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Sangija F, Martin H, Matemu A. African nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex): The potential contribution to human nutrition and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3284-3318. [PMID: 33938139 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Achieving zero hunger in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) without minimizing postharvest losses of agricultural products is impossible. Therefore, a holistic approach is vital to end hunger, simultaneously improving food security, diversity, and livelihoods. This review focuses on the African nightshades (ANS) Solanum spp. contribution to improving food and nutrition security in SSA. Different parts of ANS are utilized as food and medicine; however, pests and diseases hinder ANS utilization. African nightshade is rich in micronutrients such as β-carotene, vitamins C and E, minerals (iron, calcium, and zinc), and dietary fiber. The leaves contain a high amount of nutrients than the berries. Proper utilization of ANS can contribute to ending hidden hunger, mainly in children and pregnant women. Literature shows that ANS contains antinutritional factors such as oxalate, phytate, nitrate, and alkaloids; however, their quantities are low to cause potential health effects. Several improved varieties with high yields, rich in nutrients, and low alkaloids have been developed in SSA. Various processing and preservation techniques such as cooking, drying, and fermentation are feasible techniques for value addition on ANS in SSA; moreover, most societies are yet to adopt them effectively. Furthermore, promoting value addition and commercialization of ANS is of importance and can create more jobs. Therefore, this review provides an overview of ANS production and challenges that hinder their utilization, possible solutions, and future research suggestions. This review concludes that ANS is an essential nutritious leafy vegetable for improving nutrition and livelihoods in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sangija
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences (FBNS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Haikael Martin
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences (FBNS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Athanasia Matemu
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences (FBNS), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
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Zorzela L, Ardestani S, McFarland L, Vohra S. Is there a role for modified probiotics as beneficial microbes: a systematic review of the literature. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:739-754. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for the use of modified (heat-killed or sonicated) probiotics for the efficacy and safety to prevent and treat various diseases. Recent clinical research has focused on living strains of probiotics, but use in high-risk patients and potential adverse reactions including bacteremia has focused interest on alternatives to the use of live probiotics. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Alt Health Watch, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, from inception to February 14, 2017 for randomised controlled trials involving modified probiotic strains. The primary outcome was efficacy to prevent or treat disease and the secondary outcome was incidence of adverse events. A total of 40 trials were included (n=3,913): 14 trials (15 arms with modified probiotics and 20 control arms) for the prevention of diseases and 26 trials (29 arms with modified probiotics and 32 control arms) for treatment of various diseases. Modified microbes were compared to either placebo (44%), or the same living probiotic strain (39%) or to only standard therapies (17%). Modified microbes were not significantly more or less effective than the living probiotic in 86% of the preventive trials and 69% of the treatment trials. Modified probiotic strains were significantly more effective in 15% of the treatment trials. Incidence rates of adverse events were similar for modified and living probiotics and other control groups, but many trials did not collect adequate safety data. Although several types of modified probiotics showed significant efficacy over living strains of probiotics, firm conclusions could not be reached due to the limited number of trials using the same type of modified microbe (strain, daily dose and duration) for a specific disease indication. Further research may illuminate other strains of modified probiotics that may have potential as clinical biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Zorzela
- CARE Program, 1702 College Plaza, 8215 112 St NW Edmonton, AB T6G 2C8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6E 1R9, Canada
| | - S.K. Ardestani
- CARE Program, 1702 College Plaza, 8215 112 St NW Edmonton, AB T6G 2C8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6E 1R9, Canada
| | - L.V. McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington Medical Center, HSR&D, S-152, Puget Sound HCS, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
| | - S. Vohra
- CARE Program, 1702 College Plaza, 8215 112 St NW Edmonton, AB T6G 2C8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6E 1R9, Canada
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Sidira M, Santarmaki V, Kiourtzidis M, Argyri AA, Papadopoulou OS, Chorianopoulos N, Tassou C, Kaloutsas S, Galanis Α, Kourkoutas Y. Evaluation of immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum 2035 on whey protein as adjunct probiotic culture in yoghurt production. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Effect of curing salts and probiotic cultures on the evolution of flavor compounds in dry-fermented sausages during ripening. Food Chem 2016; 201:334-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sidira M, Kourkoutas Y, Kanellaki M, Charalampopoulos D. In vitro study on the cell adhesion ability of immobilized lactobacilli on natural supports. Food Res Int 2015; 76:532-539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sidira M, Kandylis P, Kanellaki M, Kourkoutas Y. Effect of immobilized Lactobacillus casei on volatile compounds of heat treated probiotic dry-fermented sausages. Food Chem 2015; 178:201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Effect of immobilized Lactobacillus casei on the evolution of flavor compounds in probiotic dry-fermented sausages during ripening. Meat Sci 2015; 100:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Food Omics Validation: Towards Understanding Key Features for Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Human Health. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Gut barrier dysfunction and microbial translocation in cancer cachexia: a new therapeutic target. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2014; 7:361-7. [PMID: 24157715 PMCID: PMC3819310 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue loss and is frequently associated with emaciation, anorexia, systemic inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Lack of a clear understanding of the cause of cancer cachexia has impeded progress in identifying effective therapeutic agents. This review summarizes recent publications on the role of gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and inflammation in the etiology of cancer cachexia and new therapeutic interventions that may benefit treatment strategies. Recent Findings Significant advances have been made in understanding the composition and metabolic capabilities of the intestinal microbiota and its impact on gut barrier function with implications for certain inflammatory-based diseases. Recent studies reported associations between intestinal permeability and endotoxemia with development of cancer cachexia and other metabolic disorders. Improvements in intestinal function and weight gain along with decreased inflammation have been reported for potential therapeutic agents such as eicosapentaenoic acid, immunoglobulin isolates, and probiotics. Summary Continued progress in the scientific understanding of the complex interplay between the intestinal microbiota, gut barrier function, and host inflammatory responses will uncover new therapeutic targets to help avoid the serious metabolic alterations associated with cachexia.
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Reid G, Nduti N, Sybesma W, Kort R, Kollmann TR, Adam R, Boga H, Brown EM, Einerhand A, El-Nezami H, Gloor GB, Kavere II, Lindahl J, Manges A, Mamo W, Martin R, McMillan A, Obiero J, Ochieng’ PA, Onyango A, Rulisa S, Salminen E, Salminen S, Sije A, Swann JR, van Treuren W, Waweru D, Kemp SJ. Harnessing microbiome and probiotic research in sub-Saharan Africa: recommendations from an African workshop. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 24739094 PMCID: PMC3996947 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To augment capacity-building for microbiome and probiotic research in Africa, a workshop was held in Nairobi, Kenya, at which researchers discussed human, animal, insect, and agricultural microbiome and probiotics/prebiotics topics. Five recommendations were made to promote future basic and translational research that benefits Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute and Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Nicholas Nduti
- Ministry of Agriculture, Waruhiu Agriculture training Center, P.O. Box 800, Githunguri, Kenya
| | - Wilbert Sybesma
- Yoba for Life Foundation, Hunzestraat 133-A, 1079 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Kort
- Yoba for Life Foundation, Hunzestraat 133-A, 1079 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TNO Microbiology and Systems Biology, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, and Molecular Cell Physiology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Rod Adam
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hamadi Boga
- Taita Taveta University College, P.O. Box 635–80300, Voi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Brown
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Irene I Kavere
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, (00200) Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amee Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Wondu Mamo
- Department of Animal Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeyte, Ethiopia
| | - Rocio Martin
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amy McMillan
- Lawson Health Research Institute and Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Jael Obiero
- Department of Reproductive Health/Biology, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pamela A Ochieng’
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, (00200) Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arnold Onyango
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, (00200) Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Rulisa
- University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, National University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Eeva Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, The Medical School, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Antony Sije
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, (00200) Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - William van Treuren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniel Waweru
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, (00200) Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steve J Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Petschow B, Doré J, Hibberd P, Dinan T, Reid G, Blaser M, Cani PD, Degnan FH, Foster J, Gibson G, Hutton J, Klaenhammer TR, Ley R, Nieuwdorp M, Pot B, Relman D, Serazin A, Sanders ME. Probiotics, prebiotics, and the host microbiome: the science of translation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1306:1-17. [PMID: 24266656 PMCID: PMC4013291 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the community structure and function of the human microbiome have implications for the potential role of probiotics and prebiotics in promoting human health. A group of experts recently met to review the latest advances in microbiota/microbiome research and discuss the implications for development of probiotics and prebiotics, primarily as they relate to effects mediated via the intestine. The goals of the meeting were to share recent advances in research on the microbiota, microbiome, probiotics, and prebiotics, and to discuss these findings in the contexts of regulatory barriers, evolving healthcare environments, and potential effects on a variety of health topics, including the development of obesity and diabetes; the long-term consequences of exposure to antibiotics early in life to the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota; lactose intolerance; and the relationship between the GI microbiota and the central nervous system, with implications for depression, cognition, satiety, and mental health for people living in developed and developing countries. This report provides an overview of these discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon Petschow
