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Patel KR, van der Heide UA, Kerkmeijer LGW, Schoots IG, Turkbey B, Citrin DE, Hall WA. Target Volume Optimization for Localized Prostate Cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol 2024:S1879-8500(24)00148-6. [PMID: 39019208 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive review of the means by which to optimize target volume definition for the purposes of treatment planning for patients with intact prostate cancer with a specific emphasis on focal boost volume definition. METHODS Here we conduct a narrative review of the available literature summarizing the current state of knowledge on optimizing target volume definition for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. RESULTS Historically, the treatment of prostate cancer included a uniform prescription dose administered to the entire prostate with or without coverage of all or part of the seminal vesicles. The development of prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) using prostate-specific radiotracers has ushered in an era in which radiation oncologists are able to localize and focally dose-escalate high-risk volumes in the prostate gland. Recent phase 3 data has demonstrated that incorporating focal dose escalation to high-risk subvolumes of the prostate improves biochemical control without significantly increasing toxicity. Still, several fundamental questions remain regarding the optimal target volume definition and prescription strategy to implement this technique. Given the remaining uncertainty, a knowledge of the pathological correlates of radiographic findings and the anatomic patterns of tumor spread may help inform clinical judgement for the definition of clinical target volumes. CONCLUSION Advanced imaging has the ability to improve outcomes for patients with prostate cancer in multiple ways, including by enabling focal dose escalation to high-risk subvolumes. However, many questions remain regarding the optimal target volume definition and prescription strategy to implement this practice, and key knowledge gaps remain. A detailed understanding of the pathological correlates of radiographic findings and the patterns of local tumor spread may help inform clinical judgement for target volume definition given the current state of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan R Patel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Uulke A van der Heide
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda G W Kerkmeijer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo G Schoots
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William A Hall
- Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Sahafi P, Aryana K, Moghadam SZ, Sadri K, Askari E. Free TcO 4- in 99m Tc-PSMA Scan : A Case Report and Review of an Old Pitfall in the New Era of Modern Imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2024; 49:e327-e328. [PMID: 38687008 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000005240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In a recent 99m Tc-HYNIC-PSMA study conducted at our department, we examined 2 patients with prostate cancer referred for initial staging on the same day. The whole-body scans revealed radiotracer uptake in the gastric mucosa and thyroid glands, alluding to high levels of free TcO 4- in the injected vial. The scans were repeated after confirming acceptable radiopharmaceutical purity of 97% (normal range, 95%-100%). Interestingly, 1 patient had liver metastases at presentation, which remained non-PSMA-avid after repeating the scan. We have reviewed this pitfall, which has been reported with many radiotracers, yet not reported with PSMA tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Sahafi
- From the Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mingels C, Spencer BA, Nalbant H, Omidvari N, Rokni M, Rominger A, Sen F, Cherry SR, Badawi RD, Abdelhafez YG, Nardo L. Dose Reduction in Pediatric Oncology Patients with Delayed Total-Body [ 18F]FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:1101-1106. [PMID: 38664017 PMCID: PMC11218730 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.267521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to define a lower limit of reduced injected activity in delayed [18F]FDG total-body (TB) PET/CT in pediatric oncology patients. Methods: In this single-center prospective study, children were scanned for 20 min with TB PET/CT, 120 min after intravenous administration of a 4.07 ± 0.49 MBq/kg dose of [18F]FDG. Five randomly subsampled low-count reconstructions were generated using ¼, ⅛, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] of the counts in the full-dose list-mode reference standard acquisition (20 min), to simulate dose reduction. For the 2 lowest-count reconstructions, smoothing was applied. Background uptake was measured with volumes of interest placed on the ascending aorta, right liver lobe, and third lumbar vertebra body (L3). Tumor lesions were segmented using a 40% isocontour volume-of-interest approach. Signal-to-noise ratio, tumor-to-background ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were calculated. Three physicians identified malignant lesions independently and assessed the image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: In total, 113 malignant lesions were identified in 18 patients, who met the inclusion criteria. Of these lesions, 87.6% were quantifiable. Liver SUVmean did not change significantly, whereas a lower signal-to-noise ratio was observed in all low-count reconstructions compared with the reference standard (P < 0.0001) because of higher noise rates. Tumor uptake (SUVmax), tumor-to-background ratio, and total lesion count were significantly lower in the reconstructions with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of the counts of the reference standard (P < 0.001). Contrast-to-noise ratio and clinical image quality were significantly lower in all low-count reconstructions than with the reference standard. Conclusion: Dose reduction for delayed [18F]FDG TB PET/CT imaging in children is possible without loss of image quality or lesion conspicuity. However, our results indicate that to maintain comparable tumor uptake and lesion conspicuity, PET centers should not reduce the injected [18F]FDG activity below 0.5 MBq/kg when using TB PET/CT in pediatric imaging at 120 min after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Mingels
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin A Spencer
