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Rahi H, Olave MC, Fritchie KJ, Greipp PT, Halling KC, Kipp BR, Graham RP. Gene Fusions in Gastrointestinal Tract cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2022; 61:285-297. [PMID: 35239225 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion genes have been identified a wide array of human neoplasms including hematologic and solid tumors, including gastrointestinal tract neoplasia. A fusion gene is the product of parts of two genes which are joined together following a deletion, translocation or chromosomal inversion. Together with single nucleotide variants, insertions, deletions, and amplification, fusion genes represent one of the key genomic mechanisms for tumor development. Detecting fusions in the clinic is accomplished by a variety of techniques including break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Some recurrent gene fusions have been successfully targeted by small molecule or monoclonal antibody therapies (i.e. targeted therapies), while others are used for as biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the clinical utility of detection of gene fusions in carcinomas and neoplasms arising primarily in the digestive system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Rahi
- Division of Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria C Olave
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karen J Fritchie
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia T Greipp
- Division of Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin C Halling
- Division of Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Division of Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Division of Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Prisciandaro M, Antista M, Raimondi A, Corti F, Morano F, Centonze G, Sabella G, Mangogna A, Randon G, Pagani F, Prinzi N, Niger M, Corallo S, Castiglioni di Caronno E, Massafra M, Bartolomeo MD, de Braud F, Milione M, Pusceddu S. Biomarker Landscape in Neuroendocrine Tumors With High-Grade Features: Current Knowledge and Future Perspective. Front Oncol 2022; 12:780716. [PMID: 35186729 PMCID: PMC8856722 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.780716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are classified based on morphology and are graded based on their proliferation rate as either well-differentiated low-grade (G1) to intermediate (G2–G3) or poorly differentiated high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC G3). Recently, in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs, a new subgroup of well-differentiated high-grade tumors (NET G3) has been divided from NEC by WHO due to its different clinical–pathologic features. Although several mutational analyses have been performed, a molecular classification of NET is an unmet need in particular for G3, which tends to be more aggressive and have less benefit to the available therapies. Specifically, new possible prognostic and, above all, predictive factors are highly awaited, giving the basis for new treatments. Alteration of KRAS, TP53, and RB1 is mainly reported, but also druggable alterations, including BRAF and high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), have been documented in subsets of patients. In addition, PD-L1 demonstrated to be highly expressed in G3 NETs, probably becoming a new biomarker for G3 neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) discrimination and a predictive one for immunotherapy response. In this review, we describe the current knowledge available on a high-grade NET molecular landscape with a specific focus on those harboring potentially therapeutic targets in the advanced setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Prisciandaro
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Prisciandaro,
| | - Maria Antista
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Raimondi
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Corti
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Morano
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- First Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sabella
- First Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangogna
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofalo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Randon
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pagani
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Niger
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Corallo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Massafra
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Di Bartolomeo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- First Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Nassif S, El-Zaatari ZM, Attieh M, Hijazi M, Fakhreddin N, Aridi T, Boulos F. Lack of expression of ALK and CD30 in breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry irrespective of tumor characteristics. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16702. [PMID: 31393373 PMCID: PMC6709128 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family of cell surface receptors normally expressed in lymphocytes, as well as some lymphomas, but has been described in other malignancies. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily, and is normally expressed in neural cells, but has been detected in several malignancies. There is conflicting data in the literature that describes the expression of these receptors in breast cancer, and the aim of this study is to test the expression of CD30 and ALK in a cohort of Middle Eastern patients with breast carcinoma.Cases of invasive breast cancer from the archives of AUBMC were reviewed over a period of 9 years, and the blocks that were used for immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, Her-2/neu were selected. Immunohistochemical staining for CD30 (JCM182) and ALK (5A4 and D5F3) was performed.Two hundred eighty-four cases were identified (2 cases were male), with a mean age of 55 ± 12. CD30 and ALK expression was not seen in any of the cases.Our cohort showed complete negativity to both CD30 and ALK, adding to the conflicting data available in the literature, and more studies are needed to reliably identify a trend of expression of CD30 and ALK in breast carcinoma, especially in the Middle East.
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Tuli R, Lo S, Koo J, Pishvaian M, Bender RJ, Petricoin E, Brody J, Nissen N. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Rearrangement and Response to Crizotinib in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-5. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tuli
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - Simon Lo
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - Jaimie Koo
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - Michael Pishvaian
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - R. Joseph Bender
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - Jonathan Brody
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
| | - Nicholas Nissen
- Richard Tuli, Simon Lo, Jaimie Koo, and Nicholas Nissen, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and Michael Pishvaian, R. Joseph Bender, Emanuel Petricoin, and Jonathan Brody, Perthera, McLean, VA
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Shimada Y, Kohno T, Ueno H, Ino Y, Hayashi H, Nakaoku T, Sakamoto Y, Kondo S, Morizane C, Shimada K, Okusaka T, Hiraoka N. An Oncogenic ALK Fusion and an RRAS Mutation in KRAS Mutation-Negative Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Oncologist 2017; 22:158-164. [PMID: 28167572 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene are a well-known driver event, occurring in >95% of pancreatic cancers. The objective of this study was to identify driver oncogene aberrations in pancreatic cancers without the KRAS mutation. METHODS Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on four cases of KRAS mutation-negative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which were identified in a cohort of 100 cases. RESULTS One case harbored an oncogenic DCTN1-ALK fusion. The fusion gene enabled interleukin-3-independent growth of Ba/F3 cells and rendered them susceptible to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. The structure of the breakpoint junction indicated that the fusion was generated by nonhomologous end joining between a segment of DCTN1 exon DNA and a segment of ALK intron DNA, resulting in the generation of a cryptic splicing site. Another case harbored an oncogenic RRAS mutation that activated the GTPase of the RRAS protein. CONCLUSION Rare oncogenic aberrations, such as the ALK fusion and RRAS mutation, may drive pancreatic carcinogenesis independent of the KRAS mutation. The Oncologist 2017;22:158-164Implications for Practice: The oncogenic DCTN1-ALK fusion and the RRAS mutation were associated with the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the absence of the KRAS mutation. Constitutional activation of DCTN1-ALK fusion protein was suppressed by the anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. Thus, a small subset of PDAC patients might benefit from therapy using these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shimada
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ino
- Division of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakaoku
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakamoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kondo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigusa Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ormanns S, Assmann G, Reu S, Gallmeier E, Bader DC, Kleespies A, Haas M, Kruger S, Heinemann V, Kirchner T, Boeck S. ALK expression is absent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1625-8. [PMID: 25017418 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has not yet been clearly defined whether anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression can be detected in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS Within a retrospective study, archival PDAC surgical specimens were screened for ALK expression in tumor and normal tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the use of a specific ALK detection kit on a tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS PDAC tumor tissue was available from 99 resected cases: fifty-eight out of 99 patients (59 %) had nodal-positive disease, and 80 patients (81 %) had pT3 tumors. Forty-nine patients underwent R0 resection, and in 48 cases, resection status was classified R1. Regarding ALK expression, five cases showed faint immunoreactivity on TMA, which was negative on whole mount sections. All other 94 cases showed no ALK expression. CONCLUSION In 99 PDAC cases, no ALK expression was detected by IHC; ALK thus may not serve as a relevant drug target in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Thalkirchnerstr. 36, 80337, Munich, Germany,
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