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Maternal Overweight Downregulates MME (Neprilysin) in Feto-Placental Endothelial Cells and in Cord Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030834. [PMID: 32012940 PMCID: PMC7037888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal overweight in pregnancy alters the metabolic environment and generates chronic low-grade inflammation. This affects fetal development and programs the offspring’s health for developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease later in life. MME (membrane-metalloendopeptidase, neprilysin) cleaves various peptides regulating vascular tone. Endothelial cells express membrane-bound and soluble MME. In adults, the metabolic environment of overweight and obesity upregulates endothelial and circulating MME. We here hypothesized that maternal overweight increases MME in the feto-placental endothelium. We used primary feto-placental endothelial cells (fpEC) isolated from placentas after normal vs. overweight pregnancies and determined MME mRNA, protein, and release. Additionally, soluble cord blood MME was analyzed. The effect of oxygen and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on MME protein in fpEC was investigated in vitro. Maternal overweight reduced MME mRNA (−39.9%, p < 0.05), protein (−42.5%, p = 0.02), and MME release from fpEC (−64.7%, p = 0.02). Both cellular and released MME protein negatively correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Similarly, cord blood MME was negatively associated with pre-pregnancy BMI (r = −0.42, p = 0.02). However, hypoxia and TNFα, potential negative regulators of MME expression, did not affect MME protein. Reduction of MME protein in fpEC and in cord blood may alter the balance of vasoactive peptides. Our study highlights the fetal susceptibility to maternal metabolism and inflammatory state.
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Nagata K, Mano T, Murayama S, Saido TC, Iwata A. DNA methylation level of the neprilysin promoter in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurosci Lett 2018; 670:8-13. [PMID: 29339171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP), a membrane-bound metalloprotease, has been shown to play an essential role in the clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Previous studies have reported that NEP expression is downregulated in the normal aging brain as well as in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, providing evidence that the downregulation of NEP expression contributes to the age-dependent deposition of Aβ-containing plaques, a pathological hallmark of AD. However, the mechanisms underlying the downregulation remain unclear. In this study, we explored the relationship between DNA methylation status of CpG islands in the NEP promoter and its expression level in AD brains. We performed pyrosequencing analyses to detect the DNA methylation level in 31 postmortem AD brains and 40 normal control brains. All 30 CpG sites showed no clear difference in methylation level. To further focus on methylation changes specific to neuronal cells, we performed methylation array experiments using neuronal nuclei from postmortem brains and found no clear difference in the methylation level between AD and normal control samples. Our detailed analyses, with a substantial number of brain samples, provide the first convincing evidence that DNA methylation of the NEP promoter is not involved in AD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Mano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Neuropathology, The Brain Bank for Aging Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Gong XY, Wang Y, Liu BC, Wei H, Zhou CL, Lin D, Liu KQ, Wei SN, Gong BF, Zhang GJ, Liu YT, Zhao XL, Li Y, Gu RX, Qiu SW, Mi YC, Wang JX. [Clinical features and prognosis in CD10(-) pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2017; 38:17-21. [PMID: 28219219 PMCID: PMC7348396 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
目的 分析CD10阴性的前B急性淋巴细胞白血病(CD10−pre B-ALL)患者的临床特征和预后。 方法 对6例成人CD10− pre B-ALL患者的临床和实验室资料进行回顾性分析,结合文献复习明确该类型患者的临床特征及预后。 结果 CD10−pre B-ALL占ALL的1.5%(6/409),占B-ALL的1.8%(6/343),占pre B-ALL的11.5%(6/52)。6例患者均为男性,中位年龄为33.5岁,起病时中位WBC为101.78×109/L,所有患者均伴有MLL-AF4融合基因表达。5例患者经1个疗程诱导化疗即获得完全缓解(CR),1例患者经3个疗程化疗后才获得CR。2例患者在CR1期行异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT),1例患者CR后短期内即复发,在CR2期行allo-HSCT。1例患者正在等待移植。2例未移植患者1例复发死亡,1例尚处于缓解状态。 结论 CD10−pre B-ALL是一类具有独特临床特征的成人ALL亚型,发生率较低,常见于男性,起病时白细胞水平较高,MLL-AF4融合基因表达率高,常规化疗具有较高的缓解率,但易复发,allo-HSCT有可能改善其预后。
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Gong
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
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Epigenetic suppression of neprilysin regulates breast cancer invasion. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e207. [PMID: 26950599 PMCID: PMC4815048 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In women, invasive breast cancer is the second most common cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death. Therefore, identifying novel regulators of breast cancer invasion could lead to additional biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Neprilysin, a cell-surface enzyme that cleaves and inactivates a number of substrates including endothelin-1 (ET1), has been implicated in breast cancer, but whether neprilysin promotes or inhibits breast cancer cell progression and metastasis is unclear. Here, we asked whether neprilysin expression predicts and functionally regulates breast cancer cell invasion. RT–PCR and flow cytometry analysis of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines revealed decreased neprilysin expression compared with normal epithelial cells. Expression was also suppressed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) compared with normal tissue. In addition, in vtro invasion assays demonstrated that neprilysin overexpression decreased breast cancer cell invasion, whereas neprilysin suppression augmented invasion. Furthermore, inhibiting neprilysin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased ET1 levels significantly, whereas overexpressing neprilysin decreased extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) activation, indicating that neprilysin negatively regulates ET1-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. To determine whether neprilysin was epigenetically suppressed in breast cancer, we performed bisulfite conversion analysis of breast cancer cells and clinical tumor samples. We found that the neprilysin promoter was hypermethylated in breast cancer; chemical reversal of methylation in MDA-MB-231 cells reactivated neprilysin expression and inhibited cancer cell invasion. Analysis of cancer databases revealed that neprilysin methylation significantly associates with survival in stage I IDC and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer subtypes. These results demonstrate that neprilysin negatively regulates the ET axis in breast cancer, and epigenetic suppression of neprilysin in invasive breast cancer cells enables invasion. Together, this implicates neprilysin as an important regulator of breast cancer invasion and clarifies its utility as a potential biomarker for invasive breast cancer.
