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Yang CT, Yen HH, Chen YY, Su PY, Huang SP. Radiation Exposure among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Single-Medical-Center Retrospective Analysis in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175050. [PMID: 36078980 PMCID: PMC9457207 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disease that can be complicated by abscesses, fistulas, or strictures of the damaged bowel. Endoscopy or imaging studies are required to diagnose and monitor the treatment response or complications of the disease. Due to the low incidence of the disease in Taiwan, the pattern of radiation exposure from medical imaging has not been well studied previously. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the pattern of radiation exposure in 134 Taiwanese IBD patients (45 CD and 89 UC) diagnosed and followed at Changhua Christian Hospital from January 2010 to December 2020. We reviewed the patient demographic data and radiation-containing image studies performed during the follow-up. The cumulative effective dose (CED) was calculated for each patient. During a median follow-up of 4 years, the median CED was higher for patients with CD (median CED 21.2, IQR 12.1−32.8) compared to patients with UC (median CED 2.1, IQR 0−5.6) (p < 0.001). In addition, the CD patients had a trend of a higher rate of cumulative ≥50 mSv compared with the UC patients (6.7% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.110). In conclusion, our study found a higher radiation exposure among CD patients compared to patients with UC, representing the complicated nature of the disease. Therefore, increasing the use of radiation-free medical imaging such as intestinal ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging should be advocated in daily practice to decrease the risk of excessive radiation exposure in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ta Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Heng Yen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- General Education Center, Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yang-Yuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Hospitality Management, MingDao University, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Su
- Division of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Ping Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
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2
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Goodsall TM, Noy R, Nguyen TM, Costello SP, Jairath V, Bryant RV. Systematic Review: Patient Perceptions of Monitoring Tools in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2020; 4:e31-e41. [PMID: 33855269 PMCID: PMC8023822 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong disease requiring frequent assessment to guide treatment and prevent flares or progression. Multiple tools are available for clinicians to monitor disease activity; however, there are a paucity of data to inform which monitoring tools are most acceptable to patients. The review aims to describe the available evidence for patient preference, satisfaction, tolerance and/or acceptability of the available monitoring tools in adults with IBD. Methods Embase, Medline, Cochrane Central and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from January 1980 to April 2019 for all study types reporting on the perspectives of adults with confirmed IBD on monitoring tools, where two or more tools were compared. Outcome measures with summary and descriptive data were presented. Results In 10 studies evaluating 1846 participants, monitoring tools included venipuncture, stool collection, gastrointestinal ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, wireless capsule endoscopy, barium follow-through and endoscopy. Outcome domains were patient satisfaction, acceptability of monitoring tool and patient preference. Noninvasive investigations were preferable to endoscopy in nine studies. When assessed, gastrointestinal ultrasound was consistently associated with greater acceptability and satisfaction compared with endoscopy or other imaging modalities. Conclusions Adults with IBD preferred noninvasive investigations, in particular gastrointestinal ultrasound, as compared to endoscopy for monitoring disease activity. When assessing disease activity, patient perceptions should be considered in the selection of monitoring tools. Further research should address whether adpoting monitoring approaches considered more acceptable to patients results in greater satisfaction, adherence and ultimately more beneficial clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Goodsall
- Gastroenterology Department, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Richard Noy
- Radiology Department, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Tran M Nguyen
- Robarts Clinical Trials Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel P Costello
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Vipul Jairath
- Robarts Clinical Trials Inc., London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert V Bryant
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Cushing KC, Kordbacheh H, Gee MS, Kambadakone A, Ananthakrishnan AN. CT-Visualized Colonic Mural Stratification Independently Predicts the Need for Medical or Surgical Rescue Therapy in Hospitalized Ulcerative Colitis Patients. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2265-2272. [PMID: 30796684 PMCID: PMC6656612 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe ulcerative colitis is associated with significant morbidity. