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Liaw A, Cunha GR, Shen J, Cao M, Liu G, Sinclair A, Baskin L. Development of the human bladder and ureterovesical junction. Differentiation 2018; 103:66-73. [PMID: 30236462 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The urinary bladder collects urine from the kidneys and stores it until the appropriate moment for voiding. The trigone and ureterovesical junctions are key to bladder function, by allowing one-way passage of urine into the bladder without obstruction. Embryological development of these structures has been studied in multiple animal models as well as humans. In this report we review the existing literature on bladder development and cellular signalling with particular focus on bladder development in humans. The bladder and ureterovesical junction form primarily during the fourth to eighth weeks of gestation, and arise from the primitive urogenital sinus following subdivision of the cloaca. The bladder develops through mesenchymal-epithelial interactions between the endoderm of the urogenital sinus and mesodermal mesenchyme. Key signalling factors in bladder development include shh, TGF-β, Bmp4, and Fgfr2. A concentration gradient of shh is particularly important in development of bladder musculature, which is vital to bladder function. The ureterovesical junction forms from the interaction between the Wolffian duct and the bladder. The ureteric bud arises from the Wolffian duct and is incorporated into the developing bladder at the trigone. It was previously thought that the trigonal musculature developed primarily from the Wolffian duct, but it has been shown to develop primarily from bladder mesenchyme. Following emergence of the ureters from the Wolffian ducts, extensive epithelial remodelling brings the ureters to their final trigonal positions via vitamin A-induced apoptosis. Perturbation of this process is implicated in clinical obstruction or urine reflux. Congenital malformations include ureteric duplication and bladder exstrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Liaw
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Joel Shen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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Hicks AN, Campeau L, Burmeister D, Bishop CE, Andersson KE. Lack of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (Nmnat2): consequences for mouse bladder development and function. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 32:1130-6. [PMID: 23371862 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the morphological and functional consequences for bladder development and function when nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (Nmnat2) is lacking or reduced. METHODS The Bloated Bladder (Blad) mouse, lacking Nmnat2, and heterozygotes were utilized for this investigation. Morphology and development of the bladder were studied using immunohistochemistry against urothelial, smooth muscle, and nerve markers. Functional effects were assessed by organ bath experiments and cystometry. RESULTS Homozygote mutants were malformed and died at birth, whereas heterozygotes survived and morphologically did not differ from wild-type controls. Morphological bladder changes appeared in the Blad mutants as early as embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) with an extremely distended bladder at E18.5. Staining revealed that all the bladder layers were present and expressed mature markers in all three genotypes. No nerves could be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the Blad mutant bladder at E18.5. Organ bath analysis showed that bladders from Blad mutant showed signs of denervation supersensitivity in response to carbachol, and no response to electrical stimulation of nerves at E18.5. Adult heterozygotes, which have a reduced expression of Nmnat2 at E18.5, showed decreased responses to carbachol and electrical stimulation compared to wild-type controls. The latter also retained their ability to empty their bladders, but showed increased micturition pressures compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Complete loss of Nmnat2 leads to a mature but distended bladder in utero and is not compatible with survival. Moderate loss of Nmnat2 has no effect on bladder development, survival, and has only modest effects on bladder function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Hicks
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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Mesrobian HGO, Mitchell ME, See WA, Halligan BD, Carlson BE, Greene AS, Wakim BT. Candidate Urinary Biomarker Discovery in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: A Proteomic Approach. J Urol 2010; 184:709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E. Mitchell
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William A. See
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian D. Halligan
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian E. Carlson
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew S. Greene
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bassam T. Wakim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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