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Xu Z, Lu Q, Chen L, Ruan C, Bai Y, Zou Y, Ge J. Role of Lymphangiogenesis in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2023; 19:37-46. [PMID: 38028969 PMCID: PMC10655763 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article highlights the importance of the structure and function of cardiac lymphatics in cardiovascular diseases and the therapeutic potential of cardiac lymphangiogenesis. Specifically, we explore the innate lymphangiogenic response to damaged cardiac tissue or cardiac injury, derive key findings from regenerative models demonstrating how robust lymphangiogenic responses can be supported to improve cardiac function, and introduce an approach to imaging the structure and function of cardiac lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyun Xu
- Shanghai East Hospital Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Shanghai East Hospital Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chengchao Ruan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingnan Bai
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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2
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Valtuille R. Cardiovascular Risk Related to Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Nondiabetic Individuals: Increasing Visibility is Crucial. Curr Hypertens Rev 2023; 19:139-148. [PMID: 38018215 DOI: 10.2174/0115734021268893231116045914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular hyperfiltration (GHF), defined by different estimation formulas, has been widely studied as a predictor of proteinuria and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic patients. GHF is also an important cardiovascular (CV) risk factor and is related to allcause mortality in non-diabetic populations; however, the upper limit of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) above which it indicates the presence of GHF is weakly defined. This higher risk is as high as in the intermediate stages of CKD and is greater than the presence of diabetes or smoking and is still present in non-albuminuria patients. The original Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) estimation GFR formula showed lower error at higher glomerular filtration (GF) values, was the most used in population studies, and behaved as a better risk predictor. In our review (including approximately 3.6 million individuals), higher GFR values related to increased mortality risk varied from 106.6 to 113.7 ml/min, which are usually not considered risk values for standard guidelines in non-albuminuric patients. However, the lack of consensus on a GF cutoff value, as well as its variability due to sex and progressive reduction with age, affect the knowledge of this serious phenomenon in clinical practice. Although the elderly population is not exempted from the effects of GHF, the search for this phenomenon should be intensified in middle-aged populations because of their lower disease burden, where this situation may be more evident, and the possibility of reversing the consequences is greater. A population group often considered healthy includes obese people, essential hypertensives, smokers, and carriers of fatty liver, where the GHF phenomenon is frequent and is associated with CV disease, kidney disease, and higher mortality. Increasing its visibility by the medical community is essential to reduce the effects of GHF, emphasizing more frequent controls and implementing general measures that include strict control of hypertension, Na restriction, rich in vegetables diets and increased physical activity. Initiatives to confirm the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors to treat isolated GHF would be an important breakthrough in reducing the severe consequences of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Valtuille
- Diplomatura Terapias Reemplazo Renal, Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales, Caracas 4599 C1419 EJU, Argentina
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3
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Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability by Modulation of Cutaneous Nitric Oxide Stores. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092124. [PMID: 36140225 PMCID: PMC9496039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of nitric oxide (NO) in the skin plays a critical role in wound healing and the response to several stimuli, such as UV exposure, heat, infection, and inflammation. Furthermore, in the human body, NO is involved in vascular homeostasis and the regulation of blood pressure. Physiologically, a family of enzymes termed nitric oxide synthases (NOS) generates NO. In addition, there are many methods of non-enzymatic/NOS-independent NO generation, e.g., the reduction of NO derivates (NODs) such as nitrite, nitrate, and nitrosylated proteins under certain conditions. The skin is the largest and heaviest human organ and contains a comparatively high concentration of these NODs; therefore, it represents a promising target for many therapeutic strategies for NO-dependent pathological conditions. In this review, we give an overview of how the cutaneous NOD stores can be targeted and modulated, leading to a further accumulation of NO-related compounds and/or the local and systemic release of bioactive NO, and eventually, NO-related physiological effects with a potential therapeutical use for diseases such as hypertension, disturbed microcirculation, impaired wound healing, and skin infections.
