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Abstract
As the world's population ages, the treatment of osteoporosis is a major problem to be addressed. The cause of osteoporosis remains unclear. Ca2+ is not only an important component of bones but also plays a key role in osteoporosis treatment. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are one of the TRP channel families that is widely distributed in various organs, playing an important role in the physiological regulation of the human body. Bone formation and bone absorption may require Ca2+ transport via TRPV channels. It has been proven that the TRPV subtypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6) may affect bone metabolism balance through selective regulation of Ca2+. They significantly regulate osteoblast/osteoclast proliferation, differentiation and function. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms of TRPV channels involved in regulation of the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as to discuss the latest developments in current researches, which may provide new clues and directions for an in-depth study of osteoporosis and other related bone metabolic diseases.
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Korkmaz H, Sirin FB, Torus B. Could there be a role of serum zonulin increase in the development of hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine 2021; 72:234-238. [PMID: 32989570 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the serum level of zonulin, which is an intestinal permeability (IP) biomarker, in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and to investigate the relationship between zonulin, calcium, and parathormone (PTH) levels. METHODS The study included 34 healthy control (HC) and 39 patients with PHPT. Serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, albumin, and 24 h urine calcium levels were measured in all groups. Serum levels of zonulin were measured quantitatively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary ultrasonography (to assess the presence of nephrolithiasis) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (to assess the presence of osteoporosis) were used to evaluate complications related to PTHP. RESULTS Serum zonulin levels were significantly higher in the PHPT group than the HC group (p < 0.001). Zonulin levels were significantly positively correlated with plasma PTH and serum calcium levels (r = 0.600, p < 0.001 and r = 0.610, p < 0.001; respectively). There was no correlation between serum zonulin levels and adenoma volume. CONCLUSION Serum zonulin level increases in patients with PHPT. Serum zonulin levels show a moderate/strong positive correlation with serum calcium and plasma PTH levels. This suggests that IP increase may play a role in the development of hypercalcemia in patients with PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Korkmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Cunur, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Fevziye Burcu Sirin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Cunur, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Bora Torus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Cunur, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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Differential bound proteins and adhesive capabilities of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals with various sizes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2210-2223. [PMID: 32956748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals onto renal tubular epithelial cells is one of the critical steps in kidney stone formation. However, effects of crystal size on the crystal adhesive capability remained unclear. This study compared the adhesive capabilities of CaOx monohydrate (COM) crystals with various sizes (<10 μm, 20-30 μm, 50-60 μm, and > 80 μm). Crystal-cell adhesion assay showed size-dependent increase of COM crystal adhesion onto epithelial cell surface using the larger crystals. Identification of apical membrane proteins that could bind to COM crystals by tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-ETD MS/MS) demonstrated size-specific sets of the COM crystal-binding proteins. Among these, numbers of known oxalate-binding proteins and COM crystal receptors were greatest in the set of the largest size (>80 μm). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that adhesive forces between carboxylic-immobilized AFM tip and COM crystal surface and between COM-mounted AFM tip and renal epithelial cell surface were size-dependent (greater for the larger crystals). In summary, the adhesive capability of COM crystals is size-dependent - the larger the greater adhesive capability. These data may help better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of kidney stone formation at an initial stage when renal tubular cells are exposed to various sizes of COM crystals.
