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Malatyali E, Guclu O, Yildiz I, Ertug S, Ertabaklar H. The Low Genetic Diversity of Dientamoeba fragilis Isolates in Southwest Turkey and Analysis of Clinical Findings. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00896-x. [PMID: 39164548 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dientamoeba fragilis (D. fragilis) is a common intestinal protozoan with a global distribution. In the present study, we aimed to determine genetic diversity of D. fragilis isolates with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in the southwest of Turkey and analyse the clinical findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included faecal samples from 200 individuals in Aydin, Turkey. The positivity of D. fragilis was determined with 18 S rRNA gene-based PCR assay. Six nested-PCR reactions were set to amplify partial D. fragilis housekeeping genes in the positive samples. The sequences were aligned with the references from GenBank to detect nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes. Additionally, the clinical findings and demographic characteristics of patients were statistically analysed between D. fragilis-infected and non-infected cases. RESULTS The positivity of D. fragilis was 16% (32 out of 200 cases) with 18 S rRNA based-PCR, and all were classified as "genotype 1". The analysis of six MLST loci revealed different haplotypes only at one locus; the remaining five loci exhibited no polymorphisms. The haplotypes in the present study were identical to at least one previously reported reference, except the locus "large subunit of RNA polymerase II" locus. There were no significant differences in any of the clinical findings or demographic characteristics between the infected and non-infected groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a low genetic diversity of D. fragilis isolates from Turkey, like other countries including Italy, Denmark, the UK, Australia, and Brazil. The high degree of sequence similarity in housekeeping genes indicated the clonal distribution of D. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdogan Malatyali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey.
| | - Ozgur Guclu
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Sultanhisar MYO, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
- Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Research Centre (REDPROM), Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Sema Ertug
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
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Mızrak M, Sarzhanov F, Demirel F, Dinç B, Filik L, Dogruman-Al F. Detection of Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis using conventional and molecular methods in patients with celiac disease. Parasitol Int 2024; 101:102888. [PMID: 38499283 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis are intestinal protists, which are common worldwide, but the pathogenic role of these organisms in gastrointestinal diseases is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis in stool samples from adult patients with celiac disease (CD) by using conventional and molecular methods. A total of 75 patients with CD and 75 healthy individuals were included in this study. Fresh stool specimens collected from each individual were analyzed by conventional and molecular methods. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis was 41.3% (31/75) and 24% (18/75) in patients with CD, and 46.7% (35/75) and 13.3% (10/75) in healthy controls, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis between CD patients and healthy individuals. Blastocystis sp. subtypes were identified in 20 CD and 16 control patients and the overall subtype distribution was observed as ST1 13.9%, ST2 30.6%, and ST3 55.6%. The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis in adults with CD is similar to the prevalence of protozoa in healthy adults. In this study, the most prevalent Blastocystis subtype was ST3 and the most frequent allele was a34 in both CD patients and healthy individuals. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the detection rates of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis, and it is thought that both protists may be colonisers of the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Mızrak
- Yozgat City Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Fakhriddin Sarzhanov
- Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Faculty of Medicine, Turkistan, Kazakhstan
| | - Filiz Demirel
- Health Science University, Ankara City Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bedia Dinç
- Health Science University, Ankara City Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Filik
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Dogruman-Al
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, Ankara, Turkey
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Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, Abdel Rahman L, Suwanarusk R, Grant J, Parslow G, French N, Tan KSW, Russell B, Morgan XC, Ussher JE. Dientamoeba fragilis associated with microbiome diversity changes in acute gastroenteritis patients. Parasitol Int 2023; 97:102788. [PMID: 37482266 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the correlation between intestinal protozoans and the bacterial microbiome in faecal samples collected from 463 patients in New Zealand who were diagnosed with gastroenteritis. In comparison to traditional microscopic diagnosis methods, Multiplexed-tandem PCR proved to be more effective in detecting intestinal parasites. Among the identified protozoans, Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis were the most prevalent. Notably, D. fragilis was significantly associated with an increase in the alpha-diversity of host prokaryotic microbes. Although the exact role of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis as the primary cause of gastroenteritis remains debatable, our data indicates a substantial correlation between these protozoans and the prokaryote microbiome of their hosts, particularly when compared to other protists or patients with gastroenteritis but no detectable parasitic cause. These findings underscore the significance of comprehending the contributions of intestinal protozoans, specifically D. fragilis, to the development of gastroenteritis and their potential implications for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Abdel Rahman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R Suwanarusk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J Grant
- Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G Parslow
- Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N French
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K S W Tan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - B Russell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan,.