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4
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Jhee JH, Park HC, Choi HY. Skin Sodium and Blood Pressure Regulation. Electrolyte Blood Press 2022; 20:1-9. [DOI: 10.5049/ebp.2022.20.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Jhee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheon Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Young Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Artyukov I, Arutyunov G, Bobrov M, Bukreeva I, Cedola A, Dragunov D, Feshchenko R, Fratini M, Mitrokhin V, Sokolova A, Vinogradov A, Gianoncelli A. The first observation of osmotically neutral sodium accumulation in the myocardial interstitium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22025. [PMID: 34764351 PMCID: PMC8585917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the detection and quantification of the Na+ depositions in the extracellular matrix of myocardial tissue, which are suggested to be bound by negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) structures. The presented experimental results are based on high resolution X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectromicroscopy technique used to perform a comparative analysis of sodium containment in intracellular and interstitial spaces of cardiac tissues taken from animals selected by low and high sodium intake rates. The experimental results obtained show that high sodium daily intake can result in a remarkable increase of sodium content in the myocardial interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Artyukov
- P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute RAS, 53 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - G Arutyunov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M Bobrov
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 61/2 Shchepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - I Bukreeva
- P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute RAS, 53 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, 5 Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A Cedola
- CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, 5 Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - D Dragunov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - R Feshchenko
- P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute RAS, 53 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M Fratini
- CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, 5 Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - V Mitrokhin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A Sokolova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A Vinogradov
- P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute RAS, 53 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A Gianoncelli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
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6
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Mycosporine-like amino acids: Algal metabolites shaping the safety and sustainability profiles of commercial sunscreens. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Valtuille R. Potential Novel Benefits of Sodium Restriction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Curr Hypertens Rev 2021; 17:59-66. [PMID: 32538730 DOI: 10.2174/1573402116666200615152139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a global public health issue, and it has been considered as the epidemic of the 21st century. Therefore, all initiatives addressed to slow down the evolution and complications of this condition should be well received. While the effects of salt reduction on cardiovascular disease have some controversial issues, in chronic kidney disease, such a policy is beneficial in multiple aspects. In chronic kidney disease patients, dietary sodium restriction is regularly recommended to control extracellular fluid expansion, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Instead, the effects of sodium reduction on chronic kidney disease progression are still controversial. In the last years, potentially beneficial effects of a low sodium diet on chronic kidney disease evolution have emerged. Firstly, recent magnetic resonance-based findings of increased Na depots in skin and muscle associated with renal function, ageing and sodium intake open a vast body of investigation as a potential tool for monitoring effects of sodium restriction. In this narrative review, we also discussed novel aspects of sodium restriction in chronic kidney disease to manage metabolic acidosis as well as renal effects on fibroblast growth factor 23 or gut microbiota. Beyond current evidence, these approaches showed that common findings of kidney failure environment such as sodium -sensitivity, micro-inflammation, arterial stiffness metabolic acidosis and sarcopenia could be delayed controlling dietary sodium. Additional studies are now needed in populations with chronic kidney disease to confirm these new findings, addressed to slow down the evolution and complications of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Valtuille
- Department of Clinical Research, Universidad Nacional Guillermo Brown, 2289 Espora Avenue, Burzaco, B1852FZD Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Kovarik JJ, Morisawa N, Wild J, Marton A, Takase‐Minegishi K, Minegishi S, Daub S, Sands JM, Klein JD, Bailey JL, Kovalik J, Rauh M, Karbach S, Hilgers KF, Luft F, Nishiyama A, Nakano D, Kitada K, Titze J. Adaptive physiological water conservation explains hypertension and muscle catabolism in experimental chronic renal failure. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13629. [PMID: 33590667 PMCID: PMC8244025 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim We have reported earlier that a high salt intake triggered an aestivation‐like natriuretic‐ureotelic body water conservation response that lowered muscle mass and increased blood pressure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar adaptive water conservation response occurs in experimental chronic renal failure. Methods In four subsequent experiments in Sprague Dawley rats, we used surgical 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6 Nx) to induce chronic renal failure. We studied solute and water excretion in 24‐hour metabolic cage experiments, chronic blood pressure by radiotelemetry, chronic metabolic adjustment in liver and skeletal muscle by metabolomics and selected enzyme activity measurements, body Na+, K+ and water by dry ashing, and acute transepidermal water loss in conjunction with skin blood flow and intra‐arterial blood pressure. Results 5/6 Nx rats were polyuric, because their kidneys could not sufficiently concentrate the urine. Physiological adaptation to this renal water loss included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle for organic osmolyte production, elevated norepinephrine and copeptin levels with reduced skin blood flow, which by means of compensation reduced their transepidermal water loss. This complex physiologic‐metabolic adjustment across multiple organs allowed the rats to stabilize their body water content despite persisting renal water loss, albeit at the expense of hypertension and catabolic mobilization of muscle protein. Conclusion Physiological adaptation to body water loss, termed aestivation, is an evolutionary conserved survival strategy and an under‐studied research area in medical physiology, which besides hypertension and muscle mass loss in chronic renal failure may explain many otherwise unexplainable phenomena in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J. Kovarik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Department of Internal Medicine III Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Norihiko Morisawa
