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Iwaya C, Suzuki A, Iwata J. Loss of Sc5d results in micrognathia due to a failure in osteoblast differentiation. J Adv Res 2024; 65:153-165. [PMID: 38086515 PMCID: PMC11519736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in genes related to cholesterol metabolism, or maternal diet and health status, affect craniofacial bone formation. However, the precise role of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in craniofacial bone development remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine how cholesterol metabolism aberrations affect craniofacial bone development. METHODS Mice with a deficiency in Sc5d, which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, were analyzed with histology, micro computed tomography (microCT), and cellular and molecular biological methods. RESULTS Sc5d null mice exhibited mandible hypoplasia resulting from defects in osteoblast differentiation. The activation of the hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, which induce expression of osteogenic genes Col1a1 and Spp1, was compromised in the mandible of Sc5d null mice due to a failure in the formation of the primary cilium, a cell surface structure that senses extracellular cues. Treatments with an inducer of hedgehog or WNT/β-catenin signaling or with simvastatin, a drug that restores abnormal cholesterol production, partially rescued the defects in osteoblast differentiation seen in Sc5d mutant cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that loss of Sc5d results in mandibular hypoplasia through defective primary cilia-mediated hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Skubic C, Trček H, Nassib P, Kreft T, Walakira A, Pohar K, Petek S, Režen T, Ihan A, Rozman D. Knockouts of CYP51A1, DHCR24, or SC5D from cholesterol synthesis reveal pathways modulated by sterol intermediates. iScience 2024; 27:110651. [PMID: 39262789 PMCID: PMC11387598 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterols from cholesterol synthesis are crucial for cholesterol production, but also have individual roles difficult to assess in vivo due to essentiality of cholesterol. We developed HepG2 cell models with knockouts (KOs) for three enzymes of cholesterol synthesis, each accumulating specific sterols. Surprisingly, KOs of CYP51, DHCR24, and SC5D shared only 9% of differentially expressed genes. The most striking was the phenotype of CYP51 KO with highly elevated lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, significant increase in G2+M phase and enhanced cancer and cell cycle pathways. Comparisons with mouse liver Cyp51 KO data suggest 24,25-dihydrolanosterol activates similar cell proliferation pathways, possibly via elevated LEF1 and WNT/NFKB signaling. In contrast, SC5D and DHCR24 KO cells with elevated lathosterol or desmosterol proliferated slowly, with downregulated E2F, mitosis, and enriched HNF1A. These findings demonstrate that increase of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, but not other sterols, promotes cell proliferation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cene Skubic
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hana Trček
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Nassib
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tinkara Kreft
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrew Walakira
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katka Pohar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Petek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Söbü E, Kaya Özçora GD, Görükmez Ö, Şahinoğlu B. Lathosterolosis: a rare cholesterol metabolism disorder with a wide range of clinical variability. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:424-429. [PMID: 36607840 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lathosterolosis is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disease that occurs due to homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the sterol C5-desaturase (SC5D) gene. We report a male patient with biallelic missense variant detected in the SC5D gene. CASE PRESENTATION An eight-month-old male patient was referred to the department of paediatric neurology for status epilepticus. He had no remarkable dysmorphic features except micrognathia, ptotic ear and thin-stranded hair. Laboratory tests revealed an alanine aminotransferase level of 502 IU/L and an aspartate aminotransferase level of 279 IU/L; other biochemical test results were normal. The brain MRI revealed atrophic changes in both hemispheres. A decrease in the volume of brain stem and thin corpus callosum were noticeable. Whole exome sequencing was performed because of consanguineous marriage and sibling death in his medical history, and the encountered features were consistent with suspected neurometabolic disease in the cranial imaging and the presence of borderline psychomotor retardation. A biallelic missense variant, c.656T>C p.(Leu219Ser), was identified in the SC5D gene. CONCLUSIONS Lathosterolosis is a rare cholesterol metabolism disorder and can be presented with a wide range of clinical features by newly reported cases. Lathosterolosis should be considered in cases with cataracts, delayed neuromotor developmental milestones and high levels of liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Söbü
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital Kartal, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gül Demet Kaya Özçora
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Pediatric Neurology Department, Gaziantep Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Görükmez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Bahtiyar Şahinoğlu
- Medical Genetics Department, Dr. Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
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Yaplito‐Lee J, Pai G, Hardikar W, Hong KM, Pitt J, Marum J, Amor DJ. Successful treatment of lathosterolosis: A rare defect in cholesterol biosynthesis-A case report and review of literature. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:14-19. [PMID: 33204591 PMCID: PMC7653246 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lathosterolosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis. It is caused by defects in the SC5D (sterol C5-desaturase) gene which encodes for the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-delta-5-desaturase (also called sterol-C5-desaturase or lathosterol dehydrogenase). Only six cases have been described in the literature, but it is possible that a number of patients with milder forms of the condition might have been missed. Lathosterolosis manifests as microcephaly, bilateral cataracts, dysmorphism, limb anomalies, and developmental delay/intellectual disability. Liver involvement is variable and can range from normal liver function tests to portal fibrosis and cirrhosis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of specific mutations in the SC5D gene and by plasma sterol analysis to confirm elevated lathosterol levels. In this report, we describe a girl with transaminitis in association with developmental delay/intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, limb anomalies, and bilateral cataracts. Fibroscan showed severe liver fibrosis. Plasma sterol analysis and exome sequencing confirmed the diagnosis of lathosterolosis. Simvastatin treatment resulted in lowering of plasma lathosterol levels, improvement in transaminitis, and liver fibrosis grade, suggesting that children with this condition should be actively treated in order to prevent progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Yaplito‐Lee
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Metabolic MedicineRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gautham Pai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical NutritionRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical NutritionRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kai M. Hong
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - James Pitt
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Justine Marum
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - David J. Amor
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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