1
|
Paul P, Stüssi G, Bruscaggin A, Rossi D. Genetics and epigenetics of CLL. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:551-563. [PMID: 36503384 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a heterogeneous biological behavior, which is highly influenced by its immunogenetic, epigenetic, and genomic properties. The remarkably variable clinical course of the disease has been associated with genetic features such as chromosomal abnormalities, the presence of either high or low numbers of somatic hypermutations (SHM) in the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGHV), and somatic mutations of several specific driver genes. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided a comprehensive characterization of the genomic and epigenomic landscape in CLL, elucidating important underlying mechanisms of the disease's biology. The scope of this review is to summarize the most recent discoveries about novel genetic and epigenetic alterations, discussing their impact on clinical outcomes and response to currently available therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamella Paul
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stüssi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Bruscaggin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruan X, Zhang R, Zhu H, Ye C, Wang Z, Dong E, Li R, Cheng Z, Peng H. Research progress on epigenetics of small B-cell lymphoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1501-1514. [PMID: 35334078 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Small B-cell lymphoma is the classification of B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders that include chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. The clinical presentation is somewhat heterogeneous, and its occurrence and development mechanisms are not yet precise and may involve epigenetic changes. Epigenetic alterations mainly include DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA, which are essential for genetic detection, early diagnosis, and assessment of treatment resistance in small B-cell lymphoma. As chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma has already been reported in the literature, this article focuses on small B-cell lymphomas such as follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. It discusses recent developments in epigenetic research to diagnose and treat this group of lymphomas. This review provides new ideas for the treatment and prognosis assessment of small B-cell lymphoma by exploring the connection between small B-cell lymphoma and epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Ruan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Ye
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - En Dong
- Blood Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Targeted Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lift the curtain on long non-coding RNAs in hematological malignancies: Pathogenic elements and potential targets. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
4
|
Vlachonikola E, Stamatopoulos K, Chatzidimitriou A. T Cell Defects and Immunotherapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3255. [PMID: 34209724 PMCID: PMC8268526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, independent studies have highlighted the relevance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer, revealing a great variety of TME-related predictive markers, as well as identifying novel therapeutic targets in the TME. Cancer immunotherapy targets different components of the immune system and the TME at large in order to reinforce effector mechanisms or relieve inhibitory and suppressive signaling. Currently, it constitutes a clinically validated treatment for many cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an incurable malignancy of mature B lymphocytes with great dependency on microenvironmental signals. Although immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic option with encouraging results in CLL, the dysfunctional T cell compartment remains a major obstacle in such approaches. In the scope of this review, we outline the current immunotherapeutic treatment options in CLL in the light of recent immunogenetic and functional evidence of T cell impairment. We also highlight possible approaches for overcoming T cell defects and invigorating potent anti-tumor immune responses that would enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (K.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (K.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (K.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaydou L, Rossetti MF, Tschopp MV, Stoker C, Bosquiazzo VL, Ramos JG. Epigenetic regulation of steroidogenic enzymes expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 204:105767. [PMID: 33011313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormone synthesis occurs in various organs and tissues besides the gonads, such as adrenal glands, brain, intestines, skin, fat, bone, and cells of the immune system. Regarding the latter, it is still not clear which pathways are active, and if they are modified in case of illness of the immune system. Our goal in this study was to determine mRNA expression of different steroidogenic enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals of both sexes and of different ages, and then to compare their expression between healthy individuals and patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Furthermore, to elucidate possible mechanisms that regulate enzyme expression, we analyzed epigenetic events like promoter methylation. We determined that normal cells of the immune system, regardless of sex and age, expressed P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/c17,20-lyase (P45017α), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase (3β-HSD), steroid 5 α reductase (5α-R) types 1, 2 and 3, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) type 3, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) types 1, 3 and 5. We also established that 5α-R 1, 5α-R 3, 3α-HSD 3, 17β-HSD 1 and 17β-HSD 5 expression was altered in CLL patients, and that promoter regions of 5α-R 1, 17β-HSD 1 and 17β-HSD 5 were diferentially methylated. These results suggest that steroidogenic pathways may be affected in CLL cells, and this could be related to disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Estradiol/blood
- Female
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Progesterone/blood
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Testosterone/blood
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gaydou
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ma Florencia Rossetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ma Virginia Tschopp
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Cora Stoker
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Targeting chronic lymphocytic leukemia with N-methylated thrombospondin-1-derived peptides overcomes drug resistance. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2920-2933. [PMID: 31648314 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adulthood leukemia in Western countries, is a very heterogeneous disease characterized by a peripheral accumulation of abnormal CD5+ B lymphocytes in the immune system. Despite new therapeutic developments, there remains an unmet medical need for CLL. Here, we demonstrate that the use of N-methylated thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)-derived peptides is an efficient way to kill the malignant CLL cells, including those from high-risk individuals with poor clinical prognosis, del11q, del17p, 2p gain, or complex karyotype. PKT16, our hit N-methylated peptide, triggers the elimination of the leukemic cells, sparing the nontumor cells, including the hematopoietic precursors, and reduces the in vivo tumor burden of a CLL-xenograft mice model. A complementary analysis underscores the improved cytotoxic efficiency of PKT16 compared with the previously described TSP-1-derived probes, such as PKHB1. PKT16 elicits an original caspase-independent programmed necrotic mode of cell death, different from necroptosis or ferroptosis, implicating an intracellular Ca2+ deregulation that provokes mitochondrial damage, cell cycle arrest, and the specific death of the malignant CLL cells. The activation of the Gαi proteins and the subsequent drop of cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels and protein kinase A activity regulate this cytotoxic cascade. Remarkably, PKT16 induces the molecular hallmarks of immunogenic cell death, as defined by the calreticulin plasma membrane exposure and the release of adenosine triphosphate and high-mobility group box 1 protein from the dying CLL cells. Thus, PKT16 appears to be able to stimulate an anticancer in vivo immune response. Collectively, our results pave the way toward the development of an efficient strategy against CLL.
