Risk factors for delayed postendoscopic mucosal resection hemorrhage in patients with gastric tumor

Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: A propensity score analysis

BACKGROUND

Although early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (EESCC) with cirrhosis is a relatively rare clinical phenomenon, the management of EESCC in cirrhotic patients continues to be a challenge.

AIM

To evaluate the feasibility, safety, efficacy and long-term survival outcomes of endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) for treating EESCC in patients with cirrhosis.

METHODS

This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. We examined 590 EESCC patients who underwent ESTD between July 14, 2014, and May 26, 2021, from a large-scale tertiary hospital. After excluding 25 patients with unclear lesion areas or pathological results, the remaining 565 patients were matched at a ratio of 1:3 by using propensity score matching. A total of 25 EESCC patients with comorbid liver cirrhosis and 75 matched EESCC patients were ultimately included in the analysis. Parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were used to compare the differences between the two groups. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to create survival curves, and differences in survival curves were compared by the log-rank test.

RESULTS

Among 25 patients with liver cirrhosis and 75 matched noncirrhotic patients, there were no significant differences in intraoperative bleeding (P = 0.234), 30-d post-ESTD bleeding (P = 0.099), disease-specific survival (P = 0.075), or recurrence-free survival (P = 0.8196). The mean hospitalization time and costs were significantly longer (P = 0.007) and higher (P = 0.023) in the cirrhosis group than in the noncirrhosis group. The overall survival rate was significantly lower in the cirrhosis group (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

ESTD is technically feasible, safe, and effective for patients with EESCC and liver cirrhosis. EESCC patients with Child-Pugh A disease seem to be good candidates for ESTD.

Utility of a deep learning model and a clinical model for predicting bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Bleeding is one of the major complications after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in early gastric cancer (EGC) patients. There are limited studies on estimating the bleeding risk after ESD using an artificial intelligence system.

AIM

To derivate and verify the performance of the deep learning model and the clinical model for predicting bleeding risk after ESD in EGC patients.

METHODS

Patients with EGC who underwent ESD between January 2010 and June 2020 at the Samsung Medical Center were enrolled, and post-ESD bleeding (PEB) was investigated retrospectively. We split the entire cohort into a development set (80%) and a validation set (20%). The deep learning and clinical model were built on the development set and tested in the validation set. The performance of the deep learning model and the clinical model were compared using the area under the curve and the stratification of bleeding risk after ESD.

RESULTS

A total of 5629 patients were included, and PEB occurred in 325 patients. The area under the curve for predicting PEB was 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.78) in the deep learning model and 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.77) in the clinical model, without significant difference (P = 0.730). The patients expected to the low- (< 5%), intermediate- (≥ 5%, < 9%), and high-risk (≥ 9%) categories were observed with actual bleeding rate of 2.2%, 3.9%, and 11.6%, respectively, in the deep learning model; 4.0%, 8.8%, and 18.2%, respectively, in the clinical model.

CONCLUSION

A deep learning model can predict and stratify the bleeding risk after ESD in patients with EGC.

Safety and Efficacy of Endoscopic Treatment of Solitary Gastric Neurofibroma

Purpose

The studies on solitary gastric neurofibroma (GN) consist of only individual case reports, with little data and relevant information. We aimed to summarize the clinical features, endoscopic features, imaging findings, and pathological features and study the safety and efficacy of endoscopic treatment of solitary GN.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively collected and analyzed clinical data of patients who underwent endoscopic treatment in Department of Gastroenterology of a well-known tertiary hospital from August 2007 to September 2019 and were accurately diagnosed as having solitary GN.

Results

A total of 788 patients with gastric submucosal tumors underwent endoscopic treatment, among whom 11 patients were found to have solitary GNs. The incidence of solitary GNs was 1.4%. All 11 patients were treated with endoscopy. Five patients underwent endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) and six patients underwent endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE). The en bloc resection rate of the 11 lesions was 100.0%. The median endoscopic operation time was 80 minutes. Average length of hospital stay was 6.4 ± 1.6 days. The median follow-up time was 29 months. No recurrence, distant metastasis, or disease-related death occurred during the follow-up.

Conclusion

EFTR and ESE can serve as feasible, safe, and effective treatments for solitary GN.

Efficacy of Surgicel® (Fibrillar) for preventing bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric epithelial tumors

OBJECTIVE

Surgicel (Fibrillar), i.e. oxidized regenerated cellulose, is used to control oozing bleeding after surgery, but few studies have assessed its effect on complications after endoscopic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Surgicel for preventing bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric epithelial tumors.