- Transcend Biomedical Communications, LLC, Youngsville, North Carolina
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12
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Sidira M, Karapetsas A, Galanis A, Kanellaki M, Kourkoutas Y. Effective survival of immobilized Lactobacillus casei during ripening and heat treatment of probiotic dry-fermented sausages and investigation of the microbial dynamics. Meat Sci 2013; 96:948-55. [PMID: 24211554 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim was the assessment of immobilized Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on wheat in the production of probiotic dry-fermented sausages and the investigation of the microbial dynamics. For comparison, sausages containing either free L. casei ATCC 393 or no starter culture were also prepared. During ripening, the numbers of lactobacilli exceeded 7 log cfu/g, while a drastic decrease was observed in enterobacteria, staphylococci and pseudomonas counts. Microbial diversity was further studied applying a PCR-DGGE protocol. Members of Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Carnobacterium, Brochothrix, Bacillus and Debaryomyces were the main microbial populations detected. Microbiological and strain-specific multiplex PCR analysis confirmed that the levels of L. casei ATCC 393 in the samples after 66 days of ripening were above the minimum concentration for conferring a probiotic effect (≥ 6 log cfu/g). However, after heat treatment, this strain was detected at the above levels, only in sausages containing immobilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Sidira
- Food Biotechnology Group, Section of Analytical Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece.; Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Athalye-Jape G, More K, Patole S. Progress in the field of necrotising enterocolitis – year 2012. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:625-32. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.746296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Science and technology for the mastership of probiotic applications in food products. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:356-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Probiotics—Interactions with Bile Acids and Impact on Cholesterol Metabolism. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1880-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Darouiche RO, Hull RA. Bacterial Interference for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1400-7. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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The role of probiotics in gastrointestinal surgery. Nutrition 2012; 28:230-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Amalaradjou MAR, Bhunia AK. Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 67:185-239. [PMID: 23034117 PMCID: PMC7150249 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illness is a serious public health concern. There are over 200 known microbial, chemical, and physical agents that are known to cause foodborne illness. Efforts are made for improved detection, control and prevention of foodborne pathogen in food, and pathogen associated diseases in the host. Several commonly used approaches to control foodborne pathogens include antibiotics, natural antimicrobials, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, ionizing radiations, and heat. In addition, probiotics offer a potential intervention strategy for the prevention and control of foodborne infections. This review focuses on the use of probiotics and bioengineered probiotics to control foodborne pathogens, their antimicrobial actions, and their delivery strategies. Although probiotics have been demonstrated to be effective in antagonizing foodborne pathogens, challenges exist in the characterization and elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of action and in the development of potential delivery strategies that could maintain the viability and functionality of the probiotic in the target organ.
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LeBlanc JG, Laiño JE, del Valle MJ, Vannini V, van Sinderen D, Taranto MP, de Valdez GF, de Giori GS, Sesma F. B-group vitamin production by lactic acid bacteria--current knowledge and potential applications. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1297-309. [PMID: 21933312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although most vitamins are present in a variety of foods, human vitamin deficiencies still occur in many countries, mainly because of malnutrition not only as a result of insufficient food intake but also because of unbalanced diets. Even though most lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are auxotrophic for several vitamins, it is now known that certain strains have the capability to synthesize water-soluble vitamins such as those included in the B-group (folates, riboflavin and vitamin B(12) amongst others). This review article will show the current knowledge of vitamin biosynthesis by LAB and show how the proper selection of starter cultures and probiotic strains could be useful in preventing clinical and subclinical vitamin deficiencies. Here, several examples will be presented where vitamin-producing LAB led to the elaboration of novel fermented foods with increased and bioavailable vitamins. In addition, the use of genetic engineering strategies to increase vitamin production or to create novel vitamin-producing strains will also be discussed. This review will show that the use of vitamin-producing LAB could be a cost-effective alternative to current vitamin fortification programmes and be useful in the elaboration of novel vitamin-enriched products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Moradi Moghaddam O. Probiotics in critically ill patients. Anesth Pain Med 2011; 1:58-60. [PMID: 25729656 PMCID: PMC4335740 DOI: 10.5812/kowsar.22287523.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Moradi Moghaddam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author: Omid Moradi Moghaddam, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-9391244560, Fax: +98-2166509059, E-mail:
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Probiotics in Critically Ill Patients. Anesth Pain Med 2011. [DOI: 10.5812/aapm.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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