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Nussbaumer G, Benesch M. Hepatoblastoma in molecularly defined, congenital diseases. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2527-2535. [PMID: 35478319 PMCID: PMC9545988 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis and trisomy 18 are the most common congenital conditions associated with an increased incidence of hepatoblastoma (HB). In patients with these genetic disorders, screening protocols for HB are proposed that include periodic abdominal ultrasound and measurement of alpha-fetoprotein levels. Surveillance in these children may contribute to the early detection of HB and possibly improve their chances of overall survival. Therefore, physicians must be aware of the high HB incidence in children with certain predisposing genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Nussbaumer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martin Benesch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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Kruk E, Kobryń K, Rykowski P, Szczepankiewicz B, Patkowski W, Zieniewicz K. Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Calcifying Nested Stromal Epithelial Tumor: Case Report With a 1-Year Follow-Up and Review of Literature. Front Surg 2022; 9:875782. [PMID: 35586511 PMCID: PMC9108170 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.875782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calcifying nested stromal epithelial tumor (CNSET) is an extremely rare diagnosis among patients treated for primary hepatic neoplasms. There are only 45 cases reported worldwide. Histopathological characteristics are well-demarcated nests of spindle and epithelioid cells in a dense desmoplastic stroma with variable calcification and ossification. It is mostly diagnosed in children and young females. Treatment strategies implemented for the management of CNSET include radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, surgical resection, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and liver transplantation. Given the small number of available cases, there are still no established standards of treatment for this neoplasm. Case Presentation A 28-year-old female diagnosed with CNSET presented mild abdominal pain, with normal laboratory values. The tumor was initially deemed unresectable, therefore, the patient was disqualified from liver resection. Further deterioration of the patient's clinical condition and local tumor progression led to qualification for liver transplantation. The patient underwent liver transplantation 1 year following initial diagnosis and a 12 months recurrence-free period was observed. During the course of treatment, she did not receive systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or loco-regional treatment. Conclusion Multiple strategies have been implemented for the treatment of CNSET, with liver resection providing the best outcomes. Transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and radiotherapy are reported to be insufficient in the management of this tumor. Various chemotherapy regimens turned out to be ineffective as well. There have been only eight reported cases of patients undergoing liver transplantation for CNSET, with tumor recurrence in two cases. CNSET appears to be a neoplasm with low malignancy potential, although an aggressive progression has subsequently been reported. Further investigation is still required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kruk
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Kobryń
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Konrad Kobryń
| | - Paweł Rykowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Waldemar Patkowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Tsuruta S, Kimura N, Ishido K, Kudo D, Sato K, Endo T, Yoshizawa T, Sukeda A, Hiraoka N, Kijima H, Hakamada K. Calcifying nested stromal epithelial tumor of the liver in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:227. [PMID: 30453967 PMCID: PMC6245822 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcifying nested stromal epithelial tumor (CNSET) is a primary neoplasm of the liver, characterized by well-demarcated nests consisting of spindle and epithelioid cells with calcification and bone formation. An association of Cushing syndrome with CNSET has drawn attention, but the origin of CNSET has not been clarified. CASE PRESENTATION We report here the case of a 20-year-old male with Klinefelter syndrome who underwent liver resection for an increasing liver tumor that was pathologically diagnosed with CNSET. He was postoperatively followed up and received several examinations, and recurrences and extrahepatic lymph node metastases were detected on the 64th day after surgery. Chemoembolization and chemotherapy were not effective, leading to tumor progression with development of progressive liver failure, and the patient finally died 164 days after hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS This case suggests that an imbalance of hormones affects the genesis and progression of CNSET, and indicates the importance of closely following patients with CNSET by imaging with attention to hepatic recurrence and extrahepatic metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tsuruta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Keinosuke Ishido
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsu Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Aoi Sukeda
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kijima
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hakamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5, Zaifu, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