Collapse
|
7
|
Celebrating 20 Years of IGHV Mutation Analysis in CLL. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e334. [PMID: 32382709 PMCID: PMC7000474 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of CLL into 2 broad subsets with highly significant differences in clinical behavior was reported in 2 landmark papers in Blood in 1999.1,2 The simple analysis of the mutational status of the IGV regions provided both a prognostic indicator and an insight into the cellular origins. Derivation from B cells with very low or no IGV mutations generally leads to a more aggressive disease course than derivation from B cells with higher levels. This finding focused attention on surface Ig (sIg), the major B-cell receptor, and revealed dynamic antigen engagement in vivo as a tumor driver. It has also led to new drugs aimed at components of the intracellular activation cascades. After 20 years, the 2 senior authors of those papers have looked at the history of the observations and at the increasing understanding of the role of sIg in CLL that have emanated from them. As in the past, studies of CLL have provided a link between biology and the clinic, enabling more precise targeting which attacks critical pathways but minimizes side effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Silencing of HDAC6 as a therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3012-3024. [PMID: 30425065 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the treatment paradigm for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rapidly changing, the disease remains incurable, except with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and resistance, relapsed disease, and partial responses persist as significant challenges. Recent studies have uncovered roles for epigenetic modification in the regulation of mechanisms contributing to malignant progression of CLL B cells. However, the extent to which epigenetic modifiers can be targeted for therapeutic benefit in CLL patients remains poorly explored. We report for the first time that expression of epigenetic modifier histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is upregulated in CLL patient samples, cell lines, and euTCL1 transgenic mouse models compared with HDAC6 in normal controls. Genetic silencing of HDAC6 conferred survival benefit in euTCL1 mice. Administration of isoform-specific HDAC6 inhibitor ACY738 in the euTCL1 aging and adoptive transfer models deterred proliferation of CLL B cells, delayed disease onset via disruption of B-cell receptor signaling, and sensitized CLL B cells to apoptosis. Furthermore, coadministration of ACY738 and ibrutinib displayed synergistic cell kill against CLL cell lines and improved overall survival compared with either single agent in vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time the therapeutic efficacy of selective HDAC6 inhibition in preclinical CLL models and suggest a rationale for the clinical development of HDAC6 inhibitors for CLL treatment, either alone or in combination with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mallm JP, Iskar M, Ishaque N, Klett LC, Kugler SJ, Muino JM, Teif VB, Poos AM, Großmann S, Erdel F, Tavernari D, Koser SD, Schumacher S, Brors B, König R, Remondini D, Vingron M, Stilgenbauer S, Lichter P, Zapatka M, Mertens D, Rippe K. Linking aberrant chromatin features in chronic lymphocytic leukemia to transcription factor networks. Mol Syst Biol 2019; 15:e8339. [PMID: 31118277 PMCID: PMC6529931 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20188339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a diverse set of genetic mutations is embedded in a deregulated epigenetic landscape that drives cancerogenesis. To elucidate the role of aberrant chromatin features, we mapped DNA methylation, seven histone modifications, nucleosome positions, chromatin accessibility, binding of EBF1 and CTCF, as well as the transcriptome of B cells from CLL patients and healthy donors. A globally increased histone deacetylase activity was detected and half of the genome comprised transcriptionally downregulated partially DNA methylated domains demarcated by CTCF. CLL samples displayed a H3K4me3 redistribution and nucleosome gain at promoters as well as changes of enhancer activity and enhancer linkage to target genes. A DNA binding motif analysis identified transcription factors that gained or lost binding in CLL at sites with aberrant chromatin features. These findings were integrated into a gene regulatory enhancer containing network enriched for B‐cell receptor signaling pathway components. Our study predicts novel molecular links to targets of CLL therapies and provides a valuable resource for further studies on the epigenetic contribution to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Mallm
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Murat Iskar
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics and Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lara C Klett
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina J Kugler
- Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jose M Muino
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir B Teif
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Alexandra M Poos
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Network Modeling, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Großmann
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Erdel
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniele Tavernari
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra D Koser
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schumacher
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Network Modeling, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Vingron
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mertens
- Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany .,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hangül C, Yücel OK, Akkaya B, Ündar L, Berker Karaüzüm S. The Coexistence of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma. Turk J Haematol 2019; 36:124-125. [PMID: 29923494 PMCID: PMC6516092 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2018.2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Hangül
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Orhan Kemal Yücel
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bahar Akkaya
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Levent Ündar
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sibel Berker Karaüzüm
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by the small-molecule panobinostat: A mechanistic study at the chromosome and gene levels. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:70-80. [PMID: 30978576 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a wide variety of human diseases, including cancer. Assessment of these alterations is hence essential for estimating the hazardous effects of human exposure to medications. Panobinostat received US Food and Drug Administration's approval in 2015 for treatment of certain tumors and its usefulness as part of a strategy to treat other diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, is currently investigated. Nevertheless, no data on in vivo genotoxical and epigenotoxical effects of panobinostat are available. The aim of the current study was to assess the genotoxical and epigenotoxical properties of panobinostat in murine bone marrow cells. Molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations were also evaluated. We show that mice treated with panobinostat doses recommended for human developed numerical chromosomal abnormalities, structural chromosomal damage, oxidative DNA damage, and DNA hypomethylation. These effects were dose-dependent. Further, panobinostat altered the expression of 23 genes implicated in DNA damage, as determined by RT² Profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array, and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Collectively, these findings indicate that panobinostat exposure induces aneugenicity, clastogenicity, oxidative DNA damage, DNA hypomethylation, and down-regulation of repair gene expression, which may be responsible for panobinostat-induced genotoxical and epigenotoxical effects. Considering the potential toxicity of panobinostat, the medicinal use of panobinostat must be weighed against the risk of tumorigenesis and the demonstrated toxicity profile of panobinostat may support further development of chemotherapeutic treatments with reduced toxicity. Diminishing the metabolic liabilities associated with panobinostat exposure, and simultaneous use of panobinostat with DNA repair enhancers, are examples of strategies for drug design to reduce panobinostat carcinogenicity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kubczak M, Szustka A, Błoński JZ, Gucký T, Misiewicz M, Krystof V, Robak P, Rogalińska M. Dose and drug changes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell response in vitro: A comparison of standard therapy regimens with two novel cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitors. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3593-3603. [PMID: 30864706 PMCID: PMC6470834 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment is improving; however, some patients do not respond to therapy. Due to the high heterogeneity in disease development, there is an urgent need for personalization of therapy. In the present study, the response of leukemic mononuclear cells to anticancer drugs used for CLL treatment (cladribine + mafosfamide; CM or CM combined with rituximab; RCM) was compared with the response to new cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors: BP14 and BP30. Viable apoptotic and necrotic cells were quantified by flow cytometry using propidium iodide and Yo-Pro stains. CDK inhibitors were studied in several doses to determine the reduction of necrosis and simultaneous increase of apoptosis in leukemic cell incubations with anticancer agents. The distinct cell response to applied doses/anticancer agents was observed. Results obtained in the current manuscript confirmed that modulation of doses is important. This was particularly indicated in results obtained at 24 h of cells incubation with anticancer agent. While an important time for analysis of anticancer response efficacy (monitoring of apoptosis induction potential) seems to be 48 h of cells exposition to anticancer agents. High variability in response to the drugs revealed that both the nature and the dose of the anticancer agents could be important in the final effect of the therapy. The present findings support the thesis that personalized medicine, before drug administration in the clinic, could be important to avoid the application of ineffective therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kubczak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90‑236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szustka
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90‑236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Z Błoński
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93‑510 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomaš Gucký
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladmir Krystof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paweł Robak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93‑510 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rogalińska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90‑236 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Papakonstantinou N, Ntoufa S, Tsagiopoulou M, Moysiadis T, Bhoi S, Malousi A, Psomopoulos F, Mansouri L, Laidou S, Papazoglou D, Gounari M, Pasentsis K, Plevova K, Kuci-Emruli V, Duran-Ferrer M, Davis Z, Ek S, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Ritgen M, Oscier D, Stavroyianni N, Pospisilova S, Davi F, Ghia P, Hadzidimitriou A, Belessi C, Martin-Subero JI, Pott C, Rosenquist R, Stamatopoulos K. Integrated epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals TP63 as a novel player in clinically aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2695-2706. [PMID: 30447004 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) stereotyped subsets #6 and #8 include cases expressing unmutated B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) (U-CLL). Subset #6 (IGHV1-69/IGKV3-20) is less aggressive compared to subset #8 (IGHV4-39/IGKV1(D)-39) which has the highest risk for Richter's transformation among all CLL. The underlying reasons for this divergent clinical behavior are not fully elucidated. To gain insight into this issue, here we focused on epigenomic signatures and their links with gene expression, particularly investigating genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in subsets #6 and #8 as well as other U-CLL cases not expressing stereotyped BcR IG. We found that subset #8 showed a distinctive DNA methylation profile compared to all other U-CLL cases, including subset #6. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression revealed significant correlation for several genes, particularly highlighting a relevant role for the TP63 gene which was hypomethylated and overexpressed in subset #8. This observation was validated by quantitative PCR, which also revealed TP63 mRNA overexpression in additional nonsubset U-CLL cases. BcR stimulation had distinct effects on p63 protein expression, particularly leading to induction in subset #8, accompanied by increased CLL cell survival. This pro-survival effect was also supported by siRNA-mediated downregulation of p63 expression resulting in increased apoptosis. In conclusion, we report that DNA methylation profiles may vary even among CLL patients with similar somatic hypermutation status, supporting a compartmentalized approach to dissecting CLL biology. Furthermore, we highlight p63 as a novel prosurvival factor in CLL, thus identifying another piece of the complex puzzle of clinical aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Papakonstantinou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stavroula Ntoufa
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Tsagiopoulou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Moysiadis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sujata Bhoi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andigoni Malousi
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotis Psomopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stamatia Laidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Papazoglou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gounari
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Pasentsis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karla Plevova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty of the Masaryk University, Brno, Czech republic
| | - Venera Kuci-Emruli
- Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Marti Duran-Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zadie Davis
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sara Ek
- Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Davide Rossi
- Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Matthias Ritgen
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Niki Stavroyianni
- Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty of the Masaryk University, Brno, Czech republic
| | - Frederic Davi