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Hande Nalbant
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Negar Omidvari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Mehrad Rokni
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fatma Sen
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Simon R Cherry
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Ramsey D Badawi
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Yasser G Abdelhafez
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Nardo
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
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Mingels C, Weissenrieder L, Zeimpekis K, Sari H, Nardo L, Caobelli F, Alberts I, Rominger A, Pyka T. FDG imaging with long-axial field-of-view PET/CT in patients with high blood glucose-a matched pair analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:2036-2046. [PMID: 38383743 PMCID: PMC11139721 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE High blood glucose (hBG) in patients undergoing [18F]FDG PET/CT scans often results in rescheduling the examination, which may lead to clinical delay for the patient and decrease productivity for the department. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether long-axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT can minimize the effect of altered bio-distribution in hBG patients and is able to provide diagnostic image quality in hBG situations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oncologic patients with elevated blood glucose (≥ 8.0 mmol/l) and normal blood glucose (< 8.0 mmol/l, nBG) levels were matched for tumor entity, gender, age, and BMI. hBG patients were further subdivided into two groups (BG 8-11 mmol/l and BG > 11 mmol/l). Tracer uptake in the liver, muscle, and tumor was evaluated. Furthermore, image quality was compared between long acquisitions (ultra-high sensitivity mode, 360 s) on a LAFOV PET/CT and routine acquisitions equivalent to a short-axial field-of-view scanner (simulated (sSAFOV), obtained with high sensitivity mode, 120 s). Tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were used as the main image quality criteria. RESULTS Thirty-one hBG patients met the inclusion criteria and were matched with 31 nBG patients. Overall, liver uptake was significantly higher in hBG patients (SUVmean, 3.07 ± 0.41 vs. 2.37 ± 0.33; p = 0.03), and brain uptake was significantly lower (SUVmax, 7.58 ± 0.74 vs. 13.38 ± 3.94; p < 0.001), whereas muscle (shoulder/gluteal) uptake showed no statistically significant difference. Tumor uptake was lower in hBG patients, resulting in a significantly lower TBR in the hBG cohort (3.48 ± 0.74 vs. 5.29 ± 1.48, p < 0.001). CNR was higher in nBG compared to hBG patients (12.17 ± 4.86 vs. 23.31 ± 12.22, p < 0.001). However, subgroup analysis of nBG 8-11 mmol/l on sSAFOV PET/CT compared to hBG (> 11 mmol/l) patients examined with LAFOV PET/CT showed no statistical significant difference in CNR (19.84 ± 8.40 vs. 17.79 ± 9.3, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION While elevated blood glucose (> 11 mmol) negatively affected TBR and CNR in our cohort, the images from a LAFOV PET-scanner had comparable CNR to PET-images acquired from nBG patients using sSAFOV PET/CT. Therefore, we argue that oncologic patients with increased blood sugar levels might be imaged safely with LAFOV PET/CT when rescheduling is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Mingels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Luis Weissenrieder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Zeimpekis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Sari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Nardo
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Federico Caobelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Alberts
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pyka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Mingels C, Sari H, Gözlügöl N, Bregenzer C, Knappe L, Krieger K, Afshar-Oromieh A, Pyka T, Nardo L, Gräni C, Alberts I, Rominger A, Caobelli F. Long-axial field-of-view PET/CT for the assessment of inflammation in calcified coronary artery plaques with [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:422-433. [PMID: 37740742 PMCID: PMC10774639 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflamed, prone-to-rupture coronary plaques are an important cause of myocardial infarction and their early identification is crucial. Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by overexpression of the type-2 somatostatin receptor (SST2) in activated macrophages. SST2 ligand imaging (e.g. with [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC) has shown promise in detecting and quantifying the inflammatory activity within atherosclerotic plaques. However, the sensitivity of standard axial field of view (SAFOV) PET scanners may be suboptimal for imaging coronary arteries. Long-axial field of view (LAFOV) PET/CT scanners may help overcome this limitation. We aim to assess the ability of [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC LAFOV-PET/CT in detecting calcified, SST2 overexpressing coronary artery plaques. METHODS In this retrospective study, 108 oncological patients underwent [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT on a LAFOV system. [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake and calcifications in the coronary arteries were evaluated visually and semi-quantitatively. Data on patients' cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium score were also collected. Patients were followed up for 21.5 ± 3.4 months. RESULTS A total of 66 patients (61.1%) presented with calcified coronary artery plaques. Of these, 32 patients had increased [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake in at least one coronary vessel (TBR: 1.65 ± 0.53). Patients with single-vessel calcifications showed statistically significantly lower uptake (SUVmax 1.10 ± 0.28) compared to patients with two- (SUVmax 1.31 ± 0.29, p < 0.01) or three-vessel calcifications (SUVmax 1.24 ± 0.33, p < 0.01). There was a correlation between coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake, especially in the LAD (p = 0.02). Stroke and all-cause death occurred more frequently in patients with increased [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake (15.63% vs. 0%; p:0.001 and 21.88% vs. 6.58%; p: 0.04, respectively) during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC as a marker for the macrophage activity can reveal unknown cases of inflamed calcified coronary artery plaques using a LAFOV PET system. [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake increased with the degree of calcification and correlated with higher risk of stroke and all-cause death. [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC LAFOV PET/CT may be useful to assess patients' cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Mingels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hasan Sari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nasir Gözlügöl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carola Bregenzer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Knappe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Korbinian Krieger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Afshar-Oromieh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pyka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Nardo
