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Strong Hereditary Predispositions to Colorectal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122326. [PMID: 36553592 PMCID: PMC9777620 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. A strong predisposition to cancer is generally only observed in colorectal cancer (5% of cases) and breast cancer (2% of cases). Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer with a strong genetic predisposition, but it includes dozens of various syndromes. This group includes familial adenomatous polyposis, attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis, MUTYH-associated polyposis, NTHL1-associated polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Lynch syndrome, and Muir-Torre syndrome. The common symptom of all these diseases is a very high risk of colorectal cancer, but depending on the condition, their course is different in terms of age and range of cancer occurrence. The rate of cancer development is determined by its conditioning genes, too. Hereditary predispositions to cancer of the intestine are a group of symptoms of heterogeneous diseases, and their proper diagnosis is crucial for the appropriate management of patients and their successful treatment. Mutations of specific genes cause strong colorectal cancer predispositions. Identifying mutations of predisposing genes will support proper diagnosis and application of appropriate screening programs to avoid malignant neoplasm.
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Rosina E, Rinaldi B, Silipigni R, Bergamaschi L, Gattuso G, Signoroni S, Guerneri S, Carnevali A, Marchisio PG, Milani D. Incidental finding of APC deletion in a child: double trouble or double chance? - a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:31. [PMID: 33588901 PMCID: PMC7885235 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is one of the most common genomic disorders, characterized by the variable presence of facial dysmorphisms, congenital cardiac defects, velopharyngeal insufficiency/cleft palate, thymic hypoplasia/aplasia, immunodeficiency, parathyroid hypoplasia, developmental delay, learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders, renal, ocular, and skeletal malformations, hearing loss and laryngeal abnormalities. Chromosomal microarray (CMA) hybridization is one of the most performed diagnostic tests but as a genome wide analysis, it can point out relevant incidental copy number variations. Case presentation We report the case of a 2-year-old boy that came to our attention for mild psychomotor delay, poor growth, and minor facial anomalies. Considering a diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, we performed CMA that not only confirmed our diagnosis, but also pointed out an additional de novo 5q21.3q22.2 microdeletion, encompassing APC gene. As a result of the genetic testing we enrolled the patient in a tailored surveillance protocol that enabled the early detection of a hepatoblastoma. The child underwent surgical and chemotherapic treatments with complete cancer eradication. Conclusions The concurrent finding of an expected result and an additional deletion of APC gene represents an example of a relevant issue about the health and ethical management of secondary findings revealed by genome-wide tests. Furthermore, this report highlights the need to develop dedicated surveillance guidelines for children with APC-related polyposis and raise the question whether to suspect and screen for APC-related conditions in cases of sporadic hepatoblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Rosina
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Via della Commenda, 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Berardo Rinaldi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Via della Commenda, 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosamaria Silipigni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bergamaschi
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gattuso
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Signoroni
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Guerneri
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carnevali
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Giovanna Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Via della Commenda, 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Via della Commenda, 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Trobaugh-Lotrario AD, López-Terrada D, Li P, Feusner JH. Hepatoblastoma in patients with molecularly proven familial adenomatous polyposis: Clinical characteristics and rationale for surveillance screening. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27103. [PMID: 29719120 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) due to APC mutation is associated with an increased risk of hepatoblastoma. All cases of hepatoblastoma in patients with FAP reported in the literature were reviewed. One hundred and nine patients were identified. Thirty-five patients (of 49 with data) were diagnosed with hepatoblastoma prior to a later diagnosis of FAP (often in association with advanced colorectal carcinoma), emphasizing a need to identify patients earlier with germline APC mutations for early colorectal carcinoma screening. Hepatoblastoma may present at birth, and screening for hepatoblastoma in infancy in families with FAP prior to APC mutation testing results may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Feusner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital & Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
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Zhang S, Li L, Kendrick SL, Gerard RD, Zhu H. TALEN-mediated somatic mutagenesis in murine models of cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5311-21. [PMID: 25070752 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer genome sequencing has identified numerous somatic mutations whose biologic relevance is uncertain. In this study, we used genome-editing tools to create and analyze targeted somatic mutations in murine models of liver cancer. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) were designed against β-catenin (Ctnnb1) and adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc), two commonly mutated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), to generate isogenic HCC cell lines. Both mutant cell lines exhibited evidence of Wnt pathway dysregulation. We asked whether these TALENs could create targeted somatic mutations after hydrodynamic transfection into mouse liver. TALENs targeting β-catenin promoted endogenous HCC carrying the intended gain-of-function mutations. However, TALENs targeting Apc were not as efficient in inducing in vivo homozygous loss-of-function mutations. We hypothesized that hepatocyte polyploidy might be protective against TALEN-induced loss of heterozygosity, and indeed Apc gene editing was less efficient in tetraploid than in diploid hepatocytes. To increase efficiency, we administered adenoviral Apc TALENs and found that we could achieve a higher mutagenesis rate in vivo. Our results demonstrate that genome-editing tools can enable the in vivo study of cancer genes and faithfully recapitulate the mosaic nature of mutagenesis in mouse cancer models. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5311-21. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sara L Kendrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert D Gerard
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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