- Hematology Department and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Hadzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Jose I Martin-Subero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wdowiak K, Gallego-Colon E, Francuz T, Czajka-Francuz P, Ruiz-Agamez N, Kubeczko M, Grochoła I, Wybraniec MT, Chudek J, Wojnar J. Increased serum levels of Galectin-9 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1019-1029. [PMID: 30655861 PMCID: PMC6313089 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. Despite improvements in treatment, CLL is still considered an incurable disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate galectin-1, -3 and -9 (Gal-1, -3 and -9) and Gal-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) as prognostic and predictive factors in patients with CLL. Serum concentrations of Gal-1, -3 and -9 and Gal-3BP were measured in 48 patients with CLL and 30 control patients, using multiplex bead arrays. In patients with CLL, galectin concentrations were assessed prior to, during and following treatment. In patients with CLL who were untreated, galectin concentrations were measured twice with a 6-month interval. The serum level of Gal-9 was significantly increased (P<0.0001) in patients with CLL compared with the control group, and was associated with the clinical stage according to Binet classification, as well as poor cytogenetic and serum CLL prognostic factors. In addition, patients with CLL, who exhibited treatment failure, exhibited higher concentrations of Gal-9 (P=0.06) and Gal-3BP (P=0.009) at the end of the treatment when compared with patients under complete remission or stabilization of the disease. The serum level of Gal-3 was significantly decreased (P=0.012) in patients with CLL compared with the control group. These results suggest that Gal-9 is a potential prognostic factor in patients with CLL. The predictive value of Gal-9 requires further study in larger cohorts of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Paulina Czajka-Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Agamez
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Marcin Kubeczko
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology Department, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice 44-101, Poland
| | - Iga Grochoła
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | - Maciej T. Wybraniec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-635, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wojnar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Insight into origins, mechanisms, and utility of DNA methylation in B-cell malignancies. Blood 2018; 132:999-1006. [PMID: 30037886 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-692970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how tumor cells fundamentally alter their identity is critical to identify specific vulnerabilities for use in precision medicine. In B-cell malignancy, knowledge of genetic changes has resulted in great gains in our understanding of the biology of tumor cells, impacting diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Despite this knowledge, much remains to be explained as genetic events do not completely explain clinical behavior and outcomes. Many patients lack recurrent driver mutations, and said drivers can persist in nonmalignant cells of healthy individuals remaining cancer-free for decades. Epigenetics has emerged as a valuable avenue to further explain tumor phenotypes. The epigenetic landscape is the software that powers and stabilizes cellular identity by abridging a broad genome into the essential information required per cell. A genome-level view of B-cell malignancies reveals complex but recurrent epigenetic patterns that define tumor types and subtypes, permitting high-resolution classification and novel insight into tumor-specific mechanisms. Epigenetic alterations are guided by distinct cellular processes, such as polycomb-based silencing, transcription, signaling pathways, and transcription factor activity, and involve B-cell-specific aspects, such as activation-induced cytidine deaminase activity and germinal center-specific events. Armed with a detailed knowledge of the epigenetic events that occur across the spectrum of B-cell differentiation, B-cell tumor-specific aberrations can be detected with improved accuracy and serve as a model for identification of tumor-specific events in cancer. Insight gained through recent efforts may prove valuable in guiding the use of both epigenetic- and nonepigenetic-based therapies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sibbons CM, Irvine NA, Pérez-Mojica JE, Calder PC, Lillycrop KA, Fielding BA, Burdge GC. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Involving Δ8 Desaturation and Differential DNA Methylation of FADS2 Regulates Proliferation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:432. [PMID: 29556240 PMCID: PMC5844933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important for immune function. Limited evidence indicates that immune cell activation involves endogenous PUFA synthesis, but this has not been characterised. To address this, we measured metabolism of 18:3n-3 in quiescent and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and in Jurkat T cell leukaemia. PBMCs from men and women (n = 34) were incubated with [1-13C]18:3n-3 with or without Concanavalin A (Con. A). 18:3n-3 conversion was undetectable in unstimulated PBMCs, but up-regulated when stimulated. The main products were 20:3n-3 and 20:4n-3, while 18:4n-3 was undetectable, suggesting initial elongation and Δ8 desaturation. PUFA synthesis was 17.4-fold greater in Jurkat cells than PBMCs. The major products of 18:3n-3 conversion in Jurkat cells were 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3. 13C Enrichment of 18:4n-3 and 20:3n-3 suggests parallel initial elongation and Δ6 desaturation. The FADS2 inhibitor SC26196 reduced PBMC, but not Jurkat cell, proliferation suggesting PUFA synthesis is involved in regulating mitosis in PBMCs. Con. A stimulation increased FADS2, FADS1, ELOVL5 and ELOVL4 mRNA expression in PBMCs. A single transcript corresponding to the major isoform of FADS2, FADS20001, was detected in PBMCs and Jurkat cells. PBMC activation induced hypermethylation of a 470bp region in the FADS2 5'-regulatory sequence. This region was hypomethylated in Jurkat cells compared to quiescent PBMCs. These findings show that PUFA synthesis involving initial elongation and Δ8 desaturation is involved in regulating PBMC proliferation and is regulated via transcription possibly by altered DNA methylation. These processes were dysregulated in Jurkat cells. This has implications for understanding the regulation of mitosis in normal and transformed lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Sibbons
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A Irvine
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - J Eduardo Pérez-Mojica