METHODS

From November 2012 to December 2013 patients scheduled for ESD of gastric epithelial tumors were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were assigned randomly to monotherapy with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (the MT group) or combination therapy with Surgicel and histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H₂ RA) (the CT group) for preventing bleeding after ESD. Major bleeding rates and changes in hemoglobin at 1 and 7 days after ESD were evaluated.

RESULTS

Among the 157 patients enrolled (111 men, 46 women), 78 were assigned to the MT group and 79 to the CT group; finally, 72 and 74 patients were included in the MT and CT groups. The major bleeding rate was lower in the CT group (6/74, 8.1%) than in the MT group (12/72, 16.7%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.354). The change in hemoglobin was significantly less marked in the CT group than the MT group 1 day after ESD ([-6.2 ± 9.0] g/L vs [-8.9 ± 6.2] g/L, P = 0.045).

CONCLUSIONS

Combination therapy with Surgicel and an H₂ RA decreased the rate of bleeding similarly to PPI. Adding Surgicel to H₂ RA could be considered for patients with bleeding tendencies, or who require continuous antiplatelet therapy to prevent bleeding after ESD.

Is the Reinitiation of Antiplatelet Agents Safe at 1 Week after Gastric Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection? Assessment of Bleeding Risk Using the Forrest Classification

Background/Aims

Delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) commonly occurs within 3 days, but it may also occur after 1 week following ESD, especially in antiplatelet agent users. We evaluated the risk of delayed bleeding in post-ESD ulcers using the Forrest classification.

Methods

Registry data on the Forrest classification of post-ESD ulcers (n=371) at 1 week or 2 weeks after ESD were retrospectively evaluated. The Forrest classification was categorized into two groups: increased risk (Forrest Ia to IIc) or low risk (Forrest III). The odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among 371 post-ESD ulcers, one ulcer (0.3%) was classified as Forrest Ib, two (0.5%) as Forrest IIa, 17 (4.6%) as Forrest IIb, 172 (46.4%) as Forrest IIc, and 179 (48.2%) as Forrest III. The proportion of increased-risk ulcers was 72.2% (140/194) at 1 week after ESD, which decreased to 29.4% (52/177) at 2 weeks after ESD (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, a post-ESD ulcer at 1 week after ESD (OR, 7.54), younger age (OR, 2.17), and upper/middle ulcer location (OR, 2.05) were associated with increased-risk ulcers.

Conclusions

One week after ESD, ulcers still have an increased risk of bleeding when assessed using the Forrest classification. This risk should be considered when resuming antiplatelet therapy.

Endoscopic Submucosal Tunnel Dissection for Large Gastric Neoplastic Lesions: A Case-Matched Controlled Study

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) for resection of large superficial gastric lesions (SGLs).

Methods

The clinicopathological records of patients performed with ESTD or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for SGLs between January 2012 and January 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. 7 cases undergoing ESTD were enrolled to form the ESTD group. The cases were individually matched at a 1 : 1 ratio to other patients performed with ESD according to lesion location, ulcer or scar findings, resected specimen area, operation time and operators, and the matched cases constituting the ESD group. The treatment outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

The mean specimen size was 46 mm. 10 lesions were located in the cardia and 4 lesions in the lesser curvature of the lower gastric body. En bloc resection was achieved for all lesions. The mean ESTD resection time was 69 minutes as against 87.7 minutes for the ESD (P = 0.01). The mean resection speed was faster for ESTD than for ESD (18.86 mm²/min versus 13.76 mm²/min, P = 0.03). There were no significant differences regarding the safety and curability during the endoscopic follow-up (mean 27 months).

Conclusions

ESTD is effective and safe for the removal of SGLs and appears to be an optimal option for patients with large SGLs at suitable sites.

Clinical impact of second-look endoscopy after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasm: a multicenter prospective randomized-controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

This multicenter prospective randomized-controlled study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of second-look endoscopy (SLE) implemented after performing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of gastric neoplasms and to also examine which clinical and endoscopic elements are risk factors for post-ESD bleeding.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Prospective randomized studies were carried out at two tertiary medical centers. Patients were divided into a group that underwent SLE (n=110) and a group that did not undergo SLE (non-SLE, n=110). The patients' clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, and pathologic outcomes were analyzed after ESD.

RESULTS

The post-ESD bleeding rate was 4.1% and no difference was observed between the SLE group and the non-SLE group. There was no difference in age, sex, drug use, comorbidities, endoscopic findings, pathological findings, or ESD procedure time between the SLE group and the non-SLE group. When the 211 patients who showed no post-ESD bleeding and nine patients who showed post-ESD bleeding were compared with each other, there was no difference in whether they underwent SLE, age, drug use, comorbidities, endoscopic findings, or pathological findings. However, the risk of occurrence of post-ESD bleeding was higher when ulcers in lesions were found (odds ratio: 12.54; P=0.03).