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Gräni
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Alberts
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1H5, Canada
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federico Caobelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Mingels C, Loebelenz LI, Huber AT, Alberts I, Rominger A, Afshar-Oromieh A, Obmann VC. Literature review: Imaging in prostate cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2023:100968. [PMID: 37336689 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Imaging plays an increasingly important role in the detection and characterization of prostate cancer (PC). This review summarizes the key conventional and advanced imaging modalities including multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and tries to instruct clinicians in finding the best image modality depending on the patient`s PC-stage. We aim to give an overview of the different image modalities and their benefits and weaknesses in imaging PC. Emphasis is put on primary prostate cancer detection and staging as well as on recurrent and castration resistant prostate cancer. Results from studies using various imaging techniques are discussed and compared. For the different stages of PC, advantages and disadvantages of the different imaging modalities are discussed. Moreover, this review aims to give an outlook about upcoming, new imaging modalities and how they might be implemented in the future into clinical routine. Imaging patients suffering from PC should aim for exact diagnosis, accurate detection of PC lesions and should mirror the true tumor burden. Imaging should lead to the best patient treatment available in the current PC-stage and should avoid unnecessary therapeutic interventions. New image modalities such as long axial field of view PET/CT with photon-counting CT and radiopharmaceuticals like androgen receptor targeting radiopharmaceuticals open up new possibilities. In conclusion, PC imaging is growing and each image modality is aiming for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Mingels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Laura I Loebelenz
- Department of Interventional, Pediatric and Diagnostic Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian T Huber
- Department of Interventional, Pediatric and Diagnostic Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Alberts
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Afshar-Oromieh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Verena C Obmann
- Department of Interventional, Pediatric and Diagnostic Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Mingels C, Bohn KP, Rominger A, Afshar-Oromieh A, Alberts I. Diagnostic accuracy of [ 18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:2436-2444. [PMID: 35067735 PMCID: PMC9165245 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Despite increasing use for the detection of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (rPC), the diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with [18F]PSMA-1007 remains only partially investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for PC-local recurrence and metastases on a per region basis. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred seventy-seven consecutive patients undergoing [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT for rPC were retrospectively analysed. Six body regions were defined: prostate fossa, pelvic lymph nodes (LN), retroperitoneal LN, supradiaphragmatic LN, bones, and soft tissue. A region was counted positive if at least one PSMA-positive lesion suspicious for PC was observed. Confirmation of a true-positive PSMA-avid lesion was defined as positive by histopathology, fall in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (> 50%) after targeted therapy or confirmatory further CT, MRI, PET/CT, or bone scan imaging. Regions where additional imaging was able to confirm the absence of suspicious PC lesions or regions outside exclusively targeted RT with serum PSA decline (> 50%) were counted as true-negative regions. SE, SP, PPV, and NPV were calculated for all six regions. RESULTS The overall PET-positivity rate was 91%. Conclusive follow-up for affirmation or refutation of a PSMA-positive lesion was available for 81/152 patients on a per region basis. In this subgroup, overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 95% (CI: 0.90-0.98), 89% (CI: 0.83-0.93), 86% (0.80-0.90), and 96% (CI: 0.92-0.98), respectively. On a per region basis, PPV was 97% (CI: 0.83-0.99) for local recurrence, 93% (CI: 0.78-0.98) for pelvic LN, 87% (CI: 0.62-0.96) for retroperitoneal LN, 82% (CI: 0.52-0.95) for supradiaphragmatic LN, and 79% (0.65-0.89) for bone lesions. The number of solid organ metastases (n = 6) was too small for an accurate statistical analysis. CONCLUSION The known high PET-positivity rate of [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT in rPC was confirmed, with corresponding high (> 90%) sensitivity and NPV on a per region basis. However, overall PPV was limited (86%), particularly for bone lesions (79%), which are a potential diagnostic weaknesses when using this tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Mingels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl Peter Bohn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Afshar-Oromieh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Alberts
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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