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rogalińska M, Góralski P, Błoński JZ, Robak P, Barciszewski J, Koceva-Chyła A, Piekarski H, Robak T, Kilianska ZM. Personalized therapy tests for the monitoring of chronic lymphocytic leukemia development. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2079-2084. [PMID: 28454364 PMCID: PMC5403444 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is individual variation in the course of disease development and response to therapy of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Novel treatment options for CLL include a new generation of purine analogs, antibodies and inhibitors of specific cell signaling pathways, which typically induce apoptosis or necrosis. A prospective analysis of patient blood samples revealed that a combination of four tests allowed the most appropriate and effective type of treatment to be selected prior to drug administration, and for the analysis of leukemic cell sensitivity to anticancer drug(s) during disease development. The comparative analysis of blood from the stable and progressive form of CLL in an individual patient revealed diversity in the response to anticancer agents. CLL peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with cladribine + mafosfamide (CM), fludarabine + mafosfamide, CM + rituximab, rituximab alone (Rit) or kinetin riboside (RK). A combination of cell viability, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiles of nuclear preparations and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) protein expression analysis of the leukemic cells was performed to evaluate the anticancer effects of the tested agents during CLL development. The results of the present study indicate that such studies are effective in determining the most appropriate anticancer drug and could monitor disease progression on an individual level. In addition, the results of the current study suggest that CLL progression leads to diversification of the cellular drug response. The most efficient apoptosis inducer for the patient was purine analog RK when the disease was stable, while the CM combination was the most effective agent for the progressive form of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Góralski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Jerzy Z. Błoński
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-419, Poland
| | - Paweł Robak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-419, Poland
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Aneta Koceva-Chyła
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Henryk Piekarski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-419, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zebrafish Models of Human Leukemia: Technological Advances and Mechanistic Insights. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:335-69. [PMID: 27165361 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insights concerning leukemic pathophysiology have been acquired in various animal models and further efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying leukemic treatment resistance and disease relapse promise to improve therapeutic strategies. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate organism with a conserved hematopoietic program and unique experimental strengths suiting it for the investigation of human leukemia. Recent technological advances in zebrafish research including efficient transgenesis, precise genome editing, and straightforward transplantation techniques have led to the generation of a number of leukemia models. The transparency of the zebrafish when coupled with improved lineage-tracing and imaging techniques has revealed exquisite details of leukemic initiation, progression, and regression. With these advantages, the zebrafish represents a unique experimental system for leukemic research and additionally, advances in zebrafish-based high-throughput drug screening promise to hasten the discovery of novel leukemia therapeutics. To date, investigators have accumulated knowledge of the genetic underpinnings critical to leukemic transformation and treatment resistance and without doubt, zebrafish are rapidly expanding our understanding of disease mechanisms and helping to shape therapeutic strategies for improved outcomes in leukemic patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bouley J, Saad L, Grall R, Schellenbauer A, Biard D, Paget V, Morel-Altmeyer S, Guipaud O, Chambon C, Salles B, Maloum K, Merle-Béral H, Chevillard S, Delic J. A new phosphorylated form of Ku70 identified in resistant leukemic cells confers fast but unfaithful DNA repair in cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27980-8000. [PMID: 26337656 PMCID: PMC4695039 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ku70-dependent canonical nonhomologous end-joining (c-NHEJ) DNA repair system is fundamental to the genome maintenance and B-cell lineage. c-NHEJ is upregulated and error-prone in incurable forms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia which also displays telomere dysfunction, multiple chromosomal aberrations and the resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. We identify in these cells a novel DNA damage inducible form of phospho-Ku70. In vitro in different cancer cell lines, Ku70 phosphorylation occurs in a heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 complex within minutes of genotoxic stress, necessitating its interaction with DNA damage-induced kinase pS2056-DNA-PKcs and/or pS1981-ATM. The mutagenic effects of phospho-Ku70 are documented by a defective S/G2 checkpoint, accelerated disappearance of γ-H2AX foci and kinetics of DNA repair resulting in an increased level of genotoxic stress-induced chromosomal aberrations. Together, these data unveil an involvement of phospho-Ku70 in fast but inaccurate DNA repair; a new paradigm linked to both the deregulation of c-NHEJ and the resistance of malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bouley
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, Stallergens, 92160 Antony, France
| | - Lina Saad
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Romain Grall
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Amelie Schellenbauer
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Denis Biard
- Institut de Maladies Emergentes et des Thérapies Innovantes (iMETI), Service d'Etude des Prions et des Infections Atypiques (SEPIA), CEA, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Vincent Paget
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sandrine Morel-Altmeyer
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Olivier Guipaud
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Laboratoire de Radiopathologie et de Thérapies Expérimentales, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- Service de Spectrométrie de Masse, INRA Theix, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Bernard Salles
- UMR 1331 TOXALIM, INRA/INP/UPS, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Karim Maloum
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Merle-Béral
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75000 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, INSERM, UMR-S 872, Programmed Cell Death and Physiopathology of Tumor Cells, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers 75000 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Chevillard
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Jozo Delic
