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Hu Y, Li D, Wei H, Zhou S, Chen W, Yan X, Cai J, Chen X, Chen B, Liao M, Chai R, Tang M. Neurite Extension and Orientation of Spiral Ganglion Neurons Can Be Directed by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Magnetic Field. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4515-4526. [PMID: 34239302 PMCID: PMC8259836 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s313673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuroregeneration is a major challenge in neuroscience for treating degenerative diseases and for repairing injured nerves. Numerous studies have shown the importance of physical stimulation for neuronal growth and development, and here we report an approach for the physical guidance of neuron orientation and neurite growth using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and magnetic fields (MFs). Methods SPIO nanoparticles were synthesized by classic chemical co-precipitation methods and then characterized by transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The cytotoxicity of the prepared SPIO nanoparticles and MF was determined using CCK-8 assay and LIVE/DEAD assay. The immunofluorescence images were captured by a laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cell migration was evaluated using the wound healing assay. Results The prepared SPIO nanoparticles showed a narrow size distribution, low cytotoxicity, and superparamagnetism. SPIO nanoparticles coated with poly-L-lysine could be internalized by spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations less than 300 µg/mL. The neurite extension of SGNs was promoted after internalizing SPIO nanoparticles with or without an external MF, and this might be due to the promotion of growth cone development. It was also confirmed that SPIO can regulate cell migration and can direct neurite outgrowth in SGNs preferentially along the direction imposed by an external MF. Conclusion Our results provide a fundamental understanding of the regulation of cell behaviors under physical cues and suggest alternative treatments for sensorineural hearing loss caused by the degeneration of SGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jaiying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Materials Science and Devices Institute, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
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Jang J, Jang JH, Choi H. Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membranes for Next-Generation Cochlear Implants. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28892270 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Patients with sensorineural hearing loss can recover their hearing using a cochlear implant (CI). However, there is a need to develop next-generation CIs to overcome the limitations of conventional CIs caused by extracorporeal devices. Recently, artificial basilar membranes (ABMs) are actively studied for next-generation CIs. The ABM is an acoustic transducer that mimics the mechanical frequency selectivity of the BM and acoustic-to-electrical energy conversion of hair cells. This paper presents recent progress in biomimetic ABMs. First, the characteristics of frequency selectivity of the ABMs by the trapezoidal membrane and beam array are addressed. Second, to reflect the latest research of energy conversion technologies, ABMs using various piezoelectric materials and triboelectric-based ABMs are discussed. Third, in vivo evaluations of the ABMs in animal models are discussed according to the target position for implantation. Finally, future perspectives of ABM studies for the development of practical hearing devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmoon Jang
- Department of Robotics Engineering; DGIST-ETH Microrobot Research Center; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon Dalseong-Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Jang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Ajou University College of Medicine; 164, World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics Engineering; DGIST-ETH Microrobot Research Center; Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST); 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon Dalseong-Gun Daegu 42988 Republic of Korea
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Li X, Xu L, Sun G, Wu X, Bai X, Li J, Strauss JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Spag6 Mutant Mice Have Defects in Development and Function of Spiral Ganglion Neurons, Apoptosis, and Higher Sensitivity to Paclitaxel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8638. [PMID: 28819108 PMCID: PMC5561245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Sperm Associated Antigen 6 (SPAG6) is the orthologue of Chlamydomonas PF16, a protein localized in the axoneme central apparatus. Recent studies showed that Spag6 has a role in brain neuronal proliferation and differentiation. The mammalian spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are specialzed bipolar neurons in the inner ear. However, the role of SPAG6 in SGN has not been elucidated. Therefore, We hypothesized that a Spag6 knockout would affect the development and function of SGNs. We utilized Spag6-deficient mice and SGN explants to define the role of SPAG6. On postnatal day 30 (P30) mutant mice had lower SGN density compared to their wild-type littermates, and more apoptosis was evident in the mutants. Increased Bax expression, a disturbed distribution of cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 positive staining indicated that increased apoptosis involved a mitochondrial pathway. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormalities in the ultrastructure of mutant SGNs as early as P7. In vitro, lack of SPAG6 affected the growth of neurites and growth cones. Additionally, SPAG6 deficiency decreased synapse density in SGN explants. Finally, Spag6 mutant SGNs were more sensitive to the microtubule stabilizing agent, paclitaxel. These findings suggest that Spag6 plays a crucial role in SGN development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Gaoying Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xianmin Wu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, PR China.