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Johannes Wild
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Adriana Marton
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Kaoru Takase‐Minegishi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Steffen Daub
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Jeff M. Sands
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Janet D. Klein
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - James L. Bailey
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jean‐Paul Kovalik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Division of Paediatrics Research Laboratory Erlangen Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Karl F. Hilgers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
| | - Friedrich Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellow Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Jens Titze
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
- Division of Nephrology Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC USA
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9
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Zakynthinos GE, Stavrou VT, Malli F, Papathanasiou IV, Zakynthinos Ε, Gourgoulianis KI, Kalabakas K, Karagiannis D, Basdekis G. The Effect of Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Healthy Adults. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1337:315-321. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78771-4_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Pedić L, Pondeljak N, Šitum M. Recent information on photoaging mechanisms and the preventive role of topical sunscreen products. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2020. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Silva IMS, Assersen KB, Willadsen NN, Jepsen J, Artuc M, Steckelings UM. The role of the renin‐angiotensin system in skin physiology and pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:891-901. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maciel Souza Silva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Kasper Bostlund Assersen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Natalie Nanette Willadsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Julie Jepsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Metin Artuc
- Department of Dermatology Charité – Medical Faculty Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
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12
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Williams ML. Global warming, heat-related illnesses, and the dermatologist. Int J Womens Dermatol 2020; 7:70-84. [PMID: 33537396 PMCID: PMC7838243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming, provoked by the greenhouse effect of high levels of atmospheric gases (most notably carbon dioxide and methane), directly threatens human health and survival. Individuals vary in their capacity to tolerate episodes of extreme heat. Because skin is the organ tasked with heat dissipation, it is important for dermatologists to be versed in the physiology of cutaneous heat dissipation and cognizant of clinical settings in which the skin’s thermoregulatory responses may be impaired. When the external temperature is lower than that of the skin, the skin releases internal heat through direct thermal exchange with the environment, a process that is aided by an expansion of cutaneous blood flow and eccrine sweating. Cooling through the evaporation of sweat is effective even when the external temperature exceeds that of skin. Many factors, including environmental and physiological (e.g., age and sex), and pathological (e.g., preexisting illnesses, disorders of eccrine function, and medications) considerations, affect the skin’s capacity to thermoregulate. Identification of individuals at increased risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality will become increasingly important in the care of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Williams
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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13
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Garcia-Vaz E, McNeilly AD, Berglund LM, Ahmad A, Gallagher JR, Dutius Andersson AM, McCrimmon RJ, Zetterqvist AV, Gomez MF, Khan F. Inhibition of NFAT Signaling Restores Microvascular Endothelial Function in Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:424-435. [PMID: 31806622 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Central to the development of diabetic macro- and microvascular disease is endothelial dysfunction, which appears well before any clinical sign but, importantly, is potentially reversible. We previously demonstrated that hyperglycemia activates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in conduit and medium-sized resistance arteries and that NFAT blockade abolishes diabetes-driven aggravation of atherosclerosis. In this study, we test whether NFAT plays a role in the development of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. NFAT-dependent transcriptional activity was elevated in skin microvessels of diabetic Akita (Ins2 +/- ) mice when compared with nondiabetic littermates. Treatment of diabetic mice with the NFAT blocker A-285222 reduced NFATc3 nuclear accumulation and NFAT-luciferase transcriptional activity in skin microvessels, resulting in improved microvascular function, as assessed by laser Doppler imaging and iontophoresis of acetylcholine and localized heating. This improvement was abolished by pretreatment with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor l-N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, while iontophoresis of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside eliminated the observed differences. A-285222 treatment enhanced dermis endothelial NO synthase expression and plasma NO levels of diabetic mice. It also prevented induction of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and osteopontin, lowered plasma endothelin-1 and blood pressure, and improved mouse survival without affecting blood glucose. In vivo inhibition of NFAT may represent a novel therapeutic modality to preserve endothelial function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Garcia-Vaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Lisa M Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R Gallagher
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | | | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Anna V Zetterqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K.
