Association of pancreatic autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen haplotypes with resolution of diabetes mellitus after therapy for hepatitis C virus infection in patients with HIV infection: case report and review of literature

Characteristics of Interferon-Associated Diabetes Mellitus in Past 30 Years: A Review

Interferon (IFN) is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that activates cell surface receptors and causes cells to produce antiviral proteins, inhibiting viral replication. Interferon use has long been associated with diabetes. The PubMed database was searched for articles related to diabetes and interferon from March 30, 2020. Patients were divided into type 1 diabetes group and type 2 diabetes group. We reviewed the relevant literature to compare interferon-associated T1D and interferon-associated T2D differences. Interferon treatment shortened the incubation period of T2D and changed the original T2D to T1D. The onset of interferon-associated T1D required longer periods of IFN treatment than interferon-associated T2D, and the interferon-associated T1D group had higher GADA positive rates, lower BMI, lower fasting blood glucose, and greater insulin dependence (p<0.05). More patients in the T1D group were positive for HLA-DRB1*04, DRB1*03, DRB1*09, DRB1*14, HLA-DQB1*04, HLA-DQB1*02, HLA-DQB1*03, and HLA-DQB1*05. The combined detection of GAD antibodies and HLA alleles may be an effective method to predict the incidence of T1D after IFN treatment.

Diabetes and HIV: current understanding and future perspectives

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a higher risk of associated infections. HIV infection severely affects diabetic patients and acts as a significant health concern. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed HIV from an acute infection to a chronic infection with associated significant metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and lipodystrophy. These metabolic disturbances add complexity to the standards of care in HIV infection and further increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and renal complications. The co-association of diabetes and HIV needs to be managed appropriately to prevent mortality and morbidity and improve patient outcome. The current understanding of diabetes and other metabolic abnormalities along with management strategies in HIV infected patients are summarized in this article. The review also focuses on recent challenges in the diagnosis and management of co-existent diabetes and HIV infection.