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Tehseen S, Rapkin L, Schemankewitz E, Magliocca JF, Romero R. Successful liver transplantation for non-resectable desmoplastic nested spindle cell tumor complicated by Cushing's syndrome. Pediatr Transplant 2017. [PMID: 28626929 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Desmoplastic spindle cell tumors of liver are rare tumors of low malignant potential characterized by well-demarcated nests of spindle and epithelioid cells in a dense desmoplastic stroma. While surgery remains the definitive treatment, there have been reports of tumor recurrence locally and metastasis which respond poorly to chemotherapy. Hepatic transplant has been attempted in cases of recurrence or large size of primary tumor. Long-term follow-up and imaging surveillance are required as these tumors have shown a tendency for recurrence many years after initial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tehseen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology (Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Louis Rapkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology (Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Joseph F Magliocca
- Department of Surgery, Division of Liver Transplantation, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rene Romero
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology (Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Venkatramani R, Spector LG, Georgieff M, Tomlinson G, Krailo M, Malogolowkin M, Kohlmann W, Curtin K, Fonstad RK, Schiffman JD. Congenital abnormalities and hepatoblastoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) and the Utah Population Database (UPDB). Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2250-5. [PMID: 24934283 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are known to predispose to hepatoblastoma (HB). A case-control study was conducted through the Children's Oncology Group (COG) to study the association of HB with isolated congenital abnormalities. Cases (N = 383) were diagnosed between 2000 and 2008. Controls (N = 387) were recruited from state birth registries, frequency matched for sex, region, year of birth, and birth weight. Data on congenital abnormalities among subjects and covariates were obtained by maternal telephone interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) describing the association between congenital abnormalities with HB, adjusted for sex, birth weight, maternal age and maternal education, were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. There was a significant association of HB with kidney, bladder, or sex organ abnormalities (OR = 4.75; 95% CI: 1.74-13) which appeared to be specific to kidney/bladder defects (OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.2-15.3) but not those of sex organs (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.37-4.1). Elevated but non-significant ORs were found for spina bifida or other spinal defects (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 0.39-11.7), large or multiple birthmarks (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.81-2.21). The results were validated through the Utah Population Database (UPDB), a statewide population-based registry linking birth certificates, medical records, and cancer diagnoses. In the UPDB, there were 29 cases and 290 population controls matched 10:1 on sex and birth year. Consistent with the COG findings, kidney/bladder defects were associated with hepatoblastoma. These results confirm the association of HB with kidney/bladder abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Farach A, Farach LS, Paulino AC. Therapeutic challenges in treating patients with fragile X syndrome and neoplasia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:E153-6. [PMID: 23873828 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The administration of cytotoxic therapy to patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS) presents several unique therapeutic challenges. The existence of fragile sites poses a theoretical risk of tumorigenesis and potentially increased treatment associated toxicity, however, controversy exists. We review the 42 previously reported cases of neoplasia in patients with FXS and report two novel neoplasms in patients treated with radiation therapy or combined chemoradiation. Our experience suggests that radiation therapy can be delivered safely in these patients without an expectation for increased acute/sub-acute normal tissue toxicity; however, treatment requires specialized facilities with the resources to deliver this care safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Farach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Malowany JI, Merritt NH, Chan NG, Ngan BY. Nested stromal epithelial tumor of the liver in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2013; 16:312-7. [PMID: 23570373 DOI: 10.2350/13-02-1300-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder characterized by overgrowth, congenital malformation, and tumor predisposition. Children with BWS have a higher incidence of tumors, commonly intra-abdominal tumors such as Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Here, we describe the first case of a rare hepatic malignancy of nested stromal epithelial tumor (NSET) of the liver in a child with BWS. A 22-month old girl with BWS had a new incidental liver mass. Her alpha-fetoprotein levels were normal. She underwent a liver segmentectomy. Histopathologic features combined with immunohistochemistry results (positivity for pankeratin [AE1/3], CD56, CK19, CD117, CD99 [weak membranous pattern], β-catenin, and WT1-COOH [focal]), were diagnostic of NSET of the liver. This is the first case of NSET of the liver associated with BWS. Its occurrence at such an early age is consistent with the tumor predisposition of BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet I Malowany