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14
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Canaud B, Kooman J, Selby NM, Taal M, Francis S, Kopperschmidt P, Maierhofer A, Kotanko P, Titze J. Sodium and water handling during hemodialysis: new pathophysiologic insights and management approaches for improving outcomes in end-stage kidney disease. Kidney Int 2020; 95:296-309. [PMID: 30665570 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Space medicine and new technology such as magnetic resonance imaging of tissue sodium stores (23NaMRI) have changed our understanding of human sodium homeostasis and pathophysiology. It has become evident that body sodium comprises 3 main components. Two compartments have been traditionally recognized, namely one that is circulating and systemically active via its osmotic action, and one slowly exchangeable pool located in the bones. The third, recently described pool represents sodium stored in skin and muscle interstitium, and it is implicated in cell and biologic activities via local hypertonicity and sodium clearance mechanisms. This in-depth review provides a comprehensive view on the pathophysiology and existing knowledge gaps of systemic hemodynamic and tissue sodium accumulation in dialysis patients. Furthermore, we discuss how the combination of novel technologies to quantitate tissue salt accumulation (e.g., 23NaMRI) with devices to facilitate the precise attainment of a prescribed hemodialytic sodium mass balance (e.g., sodium and water balancing modules) will improve our therapeutic approach to sodium management in dialysis patients. While prospective studies are required, we think that these new diagnostic and sodium balancing tools will enhance our ability to pursue more personalized therapeutic interventions on sodium and water management, with the eventual goal of improving dialysis patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Canaud
- Centre for Medical Excellence, Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jeroen Kooman
- Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum - Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas M Selby
- Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Campus, Derby, UK
| | - Maarten Taal
- Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Campus, Derby, UK
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Kotanko
- Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jens Titze
- Division of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Duke-NUS, Singapore; Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Clinic Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Polychronopoulou E, Braconnier P, Burnier M. New Insights on the Role of Sodium in the Physiological Regulation of Blood Pressure and Development of Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:136. [PMID: 31608291 PMCID: PMC6756190 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise maintenance of sodium and fluid balance is an essential step in the regulation of blood pressure and alterations of this balance may lead to the development of hypertension. In recent years, several new advances were made in our understanding of the interaction between sodium and blood pressure regulation. The first is the discovery made possible with by new technology, such as 23Na-MRI, that sodium can be stored non-osmotically in tissues including the skin and muscles particularly when subjects are on a high sodium diet or have a reduced renal capacity to excrete sodium. These observations prompted the refinement of the original model of regulation of sodium balance from a two-compartment model comprising the extracellular fluid within the intravascular and interstitial spaces to a three-compartment model that includes the intracellular space of some tissues, most prominently the skin. In this new model, the immune system plays a role, thereby supporting many previous studies indicating that the immune system is a crucial co-contributor to the maintenance of hypertension through pro-hypertensive effects in the kidney, vasculature, and brain. Lastly, there is now evidence that sodium can affect the gut microbiome, and induce pro-inflammatory and immune responses, which might contribute to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erietta Polychronopoulou
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Braconnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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de la Coba F, Aguilera J, Korbee N, de Gálvez MV, Herrera-Ceballos E, Álvarez-Gómez F, Figueroa FL. UVA and UVB Photoprotective Capabilities of Topical Formulations Containing Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs) through Different Biological Effective Protection Factors (BEPFs). Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010055. [PMID: 30646557 PMCID: PMC6356945 DOI: 10.3390/md17010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and stability of synthetic UV-filters and the procedures for evaluating the photoprotective capability of commercial sunscreens are under continuous review. The influence of pH and temperature stressors on the stability of certain Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) isolated at high purity levels was examined. MAAs were highly stable at room temperature during 24 h at pH 4.5–8.5. At 50 °C, MAAs showed instability at pH 10.5 while at 85 °C, progressive disappearances were observed for MAAs through the studied pH range. In alkaline conditions, their degradation was much faster. Mycosporine-serinol and porphyra-334 (+shinorine) were the most stable MAAs under the conditions tested. They were included in four cosmetically stable topical sunscreens, of which the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and other Biological Effective Protection Factors (BEPFs) were calculated. The formulation containing these MAAs showed similar SPF and UVB-BEPFs values as those of the reference sunscreen, composed of synthetic UV absorbing filters in similar percentages, while UVA-BEPFs values were slightly lower. Current in vitro data strongly suggest that MAAs, as natural and safe UV-absorbing and antioxidant compounds, have high potential for protection against the diverse harmful effects of solar UV radiation. In addition, novel complementary in vitro tests for evaluation of commercial sunscreens efficacy are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca de la Coba
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Photobiology Laboratory, Central Service for Research Support (SCAI), University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Nathalie Korbee
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - María Victoria de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Enrique Herrera-Ceballos
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Félix Álvarez-Gómez
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Félix L Figueroa
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
- Photobiology Laboratory, Central Service for Research Support (SCAI), University of Malaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
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17
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Abstract
The solar radiation range has harmful and beneficial effects. Sunscreens, which selectively block specific spectral regions, may potentially interfere with skin homeostasis. For instance, the ultraviolet (UV) B waveband produces erythema and DNA damage; simultaneously, it induces pre-vitamin D3 synthesis. UVA1 and visible light can both induce pigmentation in skin phototypes IV–VI, and act in synergy to induce erythema and persistent pigment darkening. In contrast, UVA may contribute to blood pressure control and cardioprotection by inducing release of nitric oxide from intracutaneous photolabile nitric oxide derivatives. Finally, infrared A radiation alters the collagen equilibrium of the dermal extracellular matrix but is involved in the regulation of body temperature and in nitric oxide release, with a potential beneficial impact on blood pressure regulation. Ideally, photoprotection should thus be performed with a neutral density filter, mitigating all radiation ranges homogeneously, to maintain solar spectrum homeostasis. Natural compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids are promising natural UV radiation-filtering compounds for an improved homeostasis with our environment. Lastly, we should not forget individual characteristics and behavior, as homeostasis differs according to individual phototypes and skin exposure behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Stengel
- Buenos Aires Skin, Avenida Cordoba 1184, 10 Piso. (1055), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Dietary sodium is an important trigger for hypertension and humans show a heterogeneous blood pressure response to salt intake. The precise mechanisms for this have not been fully explained although renal sodium handling has traditionally been considered to play a central role. Recent Findings Animal studies have shown that dietary salt loading results in non-osmotic sodium accumulation via glycosaminoglycans and lymphangiogenesis in skin mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor-C, both processes attenuating the rise in BP. Studies in humans have shown that skin could be a buffer for sodium and that skin sodium could be a marker of hypertension and salt sensitivity. Summary Skin sodium storage could represent an additional system influencing the response to salt load and blood pressure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viknesh Selvarajah
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Kathleen Connolly
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carmel McEniery
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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19
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Gumz ML. Clocking skin sodium. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R542-R543. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00453.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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20
