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López-Carrasco A, Berbegall AP, Martín-Vañó S, Blanquer-Maceiras M, Castel V, Navarro S, Noguera R. Intra-Tumour Genetic Heterogeneity and Prognosis in High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5173. [PMID: 34680323 PMCID: PMC8534138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial ITH is defined by genomic and biological variations within a tumour acquired by tumour cell evolution under diverse microenvironments, and its role in NB patient prognosis is understudied. In this work, we applied pangenomic techniques to detect chromosomal aberrations in at least two different areas of each tumour and/or in simultaneously obtained solid and liquid biopsies, detecting ITH in the genomic profile of almost 40% of HR-NB. ITH was better detected when comparing one or more tumour pieces and liquid biopsy (50%) than between different tumour pieces (21%). Interestingly, we found that patients with ITH analysed by pangenomic techniques had a significantly better survival rate that those with non-heterogeneous tumours, especially in cases without MYCN amplification. Moreover, all patients in the studied cohort with high ITH (defined as 50% or more genomic aberration differences between areas of a tumour or simultaneously obtained samples) survived after 48 months. These results clearly support analysing at least two solid tumour areas (separately or mixed) and liquid samples to provide more accurate genomic diagnosis, prognosis and therapy options in HR-NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo López-Carrasco
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.P.B.); (S.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (S.N.)
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana P. Berbegall
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.P.B.); (S.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (S.N.)
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Martín-Vañó
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.P.B.); (S.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (S.N.)
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Blanquer-Maceiras
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.P.B.); (S.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (S.N.)
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Castel
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Group, Investigation Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Samuel Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.P.B.); (S.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (S.N.)
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Noguera
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.P.B.); (S.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (S.N.)
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Choi JH, Ro JY. Mediastinal neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: Pathology review and diagnostic approach. Semin Diagn Pathol 2021; 39:120-130. [PMID: 34167847 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastic tumors are a group of tumors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla that derive from primordial neural crest cells. These tumors include neuroblastoma, intermixed ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. Neuroblastomas are the most common extracranial solid tumor arising in childhood and may occur in different anatomic sites. Neuroblastic tumors are common mesenchymal tumors of the mediastinum. Herein, we describe advances in our understanding of neuroblastic tumor biology. Pathologists should be aware of diagnostic challenges associated with these tumors to ensure correct histologic diagnosis and appropriate clinical management. We describe updated mediastinal neuroblastic tumor pathology, focusing on morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features and differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu, 42415, South Korea.
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Gao M, Lin Y, Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Ban Y, Bie Y, He X, Sun X, Zhang S. TERT Mutation Is Accompanied by Neutrophil Infiltration and Contributes to Poor Survival in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Wild-Type Glioma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654407. [PMID: 33996815 PMCID: PMC8119999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter has been demonstrated as an unfavorable prognostic marker in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type (IDHwt) glioma. This study aimed to investigate the immune role of TERT promoter mutation status which could improve prognostic prediction in IDHwt. TERT mutation status, IDH mutation, and 1p-19q codeletion status data were obtained from 614 glioma cases from the Cancer Genome Atlas, and 325 cases from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas. The same information was obtained from 49 clinical glioma tissues. TERT mutation is preferentially present in glioblastoma and IDH-wt gliomas and is associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, TERT mutation was associated with infiltration of neutrophils and expression of neutrophil chemokines. which might partially contribute to the poor outcome in IDH-wt glioma. Furthermore, patients with IDH-wt glioma did not harbor increased peripheral neutrophils, implying that the infiltrated neutrophil in the tumor environment might due to cytokine chemotaxis. In this study, we hereby propose that TERT mutation might be a molecular driver of the dysfunctional immune microenvironment in IDH-wt glioma. TERT mutation may be a potential immune therapeutic target for optimizing treatment combinations and patient selection for glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Ban
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanan Bie
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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da Silva GG, Morais KS, Arcanjo DS, de Oliveira DM. Clinical Relevance of Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres in Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:485-497. [PMID: 31924155 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200110112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) is a pathway responsible for cell immortalization in some kinds of tumors. Since the first description of ALT is relatively recent in the oncology field, its mechanism remains elusive, but recent works address ALT-related proteins or cellular structures as potential druggable targets for more specific and efficient antitumor therapies. Moreover, some new generation compounds for antitelomerase therapy in cancer were able to provoke acquisition of ALT phenotype in treated tumors, enhancing the importance of studies on this alternative lengthening of the telomere. However, ALT has been implicated in different - sometimes opposite - outcomes, according to the tumor type studied. Then, in order to design and develop new drugs for ALT+ cancer in an effective way, it is crucial to understand its clinical implications. In this review, we gathered works published in the last two decades to highlight the clinical relevance of ALT on oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme G da Silva
- Department of Biological Basis of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Ceilandia Campus, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Karollyne S Morais
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Arcanjo
- Department of Biological Basis of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Ceilandia Campus, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Diêgo M de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Basis of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Ceilandia Campus, Federal District, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
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The glycosphingolipid GD2 as an effective but enigmatic target of passive immunotherapy in children with aggressive neuroblastoma (HR-NBL). Cancer Lett 2020; 503:220-230. [PMID: 33271265 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL), the most frequent and lethal pediatric cancer of children in pre-school age, is considered enigmatic in view of its extreme heterogeneity, from spontaneous regression in the IV-S form to incurable disease in approx. 40% of cases (High Risk, HR-NBL). It has an embryonal origin and a very heterogeneous genomic landscape, hampering the success of targeted strategies. The glycosphingolipid GD2 was shown to be expressed on NBL cells and utilized as target for passive immunotherapy with anti-GD2 antibodies (GD2-IMT). An international protocol was established with GD2-IMT, which increases remission length and survival in HR-NBL. By reviewing the different biological and molecular aspects of NBL and GD2-IMT, this mini-review questions the present lack of association between GD2-IMT and the underlying molecular landscape. The alternative model of Micro-Foci inducing virus (MFV) is presented, since MFV infection can induce extensive genomic aberrations (100X NMYC DNA-amplification). Since this family of viruses uses molecules for cell penetration similar to GD2 (i.e., GM2), it is hypothesized that GD2 is the port-of-entry for MFV and that success of anti-GD2 therapies is also associated to inhibition of this clastogenic virus in HR-NBL.