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Renouvelables (CEA), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mio C, Lavarone E, Conzatti K, Baldan F, Toffoletto B, Puppin C, Filetti S, Durante C, Russo D, Orlacchio A, Di Cristofano A, Di Loreto C, Damante G. MCM5 as a target of BET inhibitors in thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:335-47. [PMID: 26911376 PMCID: PMC4891972 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an extremely aggressive thyroid cancer subtype, refractory to the current medical treatment. Among various epigenetic anticancer drugs, bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitors (BETis) are considered to be an appealing novel class of compounds. BETi target the bromodomain and extra-terminal of BET proteins that act as regulators of gene transcription, interacting with histone acetyl groups. The goal of this study is to delineate which pathway underlies the biological effects derived from BET inhibition, in order to find new potential therapeutic targets in ATC. We investigated the effects of BET inhibition on two human anaplastic thyroid cancer-derived cell lines (FRO and SW1736). The treatment with two BETis, JQ1 and I-BET762, decreased cell viability, reduced cell cycle S-phase, and determined cell death. In order to find BETi effectors, FRO and SW1736 were subjected to a global transcriptome analysis after JQ1 treatment. A significant portion of deregulated genes belongs to cell cycle regulators. Among them, MCM5 was decreased at both mRNA and protein levels in both tested cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicate that MCM5 is directly bound by the BET protein BRD4. MCM5 silencing reduced cell proliferation, thus underlining its involvement in the block of proliferation induced by BETis. Furthermore, MCM5 immunohistochemical evaluation in human thyroid tumor tissues demonstrated its overexpression in several papillary thyroid carcinomas and in all ATCs. MCM5 was also overexpressed in a murine model of ATC, and JQ1 treatment reduced Mcm5 mRNA expression in two murine ATC cell lines. Thus, MCM5 could represent a new target in the therapeutic approach against ATC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Mio
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Lavarone
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ketty Conzatti
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Toffoletto
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Puppin
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Exosomes released by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induce the transition of stromal cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Blood 2015; 126:1106-17. [PMID: 26100252 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-618025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes derived from solid tumor cells are involved in immune suppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis, but the role of leukemia-derived exosomes has been less investigated. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is stringently associated with a tumor-supportive microenvironment and a dysfunctional immune system. Here, we explore the role of CLL-derived exosomes in the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which malignant cells create this favorable surrounding. We show that CLL-derived exosomes are actively incorporated by endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells ex vivo and in vivo and that the transfer of exosomal protein and microRNA induces an inflammatory phenotype in the target cells, which resembles the phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). As a result, stromal cells show enhanced proliferation, migration, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, contributing to a tumor-supportive microenvironment. Exosome uptake by endothelial cells increased angiogenesis ex vivo and in vivo, and coinjection of CLL-derived exosomes and CLL cells promoted tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Finally, we detected α-smooth actin-positive stromal cells in lymph nodes of CLL patients. These findings demonstrate that CLL-derived exosomes actively promote disease progression by modulating several functions of surrounding stromal cells that acquire features of cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Collapse
|
22
|
JARID2 inhibits leukemia cell proliferation by regulating CCND1 expression. Int J Hematol 2015; 102:76-85. [PMID: 25939703 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that JARID2 contributes to the malignant character of solid tumors, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung and colon cancer cell lines, but its role in leukemia progression is unexplored. In this study, we explored the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of JARID2 on leukemia cell proliferation. Real-time PCR and Western assay were carried out to detect JARID2 and CCND1 expression. Cell number and cell cycle change were detected using hemocytometer and flow cytometry, and a ChIP assay was utilized to investigate JARID2 and H3K27me3 enrichment on the CCND1 promoter. JARID2 is down-regulated in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL), and knockdown of JARID2 promotes leukemia cell proliferation via acceleration of the G1/S transition. Conversely, ectopic expression of JARID2 inhibits these malignant phenotypes. Mechanistic studies show that JARID2 negatively regulates CCND1 expression by increasing H3K27 trimethylation on the CCND1 promoter. Our findings indicate that JARID2 is a negative regulator of leukemia cell proliferation, and functions as potential tumor suppressor in leukemia.
Collapse
|
23
|
Martinez-Torres AC, Quiney C, Attout T, Boullet H, Herbi L, Vela L, Barbier S, Chateau D, Chapiro E, Nguyen-Khac F, Davi F, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Moumné R, Sarfati M, Karoyan P, Merle-Béral H, Launay P, Susin SA. CD47 agonist peptides induce programmed cell death in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells via PLCγ1 activation: evidence from mice and humans. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001796. [PMID: 25734483 PMCID: PMC4348493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adulthood leukemia, is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal CD5+ B lymphocytes, which results in a progressive failure of the immune system. Despite intense research efforts, drug resistance remains a major cause of treatment failure in CLL, particularly in patients with dysfunctional TP53. The objective of our work was to identify potential approaches that might overcome CLL drug refractoriness by examining the pro-apoptotic potential of targeting the cell surface receptor CD47 with serum-stable agonist peptides. METHODS AND FINDINGS In peripheral blood samples collected from 80 patients with CLL with positive and adverse prognostic features, we performed in vitro genetic and molecular analyses that demonstrate that the targeting of CD47 with peptides derived from the C-terminal domain of thrombospondin-1 efficiently kills the malignant CLL B cells, including those from high-risk individuals with a dysfunctional TP53 gene, while sparing the normal T and B lymphocytes from the CLL patients. Further studies reveal that the differential response of normal B lymphocytes, collected from 20 healthy donors, and leukemic B cells to CD47 peptide targeting results from the sustained activation in CLL B cells of phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLCγ1), a protein that is significantly over-expressed in CLL. Once phosphorylated at tyrosine 783, PLCγ1 enables a Ca2+-mediated, caspase-independent programmed cell death (PCD) pathway that is not down-modulated by the lymphocyte microenvironment. Accordingly, down-regulation of PLCγ1 or pharmacological inhibition of PLCγ1 phosphorylation abolishes CD47-mediated killing. Additionally, in a CLL-xenograft model developed in NOD/scid gamma mice, we demonstrate that the injection of CD47 agonist peptides reduces tumor burden without inducing anemia or toxicity in blood, liver, or kidney. The limitations of our study are mainly linked to the affinity of the peptides targeting CD47, which might be improved to reach the standard requirements in drug development, and the lack of a CLL animal model that fully mimics the human disease. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides substantial progress in (i) the development of serum-stable CD47 agonist peptides that are highly effective at inducing PCD in CLL, (ii) the understanding of the molecular events regulating a novel PCD pathway that overcomes CLL apoptotic avoidance, (iii) the identification of PLCγ1 as an over-expressed protein in CLL B cells, and (iv) the description of a novel peptide-based strategy against CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD47 Antigen/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Middle Aged