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Geller AC, Jablonski NG, Pagoto SL, Hay JL, Hillhouse J, Buller DB, Kenney WL, Robinson JK, Weller RB, Moreno MA, Gilchrest BA, Sinclair C, Arndt J, Taber JM, Morris KL, Dwyer LA, Perna FM, Klein WMP, Suls J. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Sun Safety. JAMA Dermatol 2018; 154:88-92. [PMID: 29117315 PMCID: PMC5839662 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overexposure to the sun is associated with an increased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, but indications of improvements in sun protection behavior are poor. Attempts to identify emerging themes in skin cancer control have largely been driven by groups of experts from a single field. In December 2016, 19 experts from various disciplines convened for Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Skin Cancer, a 2-day meeting hosted by the National Academy of Sciences. The group discussed knowledge gaps, perspectives on sun exposure, implications for skin cancer risk and other health outcomes, and new directions. Five themes emerged from the discussion: (1) The definition of risk must be expanded, and categories for skin physiology must be refined to incorporate population diversities. (2) Risky sun exposure often co-occurs with other health-related behaviors. (3) Messages must be nuanced to target at-risk populations. (4) Persons at risk for tanning disorder must be recognized and treated. (5) Sun safety interventions must be scalable. Efficient use of technologies will be required to sharpen messages to specific populations and to integrate them within multilevel interventions. Further interdisciplinary research should address these emerging themes to build effective and sustainable approaches to large-scale behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C. Geller
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nina G. Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Sherry L. Pagoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Jennifer L. Hay
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joel Hillhouse
- Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City
| | | | - W. Larry Kenney
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - June K. Robinson
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Chief Editor, JAMA Dermatology
| | - Richard B. Weller
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Megan A. Moreno
- Division of General Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Barbara A. Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | - Jamie Arndt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Jennifer M. Taber
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerry Suls
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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21
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Selvarajah V, Mäki-Petäjä KM, Pedro L, Bruggraber SF, Burling K, Goodhart AK, Brown MJ, McEniery CM, Wilkinson IB. Novel Mechanism for Buffering Dietary Salt in Humans: Effects of Salt Loading on Skin Sodium, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C, and Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2017; 70:930-937. [PMID: 28974570 PMCID: PMC5640984 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High dietary sodium intake triggers increased blood pressure (BP). Animal studies show that dietary salt loading results in dermal Na+ accumulation and lymphangiogenesis mediated by VEGF-C (vascular endothelial growth factor C), both attenuating the rise in BP. Our objective was to determine whether these mechanisms function in humans. We assessed skin electrolytes, BP, and plasma VEGF-C in 48 healthy participants randomized to placebo (70 mmol sodium/d) and slow sodium (200 mmol/d) for 7 days. Skin Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured in mg/g of wet tissue and expressed as the ratio Na+:K+ to correct for variability in sample hydration. Skin Na+:K+ increased between placebo and slow sodium phases (2.91±0.08 versus 3.12±0.09; P=0.01). In post hoc analysis, there was a suggestion of a sex-specific effect, with a significant increase in skin Na+:K+ in men (2.59±0.09 versus 2.88±0.12; P=0.008) but not women (3.23±0.10 versus 3.36±0.12; P=0.31). Women showed a significant increase in 24-hour mean BP with salt loading (93±1 versus 91±1 mm Hg; P<0.001) while men did not (96±2 versus 96±2 mm Hg; P=0.91). Skin Na+:K+ correlated with BP, stroke volume, and peripheral vascular resistance in men but not in women. No change was noted in plasma VEGF-C. These findings suggest that the skin may buffer dietary Na+, reducing the hemodynamic consequences of increased salt, and this may be influenced by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viknesh Selvarajah
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (V.S., K.M.M-P., A.K.G., C.M.M., I.B.W.); MRC Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom (L.P., S.F.A.B.); NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, United Kingdom (K.B.); and William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B.).