CONCLUSION

The SLE group and the non-SLE group did not show any significant difference in post-ESD bleeding ratios among gastric neoplasm patients. It was shown that the risk of occurrence for post-ESD bleeding was higher in cases where there were ulcers in lesions than in cases where there was no ulcer in lesions.

Risk factors and correlations of immediate, early delayed, and late delayed bleeding associated with endoscopic resection for gastric neoplasms

BACKGROUND

Bleeding is a major complication following endoscopic resection (ER) of gastric mucosal lesions. We aimed to determine the risk factors for post-ER bleeding and their correlations according to the time elapsed since the procedure.

METHODS

We retrospectively enrolled 670 lesions in 610 patients who underwent ER between March 2009 and December 2010. We classified these lesions into three types in accordance with the bleeding time, i.e., immediate bleeding (IB), early delayed bleeding (EDB), and late delayed bleeding (LDB). We analyzed the risk factors for each bleeding type according to baseline patient characteristics, procedure-related factors, and correlations between the occurrence of each bleeding type.

RESULTS

There were 408 post-ER bleeding events in our study cohort: 302 IB events, 88 EDB events, and 18 LDB events. In multivariate analysis, a histologic finding of carcinoma and the resection time were significant predictors of IB (p < 0.001). Of the 302 IB events, 13.9% showed EDB. Additionally, LDB occurred in 2.4% of lesions with EDB and 4.6% of lesions without EDB. Similar to the IB group, of 368 lesions without IB, 12.5% showed EDB. In addition, LDB occurred in 2.2% of lesions with EDB and 1.2% of lesions without EDB. IB was associated with a higher risk of EDB (p < 0.001) and LDB (p < 0.001), whereas EDB was not related to an increased risk of LDB (p = 0.997).

CONCLUSION

IB significantly increases the risk of EDB and LDB, but EDB does not increase the risk of LDB. Histologically confirmed carcinoma or a prolonged time for resection increases the risk of post-ER IB. We recommend careful follow-up approaches following ER of a gastric mucosal lesion in high-risk patients to prevent a potentially critical occurrence of delayed bleeding.

The need for second-look endoscopy to prevent delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasms: a prospective randomized trial

Background/Aims

Many authors recommend performing a second-look endoscopy (SLE) to reduce the frequency of delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric neoplasms, but these recommendations have been made despite a lack of reliable evidence supporting the effectiveness of SLE.

Methods

From January 2012 to May 2013, we investigated 441 gastric neoplasms treated by ESD to assess the risk factors for delayed bleeding. Delayed bleeding occurred in four of these lesions within 1 postoperation day. Therefore, we enrolled the patients with the remaining 437 lesions to determine the utility of SLE performed on the morning of postoperative day 2. All lesions were randomly assigned to SLE (220 lesions) groups or non-SLE (217 lesions) groups.

Results

Delayed bleeding occurred in 18 lesions (4.1%). A large tumor size (>20 mm) was the only independent risk factor for delayed bleeding (p=0.007). The chance of delayed bleeding was not significantly different between the patients receiving a SLE (eight cases) and those patients not receiving a SLE (six cases, p=0.787). Furthermore, SLE for lesions with a large tumor size did not significantly decrease delayed bleeding (p=0.670).

Conclusions

SLE had little or no influence on the prevention of delayed bleeding, irrespective of the risk factors.

Prediction of intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic treatment in patients with early gastric cancers: utility of contrast-enhanced MDCT gastrography and the wall-carving image technique

PURPOSE

To assess the ability of the "wall-carving image (WC) technique," which uses vascular images from computed tomography (CT) gastrography, to predict bleeding during endoscopic treatment in patients with early gastric cancers (EGC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed the CT enhancement on WC images of 30 patients with EGC who were treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Patients were divided into two groups-a no-bleeding group and a bleeding group-according to the degree of intraoperative bleeding during the ESD. Patient-related variables (age and sex), lesion-related variables (size, location, and morphological type), a procedure-related variable (procedure time), and the CT enhancement on WC images were compared between two groups. To assess the diagnostic performance of the CT findings in the prediction of intraoperative bleeding, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.

RESULTS

Lesion location, procedure time, and CT enhancement were all significantly associated with intraoperative bleeding, with p values of 0.046, 0.0007, and 0.0011, respectively. With a cut-off value of 4 or greater indicating positivity for contrast enhancement, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for predicting intraoperative bleeding were 64.3, 93.8, 90.0, and 75.0 %, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Contrast enhancement of WC was significantly associated with intraoperative bleeding during ESD.

