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Can Imaging Predict Subclinical Cortisol Secretion in Patients With Adrenal Adenomas? A CT Predictive Score. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 209:122-129. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.16.16965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Taffurelli G, Ricci C, Casadei R, Selva S, Minni F. Open adrenalectomy in the era of laparoscopic surgery: a review. Updates Surg 2017; 69:135-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s13304-017-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sabet FA, Majdzadeh R, Mostafazadeh Davani B, Heidari K, Soltani A. Likelihood ratio of computed tomography characteristics for diagnosis of malignancy in adrenal incidentaloma: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2016; 15:12. [PMID: 27104171 PMCID: PMC4839087 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-016-0224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To propose an evidence based diagnostic algorithm using mass characteristics to determine malignancy in patients with adrenal incidentaloma by CTscan. Methods A systematic review in Medline, Scopus, relevant reference books and desk searching was performed up to January 2016 with relevant reference checking. The summery estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio of different characteristics were calculated in two groups of the articles investigating the cases without previous malignancy and the articles investigating the oncologic cases. Results Thirty six articles were included in this study. In the first group with no history of malignancy a positive and negative LR of 3.1 and 0.13 in 4 cm threshold and positive and negative LR of 2.85 and 0 in 10HU density were found. In the second group with history of malignancy positive and negative LR of 2.3 and 0.27 in 3 cm threshold and positive and negative LR of 3.6 and 0.08 in 20HU density were resulted. Conclusion The results retrieved in this study considering the limitations show that adrenal incidentaloma with a size less than 4 cm or a mass larger than 4 cm with density less than 10HU in the first group can be managed with imaging follow up. For masses larger than 4 cm with density more than 10HU another diagnostic procedure should be performed. In the second group an adrenal mass larger than 3 cm or less than 3 cm with density more than 20HU should go under operation. But masses smaller than 3 cm with less than 20HU density can be followed by imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alsadat Sabet
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Evidence based Practice Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Majdzadeh
- Center for Knowledge Translation and Exchange, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mostafazadeh Davani
- Evidence based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Heidari
- School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Soltani
- Evidence based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare but one of the most malignant endocrine tumors. This article reviews and summarizes the current knowledge about the treatment of ACC. The epidemiology and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of ACC are briefly outlined. The different diagnostic tools to distinguish benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors, including biochemical analysis and imaging, are discussed. The surgical treatment of ACC has evolved in the last 2 decades. The different surgical alternatives for the treatment of ACC in the context of primary, recurrent, or metastatic disease are reviewed, and the remaining challenges and controversies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Fernandez Ranvier
- Division of Metabolic, Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1259, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William B Inabnet
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, First Ave at 16th St, Baird Hall, 16th Floor, Suite 20, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Ball MW, Allaf ME. Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy (Total, Partial, & Metastasectomy). Urol Clin North Am 2014; 41:539-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Benassai G, Desiato V, Benassai G, Bianco T, Sivero L, Compagna R, Vigliotti G, Limite G, Amato B, Quarto G. Adrenocortical carcinoma: what the surgeon needs to know. Case report and literature review. Int J Surg 2014; 12 Suppl 1:S22-8. [PMID: 24866075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cancer and its prognosis is frequently unsatisfactory. Due to its rarity there's a lack of prospective randomized studies. Without experience in the approach of this kind of tumor, managing becomes challenging and, moreover, we have only few recommendations, based on weak evidence. We report a case that has some peculiarities and is an excellent food for thought. Then we deal with a literature review to highlight and summarize most significant aspects of epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis in an exquisitely surgical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Benassai
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Benassai
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sivero
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vigliotti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Limite
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Quarto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Laparoscopic procedures are preferred by surgeons and patients alike because of decreased pain, reduced perioperative morbidity, and an earlier return to self-reliance. During the last decade, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the technique most commonly used for the removal of benign adrenal tumors. The indications for laparoscopy in malignant adrenal tumors remains controversial, because oncologic resections have not been reproducible compared with open techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Creamer
- Department of General Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, 5005 North Piedras, El Paso, TX 79920, USA
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Kim J, Bae KH, Choi YK, Jeong JY, Park KG, Kim JG, Lee IK. Clinical characteristics for 348 patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2013; 28:20-5. [PMID: 24396646 PMCID: PMC3811797 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2013.28.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal incidentaloma is an adrenal neoplasm frequently encountered in clinical practice for which detection rates have recently increased. We describe here the clinical characteristics of adrenal incidentalomas. METHODS A retrospective study was performed examining the age, sex, location, size, function, and the histological findings for 348 patients with an adrenal mass discovered incidentally on computed tomography (CT) undertaken for health examination or nonadrenal disease from August 2005 to May 2012. RESULTS Patients consisted of 156 males (44.8%) and 192 females (55.2%), aged between 20 and 86. Adrenal masses were most commonly found in patients in their sixth decade (32.5%). Regarding the location of the masses, 62.0% were found in the left adrenal gland, 30.2% were found in the right, and 7.8% were found bilaterally. Of all of the masses analyzed, 87.1% were 1 to 4 cm in size, and an adenoma-like appearance was the most common finding (75.3%) seen on CT scans. Hormonal analysis showed that 82.2% of the masses were nonfunctioning, 6.0% were diagnosed as subclinical Cushing's syndrome, 4.6% were aldosterone-producing adenomas, and 7.2% were pheochromocytomas. Adrenalectomy was performed in a total of 69 patients having adenoma (50.7%), pheochromocytoma (24.6%), and carcinoma (4.3%). CONCLUSION The characteristics of benign, malignant, nonfunctional, and functional adrenal masses that were incidentally found at our hospital were similar to those presented in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwi Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keun Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Guk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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9