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22
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Holliman G, Lowe D, Cohen H, Felton S, Raj K. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide:A multi-cell and multi-donor analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11105. [PMID: 28894213 PMCID: PMC5593895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence regarding positive effects of exposure to sunlight has led to suggestions that current advice may be overly weighted in favour of avoidance. UV-A has been reported to lower blood pressure, possibly through nitric oxide (NO) production in skin. Here, we set out to investigate effects of UV-A and solar-simulated radiation on the potential source of dermal NO, the effective doses and wavelengths, the responsiveness of different human skin cells, the magnitude of inter-individual differences and the potential influence of age. We utilised isogenic keratinocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, melanocytes and fibroblasts isolated from 36 human skins ranging from neonates to 86 years old. We show that keratinocytes and microvascular endothelial cells show greatest NO release following biologically relevant doses of UV-A. This was consistent across multiple neonatal donors and the effect is maintained in adult keratinocytes. Our observations are consistent with a bi-phasic mechanism by which UV-A can trigger vasodilatory effects. Analyses of NO-production spectra adds further evidence that nitrites in skin cells are the source of UV-mediated NO release. These potentially positive effects of ultraviolet radiation lend support for objective assessment of environmental influence on human health and the idea of “healthy sun exposure”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Holliman
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards,Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Donna Lowe
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards,Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Cohen
- Elizabeth House, 515 Limpsfield Road, Warlingham, Surrey, CR6 9LF, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Felton
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Raj
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards,Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
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23
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Pelegrino MT, Weller RB, Chen X, Bernardes JS, Seabra AB. Chitosan nanoparticles for nitric oxide delivery in human skin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:713-719. [PMID: 30108789 PMCID: PMC6072359 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-based transdermal delivery systems is a promising approach to efficiently carry and deliver therapeutic agents for dermal and systemic administration. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule that plays important roles in human skin such as the control of skin homeostasis, skin defense, control of dermal blood flow, and wound healing. In addition, human skin contains stores of NO derivatives that can be mobilized and release free NO upon UV irradiation with beneficial cardiovascular effects, for instance the control of blood pressure. In this work, the NO donor precursor glutathione (GSH) was encapsulated (encapsulation efficiency of 99.60%) into ultra-small chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) (hydrodynamic size of 30.65 ± 11.90 nm). GSH-CS NPs have a core-shell structure, as revealed by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in which GSH is protected in the nanoparticle core. Nitrosation of GSH by nitrous acid led to the formation of the NO donor S-nitrosogluthathione (GSNO) into CS NPs. The GSNO release from the CS NPs followed a Fickian diffusion described by the Higuchi mathematical model. Topical application of GSNO-CS NPs in intact human skin significantly increased the levels of NO and its derivatives in the epidermis, as assayed by confocal microscopy, and this effect was further enhanced by skin irradiation with UV light. Therefore, NO-releasing CS NPs are suitable materials for transdermal NO delivery to local and/or systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pelegrino
- Exact and Earth Sciences Departament , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Rua São Nicolau, 210 , CEP 09913-030 , Diadema , SP , Brazil
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences , Universidade Federal do ABC , Av. dos Estados 5001 , CEP 09210-580 , Santo André , SP , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 11 4996 8374
| | - R B Weller
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , University of Edinburgh , Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - X Chen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , University of Edinburgh , Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - J S Bernardes
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano) , National Center for Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 , CEP 13083-970 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - A B Seabra
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences , Universidade Federal do ABC , Av. dos Estados 5001 , CEP 09210-580 , Santo André , SP , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 11 4996 8374
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24
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Young AR, Claveau J, Rossi AB. Ultraviolet radiation and the skin: Photobiology and sunscreen photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76:S100-S109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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An alternative hypothesis to the widely held view that renal excretion of sodium accounts for resistance to salt-induced hypertension. Kidney Int 2016; 90:965-973. [PMID: 27546606 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is widely held that in response to high salt diets, normal individuals are acutely and chronically resistant to salt-induced hypertension because they rapidly excrete salt and retain little of it so that their blood volume, and therefore blood pressure, does not increase. Conversely, it is also widely held that salt-sensitive individuals develop salt-induced hypertension because of an impaired renal capacity to excrete salt that causes greater salt retention and blood volume expansion than that which occurs in normal salt-resistant individuals. Here we review results of both acute and chronic salt-loading studies that have compared salt-induced changes in sodium retention and blood volume between normal subjects (salt-resistant normotensive control subjects) and salt-sensitive subjects. The results of properly controlled studies strongly support an alternative view: during acute or chronic increases in salt intake, normal salt-resistant subjects undergo substantial salt retention and do not excrete salt more rapidly, retain less sodium, or undergo lesser blood volume expansion than do salt-sensitive subjects. These observations: (i) directly conflict with the widely held view that renal excretion of sodium accounts for resistance to salt-induced hypertension, and (ii) have implications for contemporary understanding of how various genetic, immunologic, and other factors determine acute and chronic blood pressure responses to high salt diets.
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