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans are frequently obtained upon hospital admission, but the ability of radiographic findings to predict steroid failure is unknown. AIM To identify MDCT features predictive of inpatient rescue in hospitalized UC. METHODS Patients hospitalized with UC who underwent a CT scan within 48 h of hospitalization were retrospectively identified. Radiologists blinded to the outcome prospectively evaluated CT scans for the presence of bowel wall thickening, stranding, and hyperenhancement as well as mural stratification, mesenteric hyperemia, and proximal dilation. Logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders was used to test the independent association between radiographic findings and need for rescue therapy. RESULTS The study cohort included 74 patients. The mean age of the group was 45 years, and two-thirds (66%) were male. Twenty-eight (38%) patients required either inpatient medical rescue or colectomy. The mean number of positive radiographic findings was 4.4 (range 2-6) with a higher median number of findings in those who required rescue therapy (5 vs. 4, p = 0.03). Mural stratification was significantly more common among those who required rescue therapy (92% vs. 49%, p = 0.001). No other radiographic findings were independently associated with inpatient rescue. On multivariable analysis, mural stratification (OR 14.9, 95% CI 2.76-80.2) and number of positive findings (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.06-4.16) remained independently predictive of the need for rescue therapy. CONCLUSIONS Mural stratification was highly predictive of steroid refractoriness and need for medical or surgical rescue therapy in hospitalized UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Cushing
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Kordbacheh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S. Gee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avinash Kambadakone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review discusses the roles of small bowel capsule endoscopy and deep enteroscopy in patients with Crohn's disease. It highlights recent advances in the field and identifies areas where evidence is lacking. RECENT FINDINGS Small bowel capsule endoscopy has an important role in the follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease after escalation of therapy and in the postoperative assessment period following surgical resection. Device-assisted enteroscopy offers the therapeutic advantage of small bowel dilatation, which may result in a reduction in the number of surgical resections required, thus avoiding long-term complications, such as short bowel syndrome and malabsorption. SUMMARY Capsule endoscopy has an established role in the diagnosis and management of small bowel Crohn's disease. It is used in the setting of suspected Crohn's disease when ileocolonoscopy is negative and for the assessment of extent of small bowel disease in established Crohn's disease. It is relatively well tolerated because of the provision of patency capsule endoscopy to minimize the risk of inadvertent capsule retention. Device-assisted enteroscopy aids with the diagnosis of Crohn's disease as it enables histology to be taken from inflamed areas within the small bowel. Therapeutic procedures can be carried out during device-assisted enteroscopy including dilatation of Crohn's disease-related strictures and retrieval of retained capsules.
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5
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M'Koma AE. The Multifactorial Etiopathogeneses Interplay of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2019; 1:75-105. [PMID: 37577036 PMCID: PMC10416806 DOI: 10.3390/gidisord1010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system where inflammatory bowel disease occurs is central to the immune system where the innate and the adaptive/acquired immune systems are balanced in interactions with gut microbes under homeostasis conditions. This article overviews the high-throughput research screening on multifactorial interplay between genetic risk factors, the intestinal microbiota, urbanization, modernization, Westernization, the environmental influences and immune responses in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Inflammatory bowel disease is an expensive multifactorial debilitating disease that affects thousands new people annually worldwide with no known etiology or cure. The conservative therapeutics focus on the established pathology where the immune dysfunction and gut injury have already happened but do not preclude or delay the progression. Inflammatory bowel disease is evolving globally and has become a global emergence disease. It is largely known to be a disease in industrial-urbanized societies attributed to modernization and Westernized lifestyle associated with environmental factors to genetically susceptible individuals with determined failure to process certain commensal antigens. In the developing nations, increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with rapid urbanization, modernization and Westernization of the population. In summary, there are identified multiple associations to host exposures potentiating the landscape risk hazards of inflammatory bowel disease trigger, that include: Western life-style and diet, host genetics, altered innate and/or acquired/adaptive host immune responses, early-life microbiota exposure, change in microbiome symbiotic relationship (dysbiosis/dysbacteriosis), pollution, changing hygiene status, socioeconomic status and several other environmental factors have long-standing effects/influence tolerance. The ongoing multipronged robotic studies on gut microbiota composition disparate patterns between the rural vs. urban locations may help elucidate and better understand the contribution of microbiome disciplines/ecology and evolutionary biology in potentially protecting against the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amosy E M'Koma
- Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Colon and Rectal Surgery, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), Arlington Heights, IL 60005, USA
- The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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6
