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Theis H, Pavese N, Rektorová I, van Eimeren T. Imaging Biomarkers in Prodromal and Earliest Phases of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230385. [PMID: 38339941 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessing imaging biomarker in the prodromal and early phases of Parkinson's disease (PD) is of great importance to ensure an early and safe diagnosis. In the last decades, imaging modalities advanced and are now able to assess many different aspects of neurodegeneration in PD. MRI sequences can measure iron content or neuromelanin. Apart from SPECT imaging with Ioflupane, more specific PET tracers to assess degeneration of the dopaminergic system are available. Furthermore, metabolic PET patterns can be used to anticipate a phenoconversion from prodromal PD to manifest PD. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that PET imaging of inflammation will gain significance. Molecular imaging of neurotransmitters like serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine shed more light on non-motor symptoms. Outside of the brain, molecular imaging of the heart and gut is used to measure PD-related degeneration of the autonomous nervous system. Moreover, optical coherence tomography can noninvasively detect degeneration of retinal fibers as a potential biomarker in PD. In this review, we describe these state-of-the-art imaging modalities in early and prodromal PD and point out in how far these techniques can and will be used in the future to pave the way towards a biomarker-based staging of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Theis
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Aarhus University, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Irena Rektorová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, International Clinical Research Center, ICRC, Brno, Czech Republic
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, First Department of Neurology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Masaryk University, Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany
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