggest that the total serum levels of the determined micronutrients may significantly affect the immunopathogenesis and progression of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wojnicka
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (A.H.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Anna Hymos
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (A.H.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (A.H.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (A.H.); (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Charytanowicz
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
- Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Newelska 6, 01-447 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Klatka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University, Gębali 1 St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Klatka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 St., 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Anna Błażewicz
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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