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Bryant RV, Friedman AB, Wright EK, Taylor KM, Begun J, Maconi G, Maaser C, Novak KL, Kucharzik T, Atkinson NSS, Asthana A, Gibson PR. Gastrointestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease: an underused resource with potential paradigm-changing application. Gut 2018; 67:973-985. [PMID: 29437914 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of treatment targets in IBD has increased the need for objective monitoring of disease activity to guide therapeutic strategy. Although mucosal healing is the current target of therapy in IBD, endoscopy is invasive, expensive and unappealing to patients. GI ultrasound (GIUS) represents a non-invasive modality to assess disease activity in IBD. It is accurate, cost-effective and reproducible. GIUS can be performed at the point of care without specific patient preparation so as to facilitate clinical decision-making. As compared with ileocolonoscopy and other imaging modalities (CT and MRI), GIUS is accurate in diagnosing IBD, detecting complications of disease including fistulae, strictures and abscesses, monitoring disease activity and detecting postoperative disease recurrence. International groups increasingly recognise GIUS as a valuable tool with paradigm-changing application in the management of IBD; however, uptake outside parts of continental Europe has been slow and GIUS is underused in many countries. The aim of this review is to present a pragmatic guide to the positioning of GIUS in IBD clinical practice, providing evidence for use, algorithms for integration into practice, training pathways and a strategic implementation framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Venning Bryant
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Antony B Friedman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Kate Wright
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirstin M Taylor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Maaser
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Teaching Hospital Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Kerri L Novak
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Torsten Kucharzik
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University Teaching Hospital Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | | | - Anil Asthana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Koliani-Pace J, Vaughn B, Herzig SJ, Davis RB, Gashin L, Obuch J, Cheifetz AS. Utility of Emergency Department Use of Abdominal Pelvic Computed Tomography in the Management of Crohn's Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 50:859-864. [PMID: 26974753 PMCID: PMC5018411 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
GOAL The primary aim of this study was to determine predictors of clinically significant computed tomography (CT) scans, paying particular attention to findings of previous CT scans. BACKGROUND Use of CT to assess patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in the Emergency Department (ED) is both costly and exposes patients to high levels of ionizing radiation while not clearly improving outcomes. STUDY Patients with CD who underwent CT scan in the Emergency Department from 2008 to 2011 at a tertiary referral center were assessed for clinically significant findings. A multivariable generalized estimating equation model with logit link and exchangeable working correlation structure was constructed to assess for independent predictors of CT scans with clinically significant findings. RESULTS A total of 118 patients with CD underwent 194 CT scans. Ninety-two of 194 (47%) CT scans demonstrated clinically significant findings. Predictors of clinically significant CT scans included ileal disease involvement [odds ratios (OR) 3.47, P=0.01] and white blood cell count >12 (OR 2.1, P=0.03). Most notably, patients with a CT scan without clinically significant findings performed in the preceding month were significantly less likely to have a clinically significant CT scan (OR 0.23, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CD who had a CT scan without significant findings the month prior are unlikely to have clinically significant CT findings. Ileal disease and an elevated white blood cell are predictive of clinically significant CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Koliani-Pace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Byron Vaughn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Shoshana J. Herzig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Roger B. Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Laurie Gashin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Joshua Obuch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Adam S. Cheifetz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
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8
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Naidu J, Wong Z, Palaniappan S, Ngiu CS, Yaacob NY, Abdul Hamid H, Hikmah Elias M, Mokhtar NM, Raja Ali RA. Radiation Exposure in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a Fourteen-Year Review at a Tertiary Care Centre in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:933-939. [PMID: 28545190 PMCID: PMC5494242 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.4.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are subjected to a large amount of ionizing radiation during the course of their illness. This may increase their risk of malignancy to a greater level than that due to the disease itself. In Caucasian patients with Crohn’s disease, this has been well documented and recommendations are in place to avoid high radiation imaging protocols. However, there are limited data available on radiation exposure in Asian IBD patients. We therefore sought to identify total radiation exposure and any differences between ethnically diverse ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients at our centre along with determining factors that may contribute to any variation. Methods: The cumulative effective dose (CED) was calculated retrospectively from 2000 to 2014 using data from our online radiology database and patients’ medical records. Total CED in the IBD population was measured. High exposure was defined as a radiation dose of greater than 0.2mSv (equivalent to slightly less than ½ a year of background radiation). Results: A total of 112 cases of IBD (36 CD and 76 UC) were reviewed. Our CD patients were diagnosed at an earlier age than our UC cases (mean age 26.1 vs 45.7). The total CED in our IBD population was 8.53 (95% CI: 4.53-12.52). Patients with CD were exposed to significantly higher radiation compared to those with UC. The mean CED was 18.6 (7.30-29.87) and 3.65 (1.74-5.56, p=0.01) for CD and UC patients respectively. 2 patients were diagnosed as having a malignancy during follow up with respective CED values of 1.76mSv and 10mSv. Conclusions: CD patients, particularly those with complicated disease, received a higher frequency of diagnostic imaging over a shorter period when compared to UC patients. Usage of low radiation imaging protocols should be encouraged in IBD patients to reduce their risk of consequent malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevinesh Naidu