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Yan W, Liu W, Qi J, Fang Q, Fan Z, Sun G, Han Y, Zhang D, Xu L, Wang M, Li J, Chen F, Liu D, Chai R, Wang H. A Three-Dimensional Culture System with Matrigel Promotes Purified Spiral Ganglion Neuron Survival and Function In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2070-2084. [PMID: 28283883 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In vitro culture of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) is a useful approach to investigate numerous aspects of neuronal behavior and to identify potential therapeutic targets for SGN protection and regeneration. However, the isolation of SGNs and the long-term maintenance of their structure and function in vitro remain challenging. In this study, we isolated SGNs from Bhlhb5-cre and Rosa26-tdTomato mice with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and determined the cell purity. We then encapsulated the pure SGNs in matrigel and cultured the SGNs in vitro. We found that the three-dimensional (3D)-matrigel culture environment significantly suppressed apoptosis and improved SGN survival in vitro, which enabled the long-term culture of SGNs for up to 6 months. The 3D-matrigel system also significantly promoted neurite outgrowth of the SGNs, increased the cells' polarity, promoted the area of growth cones, and significantly increased the synapse density of the SGNs. More importantly, the 3D-matrigel system helped to maintain and promote the electrophysiological properties of the SGNs. In conclusion, the 3D-matrigel culture system promoted the survival of purified SGNs in vitro and maintained their morphological structure and function and thus could be a useful tool for studying the physiology and pathophysiology of purified SGNs in long-term culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Jieyu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhaomin Fan
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Gaoying Sun
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Haibo Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China.
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The Three-Dimensional Culture System with Matrigel and Neurotrophic Factors Preserves the Structure and Function of Spiral Ganglion Neuron In Vitro. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4280407. [PMID: 27057364 PMCID: PMC4736769 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4280407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole organ culture of the spiral ganglion region is a resourceful model system facilitating manipulation and analysis of live sprial ganglion neurons (SGNs). Three-dimensional (3D) cultures have been demonstrated to have many biomedical applications, but the effect of 3D culture in maintaining the SGNs structure and function in explant culture remains uninvestigated. In this study, we used the matrigel to encapsulate the spiral ganglion region isolated from neonatal mice. First, we optimized the matrigel concentration for the 3D culture system and found the 3D culture system protected the SGNs against apoptosis, preserved the structure of spiral ganglion region, and promoted the sprouting and outgrowth of SGNs neurites. Next, we found the 3D culture system promoted growth cone growth as evidenced by a higher average number and a longer average length of filopodia and a larger growth cone area. 3D culture system also significantly elevated the synapse density of SGNs. Last, we found that the 3D culture system combined with neurotrophic factors had accumulated effects in promoting the neurites outgrowth compared with 3D culture or NFs treatment only groups. Together, we conclude that the 3D culture system preserves the structure and function of SGN in explant culture.
