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Hager J, Sergi CM. Pediatric Echinococcosis of the Liver in Austria: Clinical and Therapeutical Considerations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071343. [PMID: 37046561 PMCID: PMC10093495 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is considered a neglected disease in most European countries. However, migratory flows of populations, long-term stays in endemic areas, uninterrupted tourism (travel to Echinococcus-endemic countries), traveling dogs and dog translocations from endemic areas, and inappropriate hygiene practices are potential factors that alarm public health officials. Identifying a cyst-like mass in the liver or lung of an individual with a travel history of likely exposure to sheepdogs in an area where the parasite Echinococcus (E.) granulosus (sive cysticus) is endemic advocates for a prompt preliminary diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), no matter the age of the affected individuals. Routine imaging techniques, including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, are used to detect cysts. After a cyst has been discovered, serologic investigations are used to confirm the diagnosis. Typically, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is found in older individuals. Yet young people are also affected because frequent oral exploration of the environment is a regular behavior for infants and toddlers. In this review, therapeutic considerations for pediatric echinococcosis—drug-based benzimidazole therapy; AE: atypical liver resection, the resection of individual or multiple segments, a right or left hemi-hepatectomy, or an extended hemi-hepatectomy; CE: PAIR-technique, cyst excision, liver segment(s) resection (laparoscopically or conventionally)—are revised following experience in one of the most affected regions of Europe. In addition, we performed a systematic review using three databases (i.e., PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus) to evaluate the quality of evidence in published studies on pediatric echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hager
- Pediatric Surgery, University Clinic of Surgery, Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Consolato M. Sergi
- Anatomic Pathology Division, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
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Limdi JK. Editorial commentary on the Indian Journal of Gastroenterology-November-December 2022. Indian J Gastroenterol 2022; 41:527-532. [PMID: 36494578 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-022-01317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K Limdi
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. .,University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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Qin SL, Guo Y, Li SX, Zhou L, Maimaiti A, Akemu Y, He J, Yao HX. The role of the TGF-β/LIF signaling pathway mediated by SMADs during the cyst formation of Echinococcus in young children. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:50. [PMID: 36443650 PMCID: PMC9706881 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to explore the correlation of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein gene (SMAD) 2/3/4, and leukemia inhibitory factors (LIF) with the cyst formation of hepatic Echinococcus granulosus in young children. METHODS A total of 40 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for children's hydatid disease in people's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between January 2020 and June 2021 were enrolled a s the study subjects. The cystic fluid of these children was collected as the case group and the corresponding infected viscera or pericystic tissue as the control group, with 40 cases in each group. In vitro cultured protoscolice of hydatid cyst, four groups including control group, LIF siRNA group, LIF factor group and SMAD4 siRNA group were divided by inhibiting TGF-β/SMADs signal pathway. Each assay was performed in triplicate. The expression of TGF-β, SMAD2/3/4 and LIF were detected. RESULTS The results of the clinical trial showed that the contents of SMAD2 and SMAD3 were increased in the case group compared with the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression levels of TGF-β, Smad4, and LIF increased in the case group compared with the control group; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The results of further in vitro experiments, the expression levels of TGF-β, SMAD 2/3/4, and LIF after adding siRNA to interfere with Smad4 decreased in the case group compared with the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression levels of TGF-β, SMAD2/3/4, and LIF increased after treatment with added LIF in the case group, and the expression levels of TGF-β, SMAD2/3/4, and LIF decreased after adding siRNA to interfere with LIF in the case group; the differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION SMAD2 and SMAD3 have a certain clinical relevance with hydatidosis in young children. The LIF expression level may be related to the cystic transformation of protoscoleces. It has been suggested that the TGF-β/Smads/LIF signaling pathway may be present in the process of protoscoleces cyst formation; this provides a research basis for the prevention and treatment of post-infection parasitism of E. multilocularis eggs in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-li Qin
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Shui-Xue Li
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Ling Zhou
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Azguli Maimaiti
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Yusufu Akemu
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Jun He
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
| | - Hai-Xia Yao
- grid.513202.7Department of pediatric surgery, people’s Hospital, No. 91, Tianchi Road, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China ,Department of general surgery, Children’s Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000 Uygur Autonomous Region China
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Meng K, Zhou HQ, An XQ, Wang MM, Cai JP, Liu GH, A JD, Yang JY. Progress in diagnosis and treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in children. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:387-392. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i9.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus that is widely distributed worldwide. As a special population, children are the key population for the prevention and treatment of echinococcosis, and are also the key target for monitoring in large-scale prevention and treatment. The symptoms of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in children are atypical and easy to be misdiagnosed, and irregular treatment can easily lead to recurrence or even death. This paper provides a review of the diagnosis and treatment modalities for hepatic cystic echinococcosis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Meng
- Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hong-Qian Zhou
- Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Xiu-Qing An
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Ji-De A
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jin-Yu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, China
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Vázquez-Pérez Á, Santos-Pérez JL. Cystic echinococcosis in a Moroccan boy: a silent and neglected disease among refugee and migrant children. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e246399. [PMID: 35110281 PMCID: PMC8811558 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the unusual case of a 5-year-old migrant boy from a rural area of Morocco with an almost-giant lung hydatid cyst that was an incidental finding on a chest X-ray performed during routine visa procedures. Echinococcus granulosus serology test was initially negative with subsequent positive seroconversion. Albendazole was started at 4 weeks before surgery and maintained for 4 months, with a favourable outcome. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered a neglected tropical disease and affects more than one million people worldwide, mostly from a lower socioeconomic background. Preventive measures have been limited in underdeveloped regions. Children with CE are especially vulnerable, due not only to the high pathogenic potential of the disease but also to their frequent involvement in challenging socioeconomic situations, including migration. The incidence of CE is increasing in Europe because of high immigration flows from endemic countries. Nevertheless, CE is not covered by current migrant screening protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Luis Santos-Pérez
- Paediatrics, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
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Meyer Sauteur PM, Tharakan SJ, Relly C, Drack F, Schmid RA, Schmid K, Moeller A, Gnannt R, Berger C, Moehrlen U. Pleural Fluid with Hooklets in a 7-Year-Old Boy with Severe Multisystem Cystic Echinococcosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:e5-e6. [PMID: 33021817 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2893im] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christa Relly
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Ralph Gnannt
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Altay D, Yılmaz E, Özcan A, Karakükçü M, Ünal E, Arslan D. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia in pediatric patients: single center experience. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102900. [PMID: 32773318 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia is a rare type of acquired aplastic anemia that occurs after hepatitis. This study investigated cases with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. METHODS The files of patients with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia who were followed up in our hospital between 2011-2019 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 15 patients with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (10 males, 5 girls; mean age 10.26 ± 3.61 years) were analyzed. The mean duration between hepatitis and aplastic anemia was 5.06 ± 4.19 months. The majority of patients had mild hepatitis. The causes of hepatitis were detected only in six patients: three had hepatitis B, one had hepatitis A, one had autoimmune hepatitis and, one had a hydatid cyst. The cause of hepatitis was not found in nine patients. Only one patient with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia developed spontaneous remission, and the others required immunosuppressive therapy and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Only one patient died because of sepsis. The other patients are still under follow-up and treatment. CONCLUSION Patients with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia, mostly of unknown cause, can be successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Altay
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alper Özcan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Musa Karakükçü
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Ünal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Duran Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Should Pediatricians Be Aware of Cystic Echinococcosis? A Literature Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:e120. [PMID: 31348123 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Response to: Should Pediatricians Be Aware of Cystic Echinococcosis? A Literature Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:e120-e121. [PMID: 31348122 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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