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood with a median age of presentation of 17 months. A common theme in high-risk neuroblastoma is maintenance of telomeres, one mechanism for which involves alternate lengthening of telomeres (ALT) associated with ATRX gene mutations. Mutations are believed to result in loss of ATRX protein, and therefore immunohistochemistry is used to detect mutations. We screened 133 cases of neuroblastoma by ATRX immunohistochemistry, and found 9 cases with partial to total absence of ATRX. Sequencing for ATRX mutations detected a mutation in 1 of 9 cases, suggesting immunostaining was not reliable for detecting mutations. To correlate immunostaining with ALT, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for ALT was performed in 6 of these cases and 5 (from 4 patients) showed ALT, implying impaired ATRX protein function, despite the failure to identify a mutation. Two other cases with large deletions in the ATRX gene showed diffusely positive staining for ATRX protein but showed ALT by FISH. Four of the 6 patients with ALT-positive tumors were over 5 years old. Therefore, 29 additional patients 5 years old and above with ATRX-positive tumors were screened for ALT by FISH and 6 additional cases with ALT were detected, bringing the total to 29% (10/34) of children 5 years old and above, 70% of which showed positive ATRX immunohistochemistry. Patients with ATRX mutations in neuroblastoma tend to have a more chronic and progressive course of disease. Screening neuroblastoma tumors at diagnosis for ATRX mutations may help identify patients who might benefit from personalized therapy directed against ALT. However, relaying on negative immunohistochemistry for ATRX protein to identify ALT in neuroblastoma may miss a significant proportion of patients. The addition of FISH for ALT as part of the diagnostic workup, especially for older children (5 y old and above), would help ensure that patients are correctly identified for anti-ALT therapy.
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Duan K, Dickson BC, Marrano P, Thorner PS, Chung CT. Adult‐onset neuroblastoma: Report of seven cases with molecular genetic characterization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:240-248. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Brendan C. Dickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Paula Marrano
- Division of Pathology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Paul S. Thorner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Pathology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Catherine T. Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Pathology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
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Sokol E, Desai AV. The Evolution of Risk Classification for Neuroblastoma. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E27. [PMID: 30754710 PMCID: PMC6406722 DOI: 10.3390/children6020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a tumor with great clinical heterogeneity. Patients in North America are risk-stratified using a number of features including age at diagnosis, disease stage, tumor histology, MYCN status (amplified versus nonamplified), and tumor cell ploidy. In this paper, we review the evidence for utilizing these features in the risk classification of neuroblastic tumors. Additionally, we review the clinical and biologic criteria used by various cooperative groups to define low, intermediate, and high-risk disease populations in clinical trials, highlighting the differences in risk classification internationally. Finally, we discuss the development of the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group classification system, designed to begin worldwide standardization of neuroblastoma pretreatment risk classification and allow comparison of clinical trials conducted through different cooperative groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sokol
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Ami V Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Gaspar TB, Sá A, Lopes JM, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P, Vinagre J. Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E241. [PMID: 29751586 PMCID: PMC5977181 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells can adopt telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) to avoid telomere shortening, an inevitable process due to successive cell divisions. In most tumour cells, telomere length (TL) is maintained by reactivation of telomerase, while a small part acquires immortality through the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. In the last years, a great amount of data was generated, and different TMMs were reported and explained in detail, benefiting from genome-scale studies of major importance. In this review, we address seven different TMMs in tumour cells: mutations of the TERT promoter (TERTp), amplification of the genes TERT and TERC, polymorphic variants of the TERT gene and of its promoter, rearrangements of the TERT gene, epigenetic changes, ALT, and non-defined TMM (NDTMM). We gathered information from over fifty thousand patients reported in 288 papers in the last years. This wide data collection enabled us to portray, by organ/system and histotypes, the prevalence of TERTp mutations, TERT and TERC amplifications, and ALT in human tumours. Based on this information, we discuss the putative future clinical impact of the aforementioned mechanisms on the malignant transformation process in different setups, and provide insights for screening, prognosis, and patient management stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Sá
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Soares
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Vinagre
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
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