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Rallis KS, Makrakis D, Ziogas IA, Tsoulfas G. Immunotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: From clinical trials to real-world data and future advances. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:448-472. [PMID: 35949435 PMCID: PMC9244967 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i6.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. HCC is an inflammation-associated immunogenic cancer that frequently arises in chronically inflamed livers. Advanced HCC is managed with systemic therapies; the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib has been used in 1st-line setting since 2007. Immunotherapies have emerged as promising treatments across solid tumors including HCC for which immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are licensed in 1st- and 2nd-line treatment setting. The treatment field of advanced HCC is continuously evolving. Several clinical trials are investigating novel ICI candidates as well as new ICI regimens in combination with other therapeutic modalities including systemic agents, such as other ICIs, TKIs, and anti-angiogenics. Novel immunotherapies including adoptive cell transfer, vaccine-based approaches, and virotherapy are also being brought to the fore. Yet, despite advances, several challenges persist. Lack of real-world data on the use of immunotherapy for advanced HCC in patients outside of clinical trials constitutes a main limitation hindering the breadth of application and generalizability of data to this larger and more diverse patient cohort. Consequently, issues encountered in real-world practice include patient ineligibly for immunotherapy because of contraindications, comorbidities, or poor performance status; lack of response, efficacy, and safety data; and cost-effectiveness. Further real-world data from high-quality large prospective cohort studies of immunotherapy in patients with advanced HCC is mandated to aid evidence-based clinical decision-making. This review provides a critical and comprehensive overview of clinical trials and real-world data of immunotherapy for HCC, with a focus on ICIs, as well as novel immunotherapy strategies underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine S Rallis
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
- Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens 15123, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Makrakis
- Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens 15123, Greece
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ioannis A Ziogas
- Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens 15123, Greece
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Georgios Tsoulfas
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece
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2
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Glass MC, Glass DR, Oliveria JP, Mbiribindi B, Esquivel CO, Krams SM, Bendall SC, Martinez OM. Human IL-10-producing B cells have diverse states that are induced from multiple B cell subsets. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110728. [PMID: 35443184 PMCID: PMC9107325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) suppress immune responses through the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10). This immunomodulatory capacity holds therapeutic potential, yet a definitional immunophenotype for enumeration and prospective isolation of B cells capable of IL-10 production remains elusive. Here, we simultaneously quantify cytokine production and immunophenotype in human peripheral B cells across a range of stimulatory conditions and time points using mass cytometry. Our analysis shows that multiple functional B cell subsets produce IL-10 and that no phenotype uniquely identifies IL-10+ B cells. Further, a significant portion of IL-10+ B cells co-express the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Despite this heterogeneity, operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients have a unique enrichment of IL-10+, but not TNFα+ or IL-6+, B cells compared with transplant recipients receiving immunosuppression. Thus, human IL-10-producing B cells constitute an induced, transient state arising from a diversity of B cell subsets that may contribute to maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla C Glass
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David R Glass
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John-Paul Oliveria
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Berenice Mbiribindi
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O Esquivel
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia M Martinez
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Eshmuminov D, Mueller M, Brugger SD, Bautista Borrego L, Becker D, Hefti M, Hagedorn C, Duskabilova M, Tibbitt MW, Dutkowski P, Rudolf von Rohr P, Schuler MJ, Mueller NJ, Clavien PA. Sources and prevention of graft infection during long-term ex situ liver perfusion. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13623. [PMID: 33887094 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of normothermic liver machine perfusion to repair injured grafts ex situ is an emerging topic of clinical importance. However, a major concern is the possibility of microbial contamination in the absence of a fully functional immune system. Here, we report a standardized approach to maintain sterility during normothermic liver machine perfusion of porcine livers for one week. METHODS Porcine livers (n = 42) were procured and perfused with blood at 34°C following aseptic technique and standard operating procedures. The antimicrobial prophylaxis was adapted and improved in a step-wise manner taking into account the pathogens that were detected during the development phase. Piperacillin-Tazobactam was applied as a single dose initially and modified to continuous application in the final protocol. In addition, the perfusion machine was improved to recapitulate partially the host's defense system. The final protocol was tested for infection prevention during one week of perfusion. RESULTS During the development phase, microbial contamination occurred in 27 out of 39 (69%) livers with a mean occurrence of growth on 4 ± 1.6 perfusion days. The recovered microorganisms suggested an exogenous source of microbial contamination. The antimicrobial agents (piperacillin/tazobactam) could be maintained above the targeted minimal inhibitory concentration (8-16 mg/L) only with continuous application. In addition to continuous application of piperacillin/tazobactam, partial recapitulation of the host immune system ex situ accompanied by strict preventive measures for contact and air contamination maintained sterility during one week of perfusion. CONCLUSION The work demonstrates feasibility of sterility maintenance for one week during ex situ normothermic liver perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Mueller
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio D Brugger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Bautista Borrego
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dustin Becker
- Wyss Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Hefti
- Wyss Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Hagedorn
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhayyo Duskabilova
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Rudolf von Rohr
- Transport Processes and Reactions Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Schuler