| | - X C Morgan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Wang M, Li Y, Yang X, Liu Z, Wang K, Gong D, Li J. Effects of metronidazole on colorectal cancer occurrence and colorectal cancer liver metastases by regulating Fusobacterium nucleatum in mice. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1067. [PMID: 38018574 PMCID: PMC10683560 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Metronidazole (MNZ) is exceedingly implicated in CRC. This study explored the roles of MNZ in mouse CRC occurrence and liver metastasis (CRLM). METHODS Male BALB/c nude mice were subjected to CRC and CRLM modeling, orally administration with MNZ (1 g/L) 1 week before modeling, and disease activity index (DAI) evaluation. Fresh stool and anal swab samples were collected on the morning of the 28th day after modeling. The relative expression of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) DNA was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. After euthanasia, tumor tissues and liver tissues were separated and the tumor volume and weight change were measured. The liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to quantitatively analyze the metastatic liver nodules. Malignant tumor biomarker Ki67 protein levels in liver tissues/DNA from stool samples were detected by immunohistochemistry/high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on the raw sequence data to analyze microbial community richness (Chao1 index, ACE index) and microbial community diversity (Shannon index). RESULTS The DAI and F. nucleatum DNA relative expression in feces and anal swabs of the CRC and CRLM groups were raised and repressed after MNZ intervention. MNZ repressed tumor occurrence and growth in mice to a certain extent, alleviated CRLM malignant degree (reduced liver metastases and Ki67-positive cell density/number), and suppressed CRC liver metastasis by regulating intestinal flora structure, which affected the intestinal characteristic flora of CRC and CRLM mice. CONCLUSION MNZ suppressed CRC occurrence and CRLM in mice by regulating intestinal F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maijian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yong Li
- Department of OncologyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangChina
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Dengmei Gong
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Public HealthZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Jida Li
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Public HealthZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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Hoque MM, Espinoza-Vergara G, McDougald D. Protozoan predation as a driver of diversity and virulence in bacterial biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad040. [PMID: 37458768 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoa are eukaryotic organisms that play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and maintaining balance in the food web. Predation, symbiosis and parasitism are three types of interactions between protozoa and bacteria. However, not all bacterial species are equally susceptible to protozoan predation as many are capable of defending against predation in numerous ways and may even establish either a symbiotic or parasitic life-style. Biofilm formation is one such mechanism by which bacteria can survive predation. Structural and chemical components of biofilms enhance resistance to predation compared to their planktonic counterparts. Predation on biofilms gives rise to phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in prey that leads to trade-offs in virulence in other eukaryotes. Recent advances, using molecular and genomics techniques, allow us to generate new information about the interactions of protozoa and biofilms of prey bacteria. This review presents the current state of the field on impacts of protozoan predation on biofilms. We provide an overview of newly gathered insights into (i) molecular mechanisms of predation resistance in biofilms, (ii) phenotypic and genetic diversification of prey bacteria, and (iii) evolution of virulence as a consequence of protozoan predation on biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mozammel Hoque
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gustavo Espinoza-Vergara
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Diane McDougald
