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Xie Y, Wang Y, Pei W, Chen Y. Theranostic in GLP-1R molecular imaging: challenges and emerging opportunities. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1210347. [PMID: 37780209 PMCID: PMC10540701 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1210347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic in nuclear medicine combines diagnostic imaging and internal irradiation therapy using different therapeutic nuclear probes for visual diagnosis and precise treatment. GLP-1R is a popular receptor target in endocrine diseases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, tumors, and other areas. Likewise, it has also made breakthroughs in the development of molecular imaging. It was recognized that GLP-1R imaging originated from the study of insulinoma and afterwards was expanded in application including islet transplantation, pancreatic β-cell mass measurement, and ATP-dependent potassium channel-related endocrine diseases. Fortunately, GLP-1R molecular imaging has been involved in ischemic cardiomyocytes and neurodegenerative diseases. These signs illustrate the power of GLP-1R molecular imaging in the development of medicine. However, it is still limited to imaging diagnosis research in the current molecular imaging environment. The lack of molecular-targeted therapeutics related report hinders its radiology theranostic. In this article, the current research status, challenges, and emerging opportunities for GLP-1R molecular imaging are discussed in order to open a new path for theranostics and to promote the evolution of molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjie Pei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Zhang H, Dong M, Yuan S, Jin W. Oral glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue ameliorates glucose intolerance in db/db mice. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:1149-1162. [PMID: 36006576 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We constructed a recombinant oral GLP-1 analogue in Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) and evaluated its physiological functions. RESULTS In silico docking suggested the alanine at position 8 substituted with serine (A8SGLP-1) reduced binding of DPP4, which translated to reduced cleavage by DPP4 with minimal changes in stability. This was further confirmed by an in vitro enzymatic assay which showed that A8SGLP-1 significantly increased half-life upon DPP4 treatment. In addition, recombinant L. lactis (LL-A8SGLP-1) demonstrated reduced fat mass with no changes in body weight, significant improvement of random glycemic control and reduced systemic inflammation compared with WT GLP-1 in db/db mice. CONCLUSION LL-A8SGLP-1 adopted in live biotherapeutic products reduce blood glucose in db/db mice without affecting its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shouli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Rd. No. 5, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Pan Y, Lv J, Pan D, Xu Y, Yang M, Ju H, Zhou J, Zhu L, Zhao Q, Zhang Y. Evaluating the utility of human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene: a promising molecular imaging tool. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1311-1324. [PMID: 30560451 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabelled ligands of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) have been used to image the GLP-1R-expressing tissues (e.g., islets and insulinoma). Here, we introduced human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (hglp-1r) gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene to broaden its applications in molecular imaging in vivo. Transient and stable baculoviral vectors (BV) were re-constructed and used to transfer the hglp-1r gene or enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) reporter gene into the stem cells or tumor cells. Cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that BV-mediated reporter gene transferring and expression was biosafe and highly efficient. The BV-mediated exogenous hGLP-1R in target cells showed same ligand-receptor binding characteristics compared with its counterpart in insulinoma cells. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor binding assay showed a high affinity (IC50 = 0.3708 nM) and robust correlation (R2 = 0.9264) between the fluorescein-tagged or radiolabeled ligand probes and exogenous hGLP-1R in target cells. The target cells transferred with BV-mediated hGLP-1R could be clearly visualized in nude mice by micro-PET, which was capable of the purposes of short-term tracking transplanted stem cells or long-term monitoring tumor formation. Then, the image-based analysis and bio-distribution analysis quantitatively confirmed high target-to-background ratio of hGLP-1R-expressing cells. This study also investigated the endogenous GLP-1R-expressing organs/tissues in nude mice in the hGLP-1R radionuclide reporter gene imaging. Summarily, we evaluated the utility of hglp-1r gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene, and demonstrated that it was a favorable and promising candidate of molecular imaging tool, which would expand the spectrum of radionuclide reporter gene imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Ju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Ocampo-García BE, Santos-Cuevas CL, Luna-Gutiérrez MA, Ignacio-Alvarez E, Pedraza-López M, Manzano-Mayoral C. 99mTc-exendin(9-39)/octreotide. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:912-918. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xu Q, Zhu C, Xu Y, Pan D, Liu P, Yang R, Wang L, Chen F, Sun X, Luo S, Yang M. Preliminary evaluation of [18F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 in insulinoma with PET. J Drug Target 2015; 23:813-20. [PMID: 25758750 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1020808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in insulinoma supplies a potential drug target for tumor imaging. Exendin-4 can specifically bind to GLP-1R as an agonist and its analogs are extensively used in receptor imaging studies. PURPOSE A new GLP-1R imaging agent, [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys(39)-exendin-4, was designed and prepared for insulinoma imaging. METHODS Cys(39)-exendin-4 was conjugated with NOTA-MAL, then the compound was radiolabeled with [(18)F]AlF complex to obtained [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys(39)-exendin-4. The tumor-targeting characters of the tracer were evaluated in INS-1 cells and BALB/c nude mice models. RESULTS [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys(39)-exendin-4 can be efficiently produced with a yield of 17.5 ± 3.2% (non-decay corrected) and radiochemical purity of >95%. The IC50 value of displacement [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys(39)-exendin-4 with Cys(39)-exendin-4 was 13.52 ± 1.36 nM. PET images showed excellent tumor visualization with high uptake (9.15 ± 1.6%ID/g at 30 min and 7.74 ± 0.87%ID/g at 60 min). The tumor to muscle, pancreas and liver ratios were 63.25, 3.85 and 7.29 at 60 min after injection. GLP-1R binding specificity was demonstrated by co-injection with an excess of unlabeled Cys(39)-exendin-4 and the tumor uptake was found to be reduced significantly. CONCLUSION [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-MAL-Cys(39)-exendin-4 shows favorable characteristics for insulinoma imaging and may be translated to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chen Zhu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuping Xu
- b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Donghui Pan
- b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Ping Liu
- c School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Runlin Yang
- b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Lizhen Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Fei Chen
- b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Xinchen Sun
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Shineng Luo
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China .,b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Min Yang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China .,b Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine , Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi , China , and
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Wållberg H, Ståhl S. Design and evaluation of radiolabeled tracers for tumor imaging. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 60:365-83. [PMID: 24033592 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The growing understanding of tumor biology and the identification of tumor-specific genetic and molecular alterations, such as the overexpression of membrane receptors and other proteins, allows for personalization of patient management using targeted therapies. However, this puts stringent demands on the diagnostic tools used to identify patients who are likely to respond to a particular treatment. Radionuclide molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive method to visualize and characterize the expression of such targets. A number of different proteins, from full-length antibodies and their derivatives to small scaffold proteins and peptide receptor-ligands, have been applied to molecular imaging, each demonstrating strengths and weaknesses. Here, we discuss the concept of molecular targeting and, in particular, molecular imaging of cancer-associated targets. Additionally, we describe important biotechnological considerations and desired features when designing and developing tracers for radionuclide molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Wållberg
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yue X, Yan X, Wu C, Niu G, Ma Y, Jacobson O, Shen B, Kiesewetter DO, Chen X. One-pot two-step radiosynthesis of a new (18)F-labeled thiol reactive prosthetic group and its conjugate for insulinoma imaging. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3875-84. [PMID: 24798315 PMCID: PMC4224565 DOI: 10.1021/mp5001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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N-(2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)-6-fluoronicotinamide ([18F]FNEM),
a novel prosthetic agent that is thiol-specific, was synthesized using