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Anglani F, Gianesello L, Beara-Lasic L, Lieske J. Dent disease: A window into calcium and phosphate transport. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7132-7142. [PMID: 31472005 PMCID: PMC6815805 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines calcium and phosphate transport in the kidney through the lens of the rare X-linked genetic disorder Dent disease. Dent disease type 1 (DD1) is caused by mutations in the CLCN5 gene encoding ClC-5, a Cl- /H+ antiporter localized to early endosomes of the proximal tubule (PT). Phenotypic features commonly include low molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP), hypercalciuria, focal global sclerosis and chronic kidney disease; calcium nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and hypophosphatemic rickets are less commonly observed. Although it is not surprising that abnormal endosomal function and recycling in the PT could result in LMWP, it is less clear how ClC-5 dysfunction disturbs calcium and phosphate metabolism. It is known that the majority of calcium and phosphate transport occurs in PT cells, and PT endocytosis is essential for calcium and phosphorus reabsorption in this nephron segment. Evidence from ClC-5 KO models suggests that ClC-5 mediates parathormone endocytosis from tubular fluid. In addition, ClC-5 dysfunction alters expression of the sodium/proton exchanger NHE3 on the PT apical surface thus altering transcellular sodium movement and hence paracellular calcium reabsorption. A potential role for NHE3 dysfunction in the DD1 phenotype has never been investigated, either in DD models or in patients with DD1, even though patients with DD1 exhibit renal sodium and potassium wasting, especially when exposed to even a low dose of thiazide diuretic. Thus, insights from the rare disease DD1 may inform possible underlying mechanisms for the phenotype of hypercalciuria and idiopathic calcium stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Anglani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lisa Gianesello
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lada Beara-Lasic
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Wiegand A, Fischer G, Seeger H, Fuster D, Dhayat N, Bonny O, Ernandez T, Kim MJ, Wagner CA, Mohebbi N. Impact of potassium citrate on urinary risk profile, glucose and lipid metabolism of kidney stone formers in Switzerland. Clin Kidney J 2019; 13:1037-1048. [PMID: 33391747 PMCID: PMC7769539 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypocitraturia and hypercalciuria are the most prevalent risk factors in kidney stone formers (KSFs). Citrate supplementation has been introduced for metaphylaxis in KSFs. However, beyond its effects on urinary parameters and stone recurrence, only a few studies have investigated the impact of citrate on other metabolic pathways such as glucose or lipid metabolism. Methods We performed an observational study using data from the Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort. Patients were subdivided into two groups based on treatment with potassium citrate or not. The outcomes were changes of urinary risk parameters, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting glucose, cholesterol and body mass index (BMI). Results Hypocitraturia was present in 19.3% of 428 KSFs and potassium citrate was administered to 43 patients (10.0%) at a mean dosage of 3819 ± 1796 mg/day (corresponding to 12.5 ± 5.9 mmol/ day). Treatment with potassium citrate was associated with a significantly higher mean change in urinary citrate (P = 0.010) and urinary magnesium (P = 0.020) compared with no potassium citrate treatment. Exogenous citrate administration had no effect on cholesterol, fasting glucose, HbA1c and BMI. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated no significant association of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3] levels with urinary citrate excretion. Conclusion Potassium citrate supplementation in KSFs in Switzerland resulted in a beneficial change of the urinary risk profile by particularly increasing anti-lithogenic factors. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol levels and BMI were unaffected by potassium citrate therapy after 3 months, suggesting that potassium citrate is safe and not associated with unfavourable metabolic side effects. Lastly, 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels were not associated with urinary citrate excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiegand
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gioia Fischer
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Seeger
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fuster
- Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nasser Dhayat
- Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland.,Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ernandez
- Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland.,Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland.,Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nilufar Mohebbi
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort, National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR-Kidney, Switzerland
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Meurer M, Höcherl K. Endotoxaemia differentially regulates the expression of renal Ca 2+ transport proteins in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13175. [PMID: 30133162 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Alterations in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and/or vitamin D signalling are frequently reported in patients with sepsis. The consequences on renal and intestinal Ca2+ and Pi regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. We hypothesized that endotoxaemia alters the expression of important renal and intestinal Ca2+ and Pi transport proteins. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 3 mg/kg; i.p.). The mRNA and protein levels of renal and intestinal Ca2+ and Pi transport proteins were measured by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide-induced hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia was paralleled by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and urinary excretion of Ca2+ and Pi . Endotoxaemia augmented plasma levels of PTH and affected the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-klotho-vitamin D axis by increasing plasma levels of FGF23 and downregulation of renal klotho expression. Renal expression of CYP27b1 and plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were increased in response to LPS. Endotoxaemia augmented the renal expression of TRPV5, TRPV6 and PiT1, whereas the renal expression of calbindin-D28K , NCX1, NaPi -2a and NaPi -2c were decreased. Incubation of primary distal tubule cells with LPS increased TRPV6 mRNA levels. Furthermore, LPS decreased the intestinal expression of TRPV6, calbindin-D9K and of NaPi -2b. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that endotoxaemia is associated with hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia and a disturbed FGF23-klotho-vitamin D signaling. Further, LPS-induced acute kidney injury was accompanied by an increased or decreased expression of specific renal and intestinal Ca2+ and Pi transporters respectively. It seems unlikely that LPS-induced hypocalcaemia is due to renal loss of Ca2+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Meurer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
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