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Lin HY, Kao YL, Chao WR, Chen SL. Giant suprarenal tumor. UROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urols.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Gatreh-Samani F, Tarzamni MK, Olad-Sahebmadarek E, Dastranj A, Afrough A. Accuracy of 64-multidetector computed tomography in diagnosis of adnexal tumors. J Ovarian Res 2011; 4:15. [PMID: 21846406 PMCID: PMC3170630 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adnexal cancers are in fifth place among the tumors with the highest mortality in the female population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) on a 64-multislice CT scanner in the detection and differentiation of adnexal masses stages. METHODS During the present prospective study, 95 women with a primary diagnosis of ovarian mass in base of clinical examination and ultrasonographic findings underwent preoperative evaluation by a 64-slice MDCT with a section thickness of 0.6 mm, 50% overlap and reconstructed images. Afterward, results of MDCT were compared with surgical and histopathological findings, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy were determined. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 48.63 ± 13.93 years. MDCT diagnosed 25 (26.3%) masses to be benign and 70 (73.7%) to be malignant (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy were 92.8%, 88.0%, 95.5%, 81.4% and 91.5% respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT in determining local extension was 72.2% and 93.4% respectively. And the sensitivity and specificity of MDCT in determining peritoneal seeding and liver extension was 81.8% and 93% respectively. Estimated stage was significantly agreed with the surgical (Cohen's Kappa (κ) = 0.891) and histopathological findings (κ = 0.858). CONCLUSION MDCT is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method in evaluation of adnexal masses and successfully stage the tumor in consistent with surgery and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Gatreh-Samani
- Department of Radiology, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran.
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Zini L, Porpiglia F, Fassnacht M. Contemporary management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Eur Urol 2011; 60:1055-65. [PMID: 21831516 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and typically aggressive malignancy. Available recommendations are based primarily on retrospective series or expert opinions, and only few prospective clinical studies have yet been published. OBJECTIVE To combine the available evidence for diagnostic work-up and treatment of ACC to a contemporary recommendation on the management of this disease. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We conducted a systematic literature search for studies conducted on humans and published in English using the Medline/PubMed database up to 31 January 2011. In addition, we screened published abstracts at meetings and several Web sites for recommendations on ACC management. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS In patients with suspected localised ACC, a thorough endocrine and imaging work-up is followed by complete (R0) resection of the tumour by an expert surgeon. In experienced hands, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is probably as effective and safe for localised and noninvasive ACC as open surgery. Most clinicians agree that mitotane should be used as adjuvant therapy in the majority of patients, as they have a high risk for recurrence. An international panel has suggested using tumour stage, resection status, and the proliferation marker Ki67 as guidance for or against adjuvant therapy. In patients with advanced disease at presentation or recurrence not amenable to complete resection, a surgical approach is frequently inadequate. In these cases, mitotane alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs is the treatment of choice. The most promising regimens (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin plus mitotane, and streptozotocin plus mitotane) are currently compared in an international phase 3 trial, and results should be available by the end of 2011. Several targeted therapies are under investigation and may lead to new treatment options. Management of endocrine manifestations with steroidogenesis inhibitors is required in patients suffering uncontrolled hormone excess. CONCLUSIONS Detailed recommendations are provided to guide the management of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Zini
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare heterogeneous neoplasm with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and a poor prognosis. Previous studies have identified overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and constitutive activation of β-catenin as key factors involved in the development of adrenocortical carcinoma. Most patients present with steroid hormone excess, for example Cushing syndrome or virilization, or abdominal mass effects, but a growing proportion of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (currently >15%) is initially diagnosed incidentally. No general consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic measures for adrenocortical carcinoma exists, but collaborative efforts, such as international conferences and networks, including the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT), have substantially advanced the field. In patients with suspected adrenocortical carcinoma, a thorough endocrine and imaging work-up is recommended to guide the surgical approach aimed at complete resection of the tumor. To establish an adequate basis for treatment decisions, pathology reports include the Weiss score to assess malignancy, the resection status and the Ki67 index. As recurrence is frequent, close follow-up initially every 3 months is mandatory. Most patients benefit from adjuvant mitotane treatment. In metastatic disease, mitotane is the cornerstone of initial treatment, and cytotoxic drugs should be added in case of progression. Results of a large phase III trial in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma are anticipated for 2011 and will hopefully establish a benchmark therapy. New targeted therapies, for example, IGF-1 receptor inhibitors, are under investigation and may soon improve current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