Clinical impact of second-look endoscopy after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms

Background/Aims

One major complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is delayed bleeding. Most hospitals routinely perform second-look endoscopy to reduce the chances of delayed bleeding without solid evidence supporting the practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether second-look endoscopy prevents delayed bleeding and to verify the clinicopathological features of delayed bleeding to determine how to identify lesions that may require second-look endoscopy.

Methods

We investigated 440 lesions in 397 patients who underwent ESD for gastric neoplasm from January 2008 to June 2010. Two-thirds of the enrolled cases were adenomas, and 290 lesions were located in the lower portion of the stomach. Clinically evident bleeding from mucosal defects 24 hours after ESD was considered as delayed bleeding. We reviewed the data, including the characteristics of patients, lesions, and procedures. Furthermore, the rate of delayed bleeding before and after second-look endoscopy, performed within three days of ESD, was investigated to determine the utility of second-look endoscopy.

Results

Delayed bleeding was evident in 9 of 440 lesions (2.0%), all of which underwent endoscopic hemostasis. The only significant factor predicting delayed bleeding was resected specimen over 40 mm in size (p=0.003). Delayed bleeding occurred in 8 of 9 cases (89%) before the second-look endoscopy, which was performed within 72 hours after ESD.

Conclusions

In this study, second-look endoscopy may be useful for preventing post-ESD bleeding, especially when resected specimens are over 40 mm in size.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in patients with comorbid diseases

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), a new and potentially curative method for treating gastrointestinal neoplasms, may have longer procedure time and the risk of complications when compared to conventional endoscopic mucosal resection. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ESD in patients with comorbid diseases.

METHODS

The outcomes of 337 patients who underwent ESD for early gastric cancer at Samsung Medical Center from April 2003 to December 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. The Charlson comorbidity scale was used to divide the patients into low-risk (no risk factor) and high-risk (at least one risk factor) groups. The outcomes and complications were compared between the high- and low-risk groups.

RESULTS

The low- and high-risk groups comprised 240 and 97 patients with mean ages of 61.1 and 64.7 years, respectively (p=0.002). Tumor location, tumor size, depth of invasion, procedure duration, and rates of en bloc resection, complete resection, complication, and recurrence did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

ESD may be a safe and effective treatment for early gastric cancer in patients with comorbid diseases.

Risk factors for immediate and delayed bleeding associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplastic lesions

OBJECTIVE. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of gastric neoplasia has been reported to have a higher bleeding rate than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for bleeding associated with ESD. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The records of consecutive patients who underwent ESD for gastric adenoma/early gastric cancer were reviewed. Potential risk factors included patient age, lesion size, gross findings, location, and histology of the tumor. The primary end-point was the incidence of immediate or delayed bleeding related to ESD. RESULTS. A total of 144 patients were studied; bleeding occurred in 32 cases (22.2%) with immediate bleeding in 29 cases. Delayed bleeding (3 cases) occurred at day 2 (2 patients) and at day 7 in 1 patient. In all cases of immediate bleeding, immediate hemostatic therapy was successful. The histology of tumor was the only factor that was statistically significantly associated with bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio 6.770, 95% confidence interval 1.830-25.048, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS. The only factor that correlated with an increased risk of bleeding with ESD was the presence of gastric malignancy. We found no factor that would, prospectively, be amenable to prevention of bleeding.

Predictors of immediate bleeding during endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric lesions

BACKGROUND

Although there have been several reports regarding complications, especially immediate bleeding, of endoscopic mucosal resection for a gastric neoplasm, little is known about the predictors of complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Thus, this study was performed to evaluate the predictive factors for immediate bleeding during ESD procedures.

METHODS

We analyzed 167 patients with 167 gastric lesions from June 2006 to June 2007. Patient-related variables (age, gender, history of aspirin or anti-platelet agents, triple therapy for H. pylori, and use of a proton pump inhibitor), endoscopic variables (lesion size, location, type, and mucosal ulceration), procedure-related variables (procedure time and volume of submucosal injection), and the pathology diagnosis were evaluated as potential risk factors.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 62 years. The mean size of the lesions was 15 mm. The overall en bloc resection rate was 98.2%. Immediate bleeding occurred in 20 out of 167 patients. Delayed bleeding was seen in only three patients within 24 h after the procedure. Older age and the location of the lesions (antrum) were associated with a lower frequency of bleeding (p = 0.006 and p = 0.007, respectively). On multivariate analysis, an older age (OR 0.931, 95% CI 0.88-0.98) and the location of the lesion (antrum; OR 0.254, 95% CI 0.09-0.69) were significant predictive factors for a successful ESD without bleeding.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study demonstrated that age and lesion location were related to the ESD procedure outcome.