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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A Validated UHPLC-MS/MS Method to Quantify Eight Antibiotics in Quantitative Dried Blood Spots in Support of Pharmacokinetic Studies in Neonates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020199. [PMID: 36830110 PMCID: PMC9952362 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conduction of pharmacokinetic (PK) study in pediatric patients is challenging due to blood sampling limits. The dried blood spots (DBS) method represents a potential matrix for microsampling in support of PK studies in children. Herein, we used the Capitainer® qDBS device to develop a DBS method that can collect an exact 10 µL volume of blood on a paper card. This DBS method was developed to simultaneously quantify the concentrations of eight antibiotics, including sulbactam, tazobactam, ampicillin, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, piperacillin, and metronidazole using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). METHODS The prepared DBS samples were extracted in methanol containing acetaminophen as the internal standard at 20 °C on a block bath shaker at 500 rpm for 30 min. The extracted antibiotics were eluted on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) using gradient elution with a total chromatographic run time of 6.5 min. The precursor and product ions of the analytes were detected by use of the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS No interfering peaks at the respective retention times of the analytes were observed in DBS samples. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for the antibiotics were between 0.25 and 2.0 μg/mL, and satisfactory accuracies (intra/inter-assay bias -16.7 to +13.6%) and precisions (intra/inter-assay coefficient of variations 1.5-15.6%) were obtained for the analytes. As a proof of concept, the method was applied to DBS samples obtained from neonatal patients treated with ampicillin and piperacillin/sulbactam. CONCLUSIONS The DBS method is simple and robust, and it can be used in children with limited blood sampling.
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Dubik M, Pilecki B, Moeller JB. Commensal Intestinal Protozoa-Underestimated Members of the Gut Microbial Community. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121742. [PMID: 36552252 PMCID: PMC9774987 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiota contains a diverse consortium of microbes, including bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi. Through millennia of co-evolution, the host-microbiota interactions have shaped the immune system to both tolerate and maintain the symbiotic relationship with commensal microbiota, while exerting protective responses against invading pathogens. Microbiome research is dominated by studies describing the impact of prokaryotic bacteria on gut immunity with a limited understanding of their relationship with other integral microbiota constituents. However, converging evidence shows that eukaryotic organisms, such as commensal protozoa, can play an important role in modulating intestinal immune responses as well as influencing the overall health of the host. The presence of several protozoa species has recently been shown to be a common occurrence in healthy populations worldwide, suggesting that many of these are commensals rather than invading pathogens. This review aims to discuss the most recent, conflicting findings regarding the role of intestinal protozoa in gut homeostasis, interactions between intestinal protozoa and the bacterial microbiota, as well as potential immunological consequences of protozoa colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Pilecki
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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van Kalleveen MW, Plötz FB, de Meij TGJ. Microbiota in Children With Dientamoeba fragilis: A Player to Take Into Account? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:e40. [PMID: 34338236 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W van Kalleveen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
- Department of Paediatrics, Tergooi Hospital, Blaricum
| | - Frans B Plötz
- Department of Paediatrics, Tergooi Hospital, Blaricum
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam
| | - Tim G J de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Stool Microbiota Diversity Analysis of Blastocystis-Positive and Blastocystis-Negative Individuals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020326. [PMID: 35208781 PMCID: PMC8878401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is a unicellular eukaryote found in the gastrointestinal tract of both human and other animal hosts. The clinical significance of colonic Blastocystis colonization remains obscure. In this study, we used metabarcoding and bioinformatics analyses to identify differences in stool microbiota diversity between Blastocystis-positive and Blastocystis-negative individuals (n = 1285). Alpha diversity was significantly higher in Blastocystis carriers. At phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were enriched in carriers, while Proteobacteria were enriched in non-carriers. The genera Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Flavonifracter, Clostridium, Succinivibrio, and Oscillibacter were enriched in carriers, whereas Escherichia, Bacteroides, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas were enriched in non-carriers. No difference in beta diversity was observed. Individuals with Blastocystis-positive stools appear to have gut microbiomes associated with eubiosis unlike those with Blastocystis-negative stools, whose gut microbiomes are similar to those associated with dysbiosis. The role of Blastocystis as an indicator organism and potential modulator of the gut microbiota warrants further scrutiny.
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