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Phospholipase C gamma/metabolism
- Thrombospondin 1/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Carolina Martinez-Torres
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Claire Quiney
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Tarik Attout
- INSERM U1149, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Heloïse Boullet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203 and FR 2769, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7203, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Linda Herbi
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Laura Vela
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Barbier
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Chateau
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Intestine: Nutrition, Barrier, and Diseases Team, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Elise Chapiro
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Magali Le Garff-Tavernier
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Roba Moumné
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203 and FR 2769, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7203, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Karoyan
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203 and FR 2769, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7203, Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Merle-Béral
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM U1149, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Santos A. Susin
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rodríguez D, Bretones G, Arango JR, Valdespino V, Campo E, Quesada V, López-Otín C. Molecular pathogenesis of CLL and its evolution. Int J Hematol 2015; 101:219-28. [PMID: 25630433 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of being the most prevalent adult leukemia in Western countries, the molecular mechanisms driving the establishment and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remain largely unknown. In recent years, the use of next-generation sequencing techniques has uncovered new and, in some cases, unexpected driver genes with prognostic and therapeutic value. The mutational landscape of CLL is characterized by high-genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, low mutation recurrence and a long tail of cases with undefined driver genes. On the other hand, the use of deep sequencing has also revealed high intra-tumor heterogeneity and provided a detailed picture of clonal evolution processes. This phenomenon, in which aberrant DNA methylation can also participate, appears to be tightly associated to poor outcomes and chemo-refractoriness, thus providing a new subject for therapeutic intervention. Hence, and having in mind the limitations derived from the CLL complexity thus described, the application of massively parallel sequencing studies has unveiled a wealth of information that is expected to substantially improve patient staging schemes and CLL clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología-IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rogalińska M, Błoński JZ, Góralski P, Wawrzyniak E, Hartman M, Rogalska A, Robak P, Koceva-Chyła A, Piekarski H, Robak T, Kiliańska ZM. Relationship between in vitro drug sensitivity and clinical response of patients to treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1259-67. [PMID: 25572009 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of therapeutic options in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) an in vitro system to determine the response of mononuclear blood cells from blood of patients was elaborated. The study combines four approaches, i.e., cell viability, apoptosis rate, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and immunoblotting to develop personalized therapy protocols based on the cell sensitivity to drug exposure of individual CLL patients. The complementary analyses were performed on 28 peripheral blood samples from previously untreated CLL patients before therapy. The induction and progress of apoptosis in CLL cells exposed in vitro to purine analogs combined with mafosfamide, i.e., cladribine + mafosfamide (CM) and fludarabine + mafosfamide (FM) were assessed using the above approaches. The changes in thermal profiles (decrease/loss of transition at 95±5˚C) coincided with an accumulation of apoptotic cells, a decrease in the number of viable cells, and differences in the expression of the apoptosis‑related protein PARP‑1. No significant changes were observed in the thermal profiles of nuclei isolated from CLL cells resistant to the treatment. The complementary assays revealed a strong relationship between both the in vitro sensitivity of leukemia cells to drugs and the clinical response of the patients, determined usually after the sixth course of treatment (after ~6 months of therapy). As a summary of studies followed by complementary tests, our findings demonstrate the value of in vitro exposure of CLL cell samples to drugs intended to treat CLL patients, before their administration in order to recommend the most suitable and effective therapy for individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rogalińska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Z Błoński
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Góralski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wawrzyniak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Hartman
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Robak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Koceva-Chyła
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Henryk Piekarski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia M Kiliańska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Klimmeck D, Hansson J, Lipka DB, Reyes A, Wang Q, Weichenhan D, Lier A, von Paleske L, Renders S, Wünsche P, Zeisberger P, Brocks D, Gu L, Herrmann C, Haas S, Essers MAG, Brors B, Eils R, Huber W, Milsom MD, Plass C, Krijgsveld J, Trumpp A. Identification of regulatory networks in HSCs and their immediate progeny via integrated proteome, transcriptome, and DNA methylome analysis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:507-522. [PMID: 25158935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present integrated quantitative proteome, transcriptome, and methylome analyses of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and four multipotent progenitor (MPP) populations. From the characterization of more than 6,000 proteins, 27,000 transcripts, and 15,000 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), we identified coordinated changes associated with early differentiation steps. DMRs show continuous gain or loss of methylation during differentiation, and the overall change in DNA methylation correlates inversely with gene expression at key loci. Our data reveal the differential expression landscape of 493 transcription factors and 682 lncRNAs and highlight specific expression clusters operating in HSCs. We also found an unexpectedly dynamic pattern of transcript isoform regulation, suggesting a critical regulatory role during HSC differentiation, and a cell cycle/DNA repair signature associated with multipotency in MPP2 cells. This study provides a comprehensive genome-wide resource for the functional exploration of molecular, cellular, and epigenetic regulation at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cabezas-Wallscheid
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Klimmeck