a one-pot two-step strategy: (1) 18F incorporation by a
nucleophilic displacement of trimethylammonium substrate under mild
conditions; (2) amidation of the resulting 6-[18F]fluoronicotinic
acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide
trifluoroacetate salt. The radiosynthesis of the maleimide tracer
was completed in 75 min from [18F]fluoride with 26 ±
5% decay uncorrected radiochemical yield, and specific activity of
19–88 GBq/μmol (decay uncorrected). The in vitro cell uptake, in vivo biodistribution, and positron
emission tomography (PET) imaging properties of its conjugation product
with [Cys40]-exendin-4 were described. [18F]FNEM-Cys40-exendin-4 showed specific targeting of glucagon-like peptide
1 receptor (GLP-1R) positive insulinomas and comparable imaging results
to our recently reported [18F]FPenM-Cys40-exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Yue
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Yue X, Kiesewetter DO, Guo J, Sun Z, Zhang X, Zhu L, Niu G, Ma Y, Lang L, Chen X. Development of a new thiol site-specific prosthetic group and its conjugation with [Cys(40)]-exendin-4 for in vivo targeting of insulinomas. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1191-200. [PMID: 23750453 PMCID: PMC3779517 DOI: 10.1021/bc400084u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new tracer, N-5-[(18)F]fluoropentylmaleimide ([(18)F]FPenM), for site-specific labeling of free thiol group in proteins and peptides was developed. The tracer was synthesized in three steps ((18)F displacement of the aliphatic tosylate, di-Boc removal by TFA to expose free amine, and incorporation of the free amine into a maleimide). The radiosynthesis was completed in 110 min with 11-17% radiochemical yield (uncorrected), and specific activity of 20-49 GBq/μmol. [(18)F]FPenM showed comparable labeling efficiency with N-[2-(4-[(18)F]fluorobenzamido)ethyl]maleimide ([(18)F]FBEM). Its application was demonstrated by conjugation with glucagon-like peptide type 1 (GLP-1) analogue [cys(40)]-exendin-4. The cell uptake, binding affinity, imaging properties, biodistribution, and metabolic stability of the radiolabeled [(18)F]FPenM-[cys(40)]-exendin-4 were studied using INS-1 tumor cells and INS-1 xenograft model. Positron emission tomography (PET) results showed that the new thiol-specific tracer, [(18)F]FPenM-[cys(40)]-exendin-4, had high tumor uptake (20.32 ± 4.36%ID/g at 60 min postinjection) and rapid liver and kidney clearance, which was comparable to the imaging results with [(18)F]FBEM-[cys(40)]-exendin-4 reported by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Yue
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Dale O. Kiesewetter
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jinxia Guo
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhongchan Sun
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Gang Niu
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ying Ma
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lixin Lang
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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The role of exendin-4-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in beta-cell-targeted MRI. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5843-52. [PMID: 23642536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive targeted visualization of pancreatic beta cells or islets is becoming the focus of molecular imaging application in diabetes and islet transplantation studies, but it is currently unsuccessful due to the lack of specific beta cell biomarkers. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is highly expressed in beta cells and considered as a promising target. We here developed a targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle using GLP-1 analog-exendin-4 which is conjugated to polyethylene glycol coated SPIO (PEG-SPIO). The results demonstrated that exendin-4 functionalized SPIO was able to specifically bind to and internalized by GLP-1R-expressing INS-1 cells, with the higher labeling efficiency than non-targeted nanoparticles. Notably, SPIO-exendin4 could differentially label islets in pancreatic slices or beta cell grafts in vitro. Systemic delivery of SPIO-exendin4 into nude mice bearing s.c. insulinomas (derived from INS-1 cells) leads to the accumulation of the nanoparticles in tumors, generating a strong magnetic resonance imaging contrast detectable by a clinical MRI scanner at field strength of 3.0 T, and the iron deposition in tumors was further confirmed by Prussian blue staining. Furthermore, preliminary biodistribution study indicated that SPIO-exendin4 had a tendency to accumulate in pancreas. Toxicity assessments demonstrated good biocompatibility in vivo. These results suggest that SPIO-exendin4 has potential as molecularly targeted imaging agents for in vivo imaging of insulinoma, and possibly for future beta cell imaging.
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Comley RA, Kallend D. Imaging in the cardiovascular and metabolic disease area. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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