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Bongmba OYN, Martinez LA, Elhardt ME, Butler K, Tejada-Simon MV. Modulation of dendritic spines and synaptic function by Rac1: a possible link to Fragile X syndrome pathology. Brain Res 2011; 1399:79-95. [PMID: 21645877 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rac1, a protein of the Rho GTPase subfamily, has been implicated in neuronal and spine development as well as the formation of synapses with appropriate partners. Dendrite and spine abnormalities have been implicated in several psychiatric disorders such as Fragile X syndrome, where neurons show a high density of long, thin, and immature dendritic spines. Although abnormalities in dendrites and spines have been correlated with impaired cognitive abilities in mental retardation, the causes of these malformations are not yet well understood. Fragile X syndrome is the most common type of inherited mental retardation caused by the absence of FMRP protein, a RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of mRNA translation and transport, leading to protein synthesis. We suggest that FMRP might act as a negative regulator on the synthesis of Rac1. Maintaining an optimal level of Rac1 and facilitating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton likely leads to normal neuronal morphology during activity-dependent plasticity. In our study, we first demonstrated that Rac1 is not only associated but necessary for normal spine development and long-term synaptic plasticity. We further showed that, in Fmr1 knockout mice, lack of FMRP induces an overactivation of Rac1 in the mouse brain and other organs that have been shown to be altered in Fragile X syndrome. In those animals, pharmacological manipulation of Rac1 partially reverses their altered long-term plasticity. Thus, regulation of Rac1 may provide a functional link among deficient neuronal morphology, aberrant synaptic plasticity and cognition impairment in Fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Y N Bongmba
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Bldg 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Rosales-Reynoso MA, Ochoa-Hernández AB, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suárez LF, Troyo-Sanromán R, Barros-Núñez P. Gene expression profiling identifies WNT7A as a possible candidate gene for decreased cancer risk in fragile X syndrome patients. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:110-118.e2. [PMID: 20470940 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although sporadic cases of cancer in patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have been reported, extensive studies carried out in Denmark and Finland concluded that cancer incidence in these patients is lower than in the general population. On the other hand, the FMR1 protein, which is involved in the translation process, is absent in FXS patients. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that these patients exhibit an abnormal expression of some proteins involved in regulating tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes, thus explaining its decreased cancer frequency. We undertook this study to analyze the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in fragile X syndrome patients. METHODS Molecular analysis of the FMR1 gene was achieved in 10 male patients and controls. Total RNA from peripheral blood was used to evaluate expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes included in a 10,000 gene microarray library. Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to confirm genes with differential expression. RESULTS Among 27 genes showing increased expression in FXS patients, only eight genes exhibited upregulation in at least 50% of them. Among these, ARMCX2 and PPP2R5C genes are tumor suppressor related. Likewise, 23/65 genes showed decreased expression in >50% of patients. Among them, WNT7A gene is a ligand of the beta-catenin pathway, which is widely related to oncogenic processes. Decreased expression of WNT7A was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of c-Myc, c-Jun, cyclin-D and PPARdelta genes, as target of the beta-catenin pathway, was moderately reduced in FXS patients. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that this diminished expression of the WNT7A gene may be related to a supposed protection of FXS patients to develop cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alejandra Rosales-Reynoso
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Oviedo Ramírez MI, Bas Bernal A, Ortiz Ruiz E, Bermejo J, De Alava E, Hernández T. Desmoplastic nested spindle cell tumor of the liver in an adult. Ann Diagn Pathol 2010; 14:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sund R, Pukkala E, Patja K. Cancer incidence among persons with fragile X syndrome in Finland: a population-based study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2009; 53:85-90. [PMID: 18705633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome is a common inheritable cause of intellectual disability (ID) and is characterised by a large number of CGG repeats at the gene FMR1 located on the X-chromosome. It has been reported that this genetic mechanism may protect against malignant transformations. METHODS We extracted from the Finnish registry on persons with ID a cohort of 302 persons with a fragile X diagnosis during 1982-1986. Follow-up for cancer incidence was performed in the Finnish Cancer Registry until the end of the year 2005. RESULTS There were 11 reported cancers during the mean follow-up of 21.4 years per person. The expected number of cancers based on the average Finnish population was 13.8 and no statistically significant protective effect was detected [standardised incidence ratios (SIR) 0.80, confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.40-1.4]. An increased risk for lip cancer was found (SIR 23, CI 95% 2.8-85). CONCLUSIONS Confirmation of hypotheses about the mechanisms linking FXS and cancer needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sund
- National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES), Helsinki, Finland.
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