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Hansson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Lipka
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qi Wang
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lier
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Junior Research Group Experimental Hematology, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa von Paleske
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Renders
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Wünsche
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Zeisberger
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Brocks
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lei Gu
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Haas
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Junior Research Group Stress-induced Activation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marieke A G Essers
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Junior Research Group Stress-induced Activation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Milsom
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Junior Research Group Experimental Hematology, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wee S, Dhanak D, Li H, Armstrong SA, Copeland RA, Sims R, Baylin SB, Liu XS, Schweizer L. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1309:30-6. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wee
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company; Princeton New Jersey
| | - Dash Dhanak
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Spring House Pennsylvania
| | - Haitao Li
- Tsinghua University; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Scott A. Armstrong
- Leukemia Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York New York
| | | | - Robert Sims
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ronchetti D, Tuana G, Rinaldi A, Agnelli L, Cutrona G, Mosca L, Fabris S, Matis S, Colombo M, Gentile M, Recchia AG, Kwee I, Bertoni F, Morabito F, Ferrarini M, Neri A. Distinct patterns of global promoter methylation in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 53:264-73. [PMID: 24347044 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and epigenomic studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are reshaping our understanding of the disease and have provided new perspectives for a more individualized diagnosis and new potential therapeutic targets. In this study, the global promoter methylation profile was determined in highly purified B-cells from 37 (Binet stage A) CLL patients, using high-resolution methylation microarrays (27,578 CpG). Overall, the methylation pattern correlated with the major biological (ZAP-70 and CD38), and molecular (IGHV mutation) markers, distinguishing CLL cases according to IGHV mutational status. Cell adhesion molecules were enriched in the signature of unmutated (UM) versus mutated (M-) CLL. Moreover, in M-CLL CpG hyper-methylation in three genes, including SPG20, was significantly anti-correlated with the corresponding gene expression level. Finally, the correlation between the methylation pattern and clinical parameters was investigated. Notably, out of 42 methyl-probes that were significantly associated with progression free survival (PFS), hyper-methylation of SPG20 was also positively associated with PFS. These data support the notion that epigenetic changes have clinical impact in CLL and may contribute to the identification of novel candidate disease-associated genes potentially useful to predict the clinical outcome of early stage CLL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Ronchetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hassler MR, Schiefer AI, Egger G. Combating the epigenome: epigenetic drugs against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Epigenomics 2013; 5:397-415. [PMID: 23895653 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) comprise a large and diverse group of neoplasms of lymphocyte origin with heterogeneous molecular features and clinical manifestations. Current therapies are based on standard chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation or stem cell transplantation. The discovery of recurrent mutations in epigenetic enzymes, such as chromatin modifiers and DNA methyltransferases, has provided researchers with a rationale to develop novel inhibitors targeting these enzymes. Several clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of epigenetic drugs in NHL therapy and a few specific inhibitors have already been approved for clinical use. Here, we provide an overview of current NHL classification and a review of the present literature describing epigenetic alterations in NHL, including a summary of different epigenetic drugs, and their use in preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Hassler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies has been transformed by next-generation sequencing. The studies in this review have used whole-genome, exome, and transcriptome sequencing to identify recurring structural genetic alterations and sequence mutations that target key cellular pathways in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the lymphomas. Although each tumor type is characterized by a unique genomic landscape, several cellular pathways are mutated in multiple tumor types-transcriptional regulation of differentiation, antigen receptor signaling, tyrosine kinase and Ras signaling, and epigenetic modifications-and individual genes are mutated in multiple tumors, notably TCF3, NOTCH1, MYD88, and BRAF. In addition to providing fundamental insights into tumorigenesis, these studies have also identified potential new markers for diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic intervention. Several genetic alterations are intuitively "druggable" with existing agents, for example, kinase-activating lesions in high-risk B-cell ALL, NOTCH1 in both leukemia and lymphoma, and BRAF in hairy cell leukemia. Future sequencing efforts are required to comprehensively define the genetic basis of all lymphoid malignancies, examine the relative roles of germline and somatic variation, dissect the genetic basis of clonal heterogeneity, and chart a course for clinical sequencing and translation to improved therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a critical transcriptional regulator of B-cell development and function. A recent genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association study identified IRF4 as a major susceptibility gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although the SNPs located in the IRF4 gene were linked to a downregulation of IRF4 in CLL patients, whether a low level of IRF4 is critical for CLL development remains unclear. In rodents, CLL cells are derived from B1 cells whose population is dramatically expanded in immunoglobulin heavy chain Vh11 knock-in mice. We bred a Vh11 knock-in allele into IRF4-deficient mice (IRF4(-/-)Vh11). Here, we report that IRF4(-/-)Vh11 mice develop spontaneous early-onset CLL with 100% penetrance. Further analysis shows that IRF4(-/-)Vh11 CLL cells proliferate predominantly in spleen and express high levels of Mcl-1. IRF4(-/-)Vh11 CLL cells are resistant to apoptosis but reconstitution of IRF4 expression in the IRF4(-/-)Vh11 CLL cells inhibits their survival. Thus, our study demonstrates for the first time a causal relationship between low levels of IRF4 and the development of CLL. Moreover, our findings establish IRF4(-/-)Vh11 mice as a novel mouse model of CLL that not only is valuable for dissecting molecular pathogenesis of CLL but could also be used for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
|