In the last decades discoveries of adrenal masses incidentally during the course of diagnostic procedures for unrelated disorders (incidentalomas) have become progressively more frequent. The clinician in this position must answer two main questions: Is the mass benign or malignant?, and To what extent is the adrenal secretion altered? To come to a clinical decision, several diagnostic tools need to be engaged, starting with an accurate and correct radiological evaluation and a hormonal assessment of the adrenal function. When necessary, other diagnostic procedures such as functional imaging and fine-needle biopsy (FNB) can be considered in selected cases. Surgical removal is recommended for clinically relevant hypersecretory masses, as well as for masses suspected to be malignant. Most frequently, adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are represented by benign cortical adenomas, a subset of which causes a mild hypercortisolism, known as subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS). The criteria to define this syndrome, as well as its treatment, are still debated and controversial. AIs that are not surgically removed should be re-examined in time to exclude a supervening increase in size or function. Follow-up criteria have not been established. Laparoscopic surgery is the recommended procedure to remove benign masses. The surgical procedure for adrenal malignancies is still debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mannelli
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and heterogeneous malignancy, and most of the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are not fully established according to criteria of evidence-based medicine. However, recently collaborative efforts (e.g. International Consensus Conference 2003 and networks like the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT)) have significantly advanced the field. This article summarizes current standards in the management of ACC. In patients with suspected ACC a thorough endocrine and imaging work-up is followed by complete (Ro) resection of the tumour by an expert surgeon and initiation of adjuvant mitotane. In advanced disease not amenable to radical resection, cytotoxic drugs will be added to mitotane. The most promising regimens (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin plus mitotane and streptozotocin plus mitotane) are currently compared in an international phase-III trial. Several targeted therapies are under investigation (e.g. IGF-1 inhibitors, sunitinib, sorafenib) and may lead to new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Dept of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple diagnostic modalities may be needed to establish the source of excessive androgen production in women. The role of selective venous catheterization in this process has not been established fully. DESIGN A study of hyperandrogenaemic subjects and literature review. PATIENTS Four hyperandrogenaemic women and an additional 132 previously reported cases with available testing data and a pathological diagnosis were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS Serum androgens, diagnostic imaging and ovarian venous effluent sampling. Criteria to distinguish ovarian tumours from other ovarian conditions and to localize the lesion(s) were evaluated. RESULTS Basal peripheral testosterone levels >or= 4.51 nmol/l (>or= 130 ng/dl) discriminated ovarian tumours from benign causes of hyperandrogenism (sensitivity: 93.8%, 95% CI 85.0-98.2; specificity: 77.8%, 95% CI 66.4-86.7). Single lesions produced higher ipsilateral testosterone concentrations (612.6 +/- 162.0 nmol/l; 17 653 +/- 4670 ng/dl) compared to contralateral values (26.4 +/- 5.2 nmol/l; 761 +/- 150 ng/dl). In women with peripheral testosterone >or= 4.51 nmol/l, a right-to-left (R:L) ovarian testosterone ratio >or= 1.44 correctly identified all 18 women with right-sided tumours and misclassified two with bilateral lesions; 12 out of 14 women with left-sided or bilateral lesions had a lower R:L value. When this criterion was combined with a left-to-right (L:R) ovarian testosterone effluent ratio of > 15 to identify left-sided tumours, overall 66% of women were correctly categorized. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral testosterone concentrations identified ovarian androgen-producing tumours, and venous sampling could correctly localize 66% of these, suggesting a role for sampling when imaging studies are not revealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Levens
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
| | - Brian W. Whitcomb
- Epidemiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
| | - John M. Csokmay
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
| | - Lynnette K. Nieman
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
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Müssig K, Bares R, Horger M. Imaging of hyperfunctioning adrenal masses. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:547-555. [PMID: 30290410 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal imaging not only aims to detect hyperfunctioning adrenal lesions responsible for distinct clinical syndromes (pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome or primary aldosteronism) but also to differentiate malignant from benign disease. Computed tomography (CT), MRI and high-resolution ultrasound imaging methods are available for detection of adrenal masses with high sensitivities. Although the risk of malignancy increases with the size of the adrenal mass, this criterion does not discriminate malignant from benign disease with sufficient specificity. Attenuation values on unenhanced CT, contrast washout characteristics on CT and chemical-shift imaging on MRI help differentiate adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas. Adrenal lesions with equivocal results on CT and MRI can be characterized further by functional nuclear medicine imaging. Radiopharmaceutical agents specifically detect masses derived from the adrenal cortex (e.g.,131I-6-iodomethyl-norcholesterol) and from the adrenal medulla (e.g., 123I- and 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine). Unspecific tracers, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, are very useful in discriminating malignant and benign adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Müssig
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nephrology, Angiology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Roland Bares
- b Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marius Horger
- c Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schaberg FJ, Doyle MM, Chapman WC, Vollmer CM, Zalieckas JM, Birkett DH, Miner TJ, Mazzaglia PJ. Incidental Findings at Surgery—Part 1. Curr Probl Surg 2008; 45:325-74. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Torigian DA, Li G, Alavi A. The Role of CT, MR Imaging, and Ultrasonography in Endocrinology. PET Clin 2007; 2:395-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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