- Wyss Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Department of Surgery, Swiss Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang P, Jiang Z, Wang C, Liu X, Li H, Xu D, Zhong L. Immune Tolerance Induction Using Cell-Based Strategies in Liver Transplantation: Clinical Perspectives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1723. [PMID: 33013824 PMCID: PMC7461870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) has become the best chance and a routine practice for patients with end-stage liver disease and small hepatocellular carcinoma. However, life-long immunosuppressive regimens could lead to many post-LT complications, including cancer recurrence, infections, dysmetabolic syndrome, and renal injury. Impeccable management of immunosuppressive regimens is indispensable to ensure the best long-term prognosis for LT recipients. This is challenging for these patients, who probably have a post-LT graft survival of more than 10 or even 20 years. Approximately 20% of patients after LT could develop spontaneous operational tolerance. They could maintain normal graft function and histology without any immunosuppressive regimens. Operational tolerance after transplantation has been an attractive and ultimate goal in transplant immunology. The liver, as an immunoregulatory organ, generates an immune hyporesponsive microenvironment under physiological conditions. In this regard, LT recipients may be ideal candidates for studies focusing on operative tolerance. Cell-based strategies are one of the most promising methods for immune tolerance induction, including chimerism induced by hematopoietic stem cells and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells, regulatory dendritic cells, regulatory macrophages, regulatory B cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. The safety and the efficacy of many cell products have been evaluated by prospective clinical trials. In this review, we will summarize the latest perspectives on the clinical application of cell-based strategies in LT and will address a number of concerns and future directions regarding these cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueni Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingyin Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Atif M, Mohr A, Conti F, Scatton O, Gorochov G, Miyara M. Metabolic Optimisation of Regulatory T Cells in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2005. [PMID: 33013855 PMCID: PMC7495149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the FOXP3 transcription factor are presently under investigation by many teams globally as a cellular therapy to induce tolerance in transplantation. This is primarily due to their immunosuppressive and homeostatic functions. Depending on the type of allograft, Treg cells will need to infiltrate and function in metabolically diverse microenvironments. This means that any resident and circulating Treg cells need to differentially adapt to counter acute or chronic allograft rejection. However, the links between Treg cell metabolism and function are still not entirely delineated. Current data suggest that Treg cells and their effector counterparts have different metabolite dependencies and metabolic programs. These properties could be exploited to optimize intragraft Treg cell function. In this review, we discuss the current paradigms regarding Treg cell metabolism and outline critical intracellular axes that link metabolism and function. Finally, we discuss how this knowledge could be clinically translated for the benefit of transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Atif
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Mohr
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Filomena Conti
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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6
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Du X, Chang S, Guo W, Zhang S, Chen ZK. Progress in Liver Transplant Tolerance and Tolerance-Inducing Cellular Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1326. [PMID: 32670292 PMCID: PMC7326808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the most effective method for treating end-stage liver disease. However, recipients still need long-term immunosuppressive drug treatment to control allogeneic immune rejection, which may cause various complications and affect the long-term survival of the recipient. Many liver transplant researchers constantly pursue the induction of immune tolerance in liver transplant recipients, immunosuppression withdrawal, and the maintenance of good and stable graft function. Although allogeneic liver transplantation is more tolerated than transplantation of other solid organs, and it shows a certain incidence of spontaneous tolerance, there is still great risk for general recipients. With the gradual progress in our understanding of immune regulatory mechanisms, a variety of immune regulatory cells have been discovered, and good results have been obtained in rodent and non-human primate transplant models. As immune cell therapies can induce long-term stable tolerance, they provide a good prospect for the induction of tolerance in clinical liver transplantation. At present, many transplant centers have carried out tolerance-inducing clinical trials in liver transplant recipients, and some have achieved gratifying results. This article will review the current status of liver transplant tolerance and the research progress of different cellular immunotherapies to induce this tolerance, which can provide more support for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Klaus Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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7
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Keenan BP, Fong L, Kelley RK. Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: the complex interface between inflammation, fibrosis, and the immune response. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:267. [PMID: 31627733 PMCID: PMC6798343 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and confers a poor prognosis. Beyond standard systemic therapy with multikinase inhibitors, recent studies demonstrate the potential for robust and durable responses from immune checkpoint inhibition in subsets of HCC patients across disease etiologies. The majority of HCC arises in the context of chronic inflammation and from within a fibrotic liver, with many cases associated with hepatitis virus infections, toxins, and fatty liver disease. Many patients also have concomitant cirrhosis which is associated with both local and systemic immune deficiency. Furthermore, the liver is an immunologic organ in itself, which may enhance or suppress the immune response to cancer arising within it. Here, we explore the immunobiology of the liver from its native state to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and then to cancer, and summarize how this unique microenvironment may affect the response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget P Keenan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Room M1286, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Room M1286, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robin K Kelley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Room M1286, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Thomson AW, Humar A, Lakkis FG, Metes DM. Regulatory dendritic cells for promotion of liver transplant operational tolerance: Rationale for a clinical trial and accompanying mechanistic studies. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:314-321. [PMID: 29100944 PMCID: PMC5924712 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are rare, bone marrow (BM)-derived innate immune cells that critically maintain self-tolerance in the healthy steady-state. Regulatory DC (DCreg) with capacity to suppress allograft rejection and promote transplant tolerance in pre-clinical models can readily be generated from BM precursors or circulating blood monocytes. These DCreg enhance allograft survival via various mechanisms, including promotion of regulatory T cells. In non-human primates receiving minimal immunosuppressive drug therapy (IS), infusion of DCreg of donor origin, one week before transplant, safely prolongs renal allograft survival and selectively attenuates anti-donor CD8+ memory T cell responses in the early post-transplant period. Based on these observations, and in view of the critical need to reduce patient dependence on non-specific IS agents that predispose to cardiometabolic side effects and renal insufficiency, we will conduct a first-in-human safety and preliminary efficacy study of donor-derived DCreg infusion to achieve early (18 months post-transplant) complete IS withdrawal in low-risk, living donor liver transplant recipients receiving standard-of-care IS (mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and steroids). We will test the hypothesis that, although donor-derived DCreg are short-lived, they will induce robust donor-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness. We will examine immunological mechanisms by sequential analysis of blood and tissue samples, incorporating cutting-edge technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus W Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Abhinav Humar
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diana M Metes
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the results of the ongoing research on the mechanisms of liver-induced tolerance focusing on results from the last year. RECENT FINDINGS The liver is exposed to a massive antigenic burden of dietary and commensal products from the gastrointestinal tract via portal vein, most of which are necessary for survival. To prevent the immune system from destroying these foreign yet beneficial elements, the liver has developed unique mechanisms to suppress immune responses. It is thought that these mechanisms of acquired tolerance may also underlie the spontaneous acceptance of liver allografts observed after transplantation in many species. The fact that isolated hepatocyte transplants are acutely rejected, suggests that nonparenchymal liver cells play a critical role in spontaneous liver allograft acceptance. IFN-γ, a key inflammatory cytokine produced by T effector (Tef) cells, is paradoxically compulsory for spontaneous liver allograft acceptance. Analysis of IFN-γ signaling points to liver mesenchymal nonparenchymal liver cell that eliminate infiltrating Tef cells via expression of B7-H1, IL-10, and tumor growth factor-β, as well as the enhancement of Tregs and MDSCs. Thus, liver mesenchymal cells are thought to promote tolerance by eliminating alloreactive Tef cells and enhancing suppressor cells (T and B). SUMMARY The research during last year offered some key insights into the mechanisms of liver-induced tolerance. Through interactions with activated T cells and B cells via IFN-γ/B7-H1 pathways, liver mesenchymal cells have been shown to be critical components of liver-specific tolerance induction.
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10
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Taner T. Liver transplantation: Rejection and tolerance. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:S85-S88. [PMID: 28779559 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timucin Taner
- Liver Transplant Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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11
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Abstract
Modern immunosuppression regimens effectively control acute rejection and decrease graft loss in the first year after transplantation; however, these regimens do not have a durable effect on long-term graft survival owing to a combination of drug toxicities and the emergence of chronic alloimmune responses. Eliminating drugs and their toxicities while maintaining graft acceptance has been the primary aim of cellular therapies. Tregs suppress both autoimmune and alloimmune responses and are particularly effective in protecting allografts in experimental transplant models. Further, Treg-based therapies are selective, do not require harsh conditioning, and do not have a risk of graft-versus-host disease. Trial designs should consider the distinct immunological features of each transplanted organ, Treg preparations, dose, and frequency, and the ability to detect and quantify Treg effects in a given transplant environment. In this Review, we detail the ongoing clinical trials of Treg therapy in liver and kidney transplantation. Integration of Treg biology gleaned from preclinical models and experiences in human organ transplantation should allow for optimization of trial design that will determine the potential efficacy of a given therapy and provide guidelines for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery.,Diabetes Center, and
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Department of Surgery.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Clavien PA, Muller X, de Oliveira ML, Dutkowski P, Sanchez-Fueyo A. Can immunosuppression be stopped after liver transplantation? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:531-537. [PMID: 28606879 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation has improved dramatically over the past three decades, mainly as a result of advances in surgical techniques and management of post-transplant complications. The focus has now turned towards rescuing additional organs in the face of scarce organ supply, or prevention of long-term toxicity associated with immunosuppression. The liver appears to be privileged in terms of immune tolerance, with a low incidence of antibody-mediated rejection, which is in sharp contrast to other solid organ transplants, such as kidney, lung, and heart transplants. However, tolerogenic processes remain poorly understood, and strategies for complete drug withdrawal should be selected carefully to avoid graft rejection. In this Review, we summarise the current understanding of liver-specific immune responses and provide an outlook on future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Xavier Muller
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle L de Oliveira
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Institute of Liver Studies, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Mechanisms and Strategies for Tolerance in Liver Transplantation. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Torres-Hernandez A, Miller G. TIMPing Fate: Why Pancreatic Cancer Cells Sojourn in the Liver. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:807-808. [PMID: 27702557 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torres-Hernandez
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - George Miller
- Departments of Surgery and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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