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A microelectromechanical system artificial basilar membrane based on a piezoelectric cantilever array and its characterization using an animal model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12447. [PMID: 26227924 PMCID: PMC4521187 DOI: 10.1038/srep12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We proposed a piezoelectric artificial basilar membrane (ABM) composed of a microelectromechanical system cantilever array. The ABM mimics the tonotopy of the cochlea: frequency selectivity and mechanoelectric transduction. The fabricated ABM exhibits a clear tonotopy in an audible frequency range (2.92–12.6 kHz). Also, an animal model was used to verify the characteristics of the ABM as a front end for potential cochlear implant applications. For this, a signal processor was used to convert the piezoelectric output from the ABM to an electrical stimulus for auditory neurons. The electrical stimulus for auditory neurons was delivered through an implanted intra-cochlear electrode array. The amplitude of the electrical stimulus was modulated in the range of 0.15 to 3.5 V with incoming sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70.1 to 94.8 dB SPL. The electrical stimulus was used to elicit an electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) from deafened guinea pigs. EABRs were successfully measured and their magnitude increased upon application of acoustic stimuli from 75 to 95 dB SPL. The frequency selectivity of the ABM was estimated by measuring the magnitude of EABRs while applying sound pressure at the resonance and off-resonance frequencies of the corresponding cantilever of the selected channel. In this study, we demonstrated a novel piezoelectric ABM and verified its characteristics by measuring EABRs.
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Liu W, Fan Z, Han Y, Zhang D, Li J, Wang H. Intranuclear localization of apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G involves in peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis of spiral ganglion neurons. Neurol Res 2012; 34:915-22. [PMID: 23006905 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to determine whether or not the caspase-independent apoptotic pathway participated in the cellular death of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) after exposure to peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), with particular attention given to the intranuclear translocation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (Endo G) in this process. METHODS The rat SGNs were isolated and primary cultured in vitro and were exposed to ONOO(-) with pre-treatment of pan-caspase inhibitor. Morphological changes of SGNs were observed by acridine orange cytochemistry staining, and apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The translocation of mitochondrial AIF and Endo G was detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. The protein expressions of Bcl-2 family in SGNs exposed to ONOO(-) were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Treatment of SGNs with ONOO(-) resulted in the occurrence of caspase-independent apoptosis as evidenced by acridine orange staining and flow cytometry analysis. The immunocytochemical analysis showed that AIF and Endo G labeling were marked in neuronal nuclei, while the Western blot demonstrated the intranuclear localization of AIF and Endo G in SGNs treated with ONOO(-). Western blot analysis demonstrated that ONOO(-) increased the Bax expression while reducing Bcl-2 expression, which was not prevented by pre-treatment with caspase inhibitor. CONCLUSION These data indicate that ONOO(-) can trigger caspase-independent apoptosis in SGNs associated with mitochondrial AIF and Endo G intranuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Piezoelectric materials mimic the function of the cochlear sensory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18390-5. [PMID: 22025702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110036108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochlear hair cells convert sound vibration into electrical potential, and loss of these cells diminishes auditory function. In response to mechanical stimuli, piezoelectric materials generate electricity, suggesting that they could be used in place of hair cells to create an artificial cochlear epithelium. Here, we report that a piezoelectric membrane generated electrical potentials in response to sound stimuli that were able to induce auditory brainstem responses in deafened guinea pigs, indicating its capacity to mimic basilar membrane function. In addition, sound stimuli were transmitted through the external auditory canal to a piezoelectric membrane implanted in the cochlea, inducing it to vibrate. The application of sound to the middle ear ossicle induced voltage output from the implanted piezoelectric membrane. These findings establish the fundamental principles for the development of hearing devices using piezoelectric materials, although there are many problems to be overcome before practical application.
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Abstract
The lack of an effective method of drug delivery has been a considerable obstacle in the development of novel therapeutics for inner ear diseases. However, several strategies have been investigated to achieve drug delivery to the inner ear, particularly for local application. Here, we review recent advances in the development of inner ear drug-delivery systems, focusing on biodegradable materials. Both synthetic and natural biodegradable materials have shown efficacy for inner ear drug delivery, resulting in an attenuation of hearing loss in animal models. We expect the further development of such drug-delivery systems to help translate the findings of experimental studies to clinical applications.
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Liu W, Fan Z, Han Y, Lu S, Zhang D, Bai X, Xu W, Li J, Wang H. Curcumin attenuates peroxynitrite-induced neurotoxicity in spiral ganglion neurons. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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