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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9
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CT and MR enterography in Crohn's disease: current and future applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 40:965-74. [PMID: 25637127 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Haas K, Rubesova E, Bass D. Role of imaging in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease: How much is too much? World J Radiol 2016; 8:124-131. [PMID: 26981221 PMCID: PMC4770174 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong condition with waxing and waning disease course that requires reassessment of disease status as well as screening for complications throughout a patient’s lifetime. Laboratory testing, endoscopic assessment, and fecal biomarkers are often used in the initial diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of a patient with IBD. Imaging plays an integral role in the diagnosis and evaluation of IBD. Different imaging modalities can be used over the course of a patient’s lifetime, from the initial screening and diagnosis of IBD, to determining the extent of intestinal involvement, monitoring for disease activity, and evaluating for complications of uncontrolled IBD. The various imaging modalities available to the provider each have a unique set of risks and benefits when considering cost, radiation exposure, need for anesthesia, and image quality. In this article we review the imaging techniques available for the evaluation of IBD including fluoroscopic small bowel follow-through, computed tomography enterography, magnetic resonance enterography, and transabdominal ultrasound with particular focus on the judicious use of imaging and the risks and benefits of each option. We also review the risks of ionizing radiation, strategies to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation, and current imaging guidelines among pediatric and adult patient with IBD.
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11
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Bettenworth D, Nowacki TM, Cordes F, Buerke B, Lenze F. Assessment of stricturing Crohn's disease: Current clinical practice and future avenues. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1008-1016. [PMID: 26811643 PMCID: PMC4716016 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic remittent idiopathic disease. Although the early phase of the disease is commonly characterized by inflammation-driven symptoms, such as diarrhea, the frequency of fibrostenotic complications in patients with CD increases over the long-term course of the disease. This review presents the current diagnostic options for assessing CD-associated strictures. In addition to the endoscopic evaluation of CD strictures, this review summarizes the currently available imaging modalities, including ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging techniques. In addition to stricture detection, differentiating between the primarily inflammatory strictures and the predominantly fibrotic ones is essential for selecting the appropriate treatment strategy (anti-inflammatory medical treatment vs endoscopical or surgical approaches). Therefore, recent imaging advances, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound and ultrasound elastography, contribute to the development of non-invasive non-radiating imaging of CD-associated strictures. Finally, novel magnetic resonance imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted, motility and magnetization transfer imaging, as well as 18F-FDG PET/CT, molecular imaging approaches and biomarkers, are critically reviewed with regard to their potential role in assessing stricturing CD.
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12
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Civitelli F, Casciani E, Maccioni F, Oliva S, Al Ansari N, Bonocore V, Cucchiara S. Use of Imaging Techniques in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases That Minimize Radiation Exposure. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2015; 17:28. [PMID: 26122246 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-015-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of imaging in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has grown exponentially in the last few years. This has raised concerns about the risk of high cumulative level of radiation exposure from medical imaging in IBD patients during their lifetime, especially when the disease begins in pediatric age. Physicians caring for IBD children should be aware of the malignant potential of ionizing radiation and of the availability of alternative radiation-free techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US), in order to use them whenever possible. This review will focus on the value of US and MRI in pediatric IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunata Civitelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324-00161, Rome, Italy,
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13
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Wallihan DB, Podberesky DJ, Sullivan J, Denson LA, Zhang B, Salisbury SR, Towbin AJ. Diagnostic Performance and Dose Comparison of Filtered Back Projection and Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction Three-dimensional CT Enterography in Children and Young Adults. Radiology 2015; 276:233-42. [PMID: 25654668 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14140468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate diagnostic performance and radiation dose with the use of computed tomographic (CT) enterography in children and young adults and to compare reconstruction with filtered back projection (FBP) to that with adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR) with three-dimensional (3D) processing. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective investigation was HIPAA compliant and approved by the institutional review board. Informed consent was waived. CT enterographic examinations performed between October 2008 and June 2009 with FBP and between August 2012 and April 2014 with AIDR 3D in patients who had received histologic evaluation within 45 days of imaging were included. Two reviewers retrospectively and independently evaluated the studies for findings of active inflammation, and diagnostic performance and interreader reliability were assessed. The reference standard was histologic findings. Objective and subjective image quality also was assessed. The size-specific dose estimate was compared between the two groups. Two-sample t tests or analysis of variance tests were performed to assess for differences in diagnostic accuracy, image quality, and radiation dose between the FBP and AIDR 3D examinations. RESULTS Fifty patients were included in the FBP group (mean age, 14.1 years; range, 8-21 years) and 68 patients were in the AIDR 3D group (mean age, 13.2 years; range, 2-29 years). Sensitivity and specificity for detection of active inflammation were 96% (26 of 27) and 96% (22 of 23), respectively, for the FBP group and 90% (45 of 50) and 89% (16 of 18), respectively, for the AIDR 3D group. Dichotomous interreader reliability (κ) for the entire group was 0.86. The mean size-specific dose estimate for all weights was significantly lower for the AIDR 3D group (6.1 mGy ± 2.1) than that for the FBP group (16.7 mGy ± 5.2; P < .0001). No significant difference was found in objective image noise for soft-tissue structures (P = .2-.8). CONCLUSION CT enterography is highly accurate for detection of active inflammation in pediatric patients and has excellent interreader reliability. Reduced-dose CT enterography with AIDR 3D allowed substantial dose reduction compared with that used with FBP CT enterographic examinations, while maintaining a high diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Wallihan
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
| | - Daniel J Podberesky
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
| | - John Sullivan
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
| | - Lee A Denson
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
| | - Bin Zhang
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
| | - Shelia R Salisbury
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
| | - Alexander J Towbin
- From the Department of Radiology (D.B.W., D.J.P., J.S., A.J.T.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology (L.A.D.), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (B.Z., S.R.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45241
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14
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Estay C, Simian D, Lubascher J, Figueroa C, O'Brien A, Quera R. Ionizing radiation exposure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: are we overexposing our patients? J Dig Dis 2015; 16:83-9. [PMID: 25420751 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imaging techniques are accurate and reliable in diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the main disadvantage of computed tomography (CT) compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is radiation exposure and the potential risk of cancer, especially since IBD patients are at increased risk of malignancies. This study aims to quantify and characterize effective radiation exposure of IBD patients. METHODS A cohort of IBD patients were retrospectively enrolled in the Clínica las Condes IBD registry between 2011 and 2013. High cumulative radiation exposure (CED) was defined as ≥-50 mSv. RESULTS A total of 325 IBD patients were enrolled in our registry, including 243 (74.8%) with UC and 82 (25.2%) with CD. The patients with CD were more commonly to reach a high CED seen compared with those with UC (19.5% vs 2.5%). Higher exposure to radiation was associated with longer duration of disease, ileal involvement, stricturing behavior, treatments with steroids and biological agents and CD-related hospitalization or surgery. Abdominopelvic CT and enteroclysis CT accounted for 93.6% of total CED. CONCLUSIONS A high percentage of IBD patients are exposed to high CED. Radiation-free cross-sectional examinations, such as MRI, should be used, especially in young patients, those who have undergone prior surgery and those with severe IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Estay
- Academic Research Unit, Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Resident of Internal Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Value of Red Cell Distribution Width for Assessing Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease. Am J Med Sci 2015; 349:42-5. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Radiologic investigations continue to play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of pathologic conditions of the small intestine despite enhancement of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy. Imaging techniques continue to evolve and new techniques in MRI in particular, are being developed. RECENT FINDINGS Continued advances in computed tomography (CT) and MRI techniques have reinforced the importance of these imaging modalities in small bowel assessment. The more invasive enteroclysis technique yields better small bowel distension for both CT and MRI when compared with peroral enterography, but no clinically significant difference is seen in terms of diagnostic accuracy. Recent concern regarding radiation exposure means that MRI is gaining in popularity. Fluoroscopic studies such as barium follow through and small bowel enteroclysis are being replaced by the cross-sectional alternatives. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is showing results comparable with CT and MRI, but concern remains regarding reproducibility, especially outside centres that specialize in advanced sonographic techniques. SUMMARY CT and MRI enterography are comparable first-line modalities for patients with suspected small bowel disease, but magnetic resonance enterography is favoured given the absence of ionizing radiation. Capsule endoscopy is a reasonable alternative investigation in exploration of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss, but is best kept as a second-line test in patients with other symptoms.
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