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Leech T, Peiris M. Mucosal neuroimmune mechanisms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) pathogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:165-178. [PMID: 38221552 PMCID: PMC10904498 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic condition characterised by visceral pain in the distal oesophagus. The current first-line treatment for GORD is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), however, PPIs are ineffective in a large cohort of patients and long-term use may have adverse effects. Emerging evidence suggests that nerve fibre number and location are likely to play interrelated roles in nociception in the oesophagus of GORD patients. Simultaneously, alterations in cells of the oesophageal mucosa, namely epithelial cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, have been a focus of GORD research for several years. The oesophagus of GORD patients exhibits both macro- and micro-inflammation as a response to chronic acidic reflux at the epithelium. In other conditions of the GI tract, such as IBS and IBD, well-characterised bidirectional processes between immune cells and mucosal nerve fibres contribute to pathogenesis and symptom generation. Sensory alterations in these conditions such as nerve fibre outgrowth and hypersensitivity can be driven by inflammatory processes, which promote visceral pain signalling. This review will examine what is currently known of the molecular pathways linking inflammation and sensory perception leading to the development of GORD symptoms and explore potentially relevant mechanisms in other GI regions which may indicate new areas in GORD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Leech
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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Olmos JA, Pandolfino JE, Piskorz MM, Zamora N, Valdovinos Díaz MA, Remes Troche JM, Guzmán M, Hani A, Valdovinos García LR, Pitanga Lukashok H, Domingues G, Vesco E, Rivas MM, Ovalle LFP, Cisternas D, Vela MF. Latin American consensus on diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14735. [PMID: 38225792 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be challenging given varying symptom presentations, and complex multifactorial pathophysiology. The gold standard for GERD diagnosis is esophageal acid exposure time (AET) measured by pH-metry. A variety of additional diagnostic tools are available. The goal of this consensus was to assess the individual merits of GERD diagnostic tools based on current evidence, and provide consensus recommendations following discussion and voting by experts. METHODS This consensus was developed by 15 experts from nine countries, based on a systematic search of the literature, using GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) methodology to assess the quality and strength of the evidence, and provide recommendations regarding the diagnostic utility of different GERD diagnosis tools, using AET as the reference standard. KEY RESULTS A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trial is appropriate for patients with heartburn and no alarm symptoms, but nor for patients with regurgitation, chest pain, or extraesophageal presentations. Severe erosive esophagitis and abnormal reflux monitoring off PPI are clearly indicative of GERD. Esophagram, esophageal biopsies, laryngoscopy, and pharyngeal pH monitoring are not recommended to diagnose GERD. Patients with PPI-refractory symptoms and normal endoscopy require reflux monitoring by pH or pH-impedance to confirm or exclude GERD, and identify treatment failure mechanisms. GERD confounders need to be considered in some patients, pH-impedance can identify supragrastric belching, impedance-manometry can diagnose rumination. CONCLUSIONS Erosive esophagitis on endoscopy and abnormal pH or pH-impedance monitoring are the most appropriate methods to establish a diagnosis of GERD. Other tools may add useful complementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Olmos
- Neurogastroenterology Sector, Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - María M Piskorz
- Neurogastroenterology Sector, Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Miguel A Valdovinos Díaz
- UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José M Remes Troche
- Institute of Medical Biological Research, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Guzmán
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology Service, Hospital San Martín de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albis Hani
- Hospital San Ignacio-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Hannah Pitanga Lukashok
- Digestive Motility Service, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas-IECED, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Eduardo Vesco
- Neuromotility Unit, Clínica Angloamericana, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Mariel Mejia Rivas
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Service, Hospital Vivian Pellas, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Luis F Pineda Ovalle
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Service Motility Instituto Gut Médica, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Cisternas
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, School of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo, Clínica Alemana, Vitacura, Chile
| | - Marcelo F Vela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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Cheng Y, Kou F, Zhang X, Dai Y, Shi L, Xie C, Li X, Li J. Network Pharmacology Analysis of Hewei Jiangni Granule for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Experimental Verification of Its Anti-Neurogenic Inflammation Mechanism. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1349-1363. [PMID: 35547866 PMCID: PMC9084909 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proton pump inhibitors, as the first-line drugs for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), are unable to completely relieve patients’ symptoms and patients are prone to recurrence after prolonged drug withdrawal. Thus, it is crucial to find herbal medicines as a complementary and alternative treatment. Hewei Jiangni granule (HWJNG) is a classical Chinese medicinal formula with clinical therapeutic effects on GERD, but its pharmacological mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to explore and then verify the pharmacological mechanisms of HWJNG in GERD therapy. Methods A network pharmacology approach was applied to explore and then verify the pharmacological mechanisms of HWJNG in GERD therapy. The active ingredients of HWJNG, as well as therapeutic targets of GERD were acquired from specialized databases. The “herb-ingredient-gene-target” network for HWJNG in GERD treatment was built. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to screen the core coincident targets. Then, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The core targets and signaling pathways associated with the anti-neurogenic inflammatory effect were partially verified via experiments in vivo at molecular level. Results In total, 179 chemical ingredients in HWJNG and 298 intersection targets between GERD and HWJNG were selected from databases. A large proportion of core targets and top signaling pathways were involved in neurogenic inflammation. HWJNG significantly alleviated pathological injuries of esophagus and reversed dilated intracellular spaces. Additionally, HWJNG markedly inhibited the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-a), as well as regulated stimulation sensors including transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and its related neuroinflammatory mediators in GERD mice. Conclusion HWJNG is a promising therapeutic strategy for GERD treatment via regulation of multiple targets and pathways, its effects in alleviating neurogenic inflammation are especially acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fushun Kou
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosi Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Oriental Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chune Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Junxiang Li; Xiaohong Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, 1st Section Fangxingyuan, Fangzhuang, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100078, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Batista ADO, Dantas RO. CORRELATION BETWEEN SYMPTOMS AND REFLUX IN PATIENTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2022; 59:184-187. [PMID: 35830026 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202202000-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux are the same in functional heartburn, non-erosive disease, and erosive disease. Their patient-perceived intensity may be related to gastroesophageal reflux intensity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the symptoms in GERD patients are related to the intensity of gastroesophageal acid reflux. METHODS To test this hypothesis, 68 patients with heartburn (18 with functional heartburn, 28 with non-erosive reflux disease, and 22 with erosive reflux disease) had their symptoms evaluated by the Velanovich score (which mainly focuses on heartburn) and the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) (which focuses on dysphagia). They were submitted to esophageal endoscopy and then, on another day, they answered the Velanovich and EAT-10 questionnaires and underwent manometry and 24-hour pHmetry (measured 5 cm proximal to the upper border of the lower esophageal sphincter). RESULTS The Velanovich score was higher in patients with non-erosive and erosive diseases than in those with functional heartburn. The mean EAT-10 score did not differ between functional heartburn, erosive, and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Considering the threshold of ≥5 to define dysphagia, 4 (22%) patients with functional heartburn, 12 (43%) with non-erosive disease, and 9 (41%) with erosive disease had dysphagia (P=0.18). There was: a) a moderate correlation between the Velanovich and DeMeester score and between Velanovich score and the percentage of acid exposure time (AET); b) a weak correlation between EAT-10 and DeMeester score and between EAT-10 and acid exposure time. CONCLUSION There is a moderate positive correlation between heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux measurement. Dysphagia has a weak positive correlation with reflux measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Oliveira Batista
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, e Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Roberto Oliveira Dantas
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, e Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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