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Revisiting the biology of infant t(4;11)/MLL-AF4+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:2676-85. [PMID: 26463423 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-667378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for 10% of childhood ALL. The genetic hallmark of most infant B-ALL is chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. Despite improvement in the clinical management and survival (∼85-90%) of childhood B-ALL, the outcome of infants with MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) B-ALL remains dismal, with overall survival <35%. Among MLL-r infant B-ALL, t(4;11)+ patients harboring the fusion MLL-AF4 (MA4) display a particularly poor prognosis and a pro-B/mixed phenotype. Studies in monozygotic twins and archived blood spots have provided compelling evidence of a single cell of prenatal origin as the target for MA4 fusion, explaining the brief leukemia latency. Despite its aggressiveness and short latency, current progress on its etiology, pathogenesis, and cellular origin is limited as evidenced by the lack of mouse/human models recapitulating the disease phenotype/latency. We propose this is because infant cancer is from an etiologic and pathogenesis standpoint distinct from adult cancer and should be seen as a developmental disease. This is supported by whole-genome sequencing studies suggesting that opposite to the view of cancer as a "multiple-and-sequential-hit" model, t(4;11) alone might be sufficient to spawn leukemia. The stable genome of these patients suggests that, in infant developmental cancer, one "big-hit" might be sufficient for overt disease and supports a key contribution of epigenetics and a prenatal cell of origin during a critical developmental window of stem cell vulnerability in the leukemia pathogenesis. Here, we revisit the biology of t(4;11)+ infant B-ALL with an emphasis on its origin, genetics, and disease models.
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van Vuren A, Meyer-Wentrup F. New targets for antibody therapy of pediatric B cell lymphomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:2158-63. [PMID: 25154500 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapy has become standard of care for adult B cell lymphoma patients. It is a potentially less toxic and more targeted approach for lymphoma therapy and should therefore be applied to treat pediatric B cell lymphoma patients as well. In pediatric lymphoma patients, however, clinical experience with monoclonal antibodies is very limited. This is in part due to smaller patient numbers and very good outcome with conventional chemotherapy. In addition, pediatric patient and lymphoma biology differ significantly from that found in adults often precluding extrapolation of the adult experience to children. This review focuses on targeting pediatric B cell lymphoma with monoclonal antibody therapy. The special characteristics of B cell lymphomas found in children are reviewed and six potential new lymphoma target antigens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies van Vuren
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Nishi M, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Wu Z, Gao W, Iwabuki H, Kawakami S, Tauchi H, Inukai T, Sugita K, Hamasaki Y, Ishii E, Eguchi M. Suppression of the let-7b microRNA pathway by DNA hypermethylation in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements. Leukemia 2012; 27:389-97. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Starkova J, Zamostna B, Mejstrikova E, Krejci R, Drabkin HA, Trka J. HOX gene expression in phenotypic and genotypic subgroups and low HOXA gene expression as an adverse prognostic factor in pediatric ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1072-82. [PMID: 20672366 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HOX genes play an important role in both normal lymphopoiesis and leukemogenesis. However, HOX expression patterns in leukemia cells compared to normal lymphoid progenitors have not been systematically studied in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) subtypes. PROCEDURE The RNA expression levels of HOXA, HOXB, and CDX1/2 genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR in a cohort of 61 diagnostic pediatric ALL samples and FACS-sorted subpopulations of normal lymphoid progenitors. RESULTS The RNA expression of HOXA7-10, HOXA13, and HOXB2-4 genes was exclusively detected in leukemic cells and immature progenitors. The RNA expression of HOXB6 and CDX2 genes was exclusively detected in leukemic cells but not in B-lineage cells at any of the studied developmental stages. HOXA3-4, HOXA7, and HOXB3-4 genes were differentially expressed between BCP-ALL and T-ALL subgroups, and among genotypically defined MLL/AF4, TEL/AML1, BCR/ABL, hyperdiploid and normal karyotype subgroups. However, this differential expression did not define specific clusters in hierarchical cluster analysis. HOXA7 gene was low expressed at the RNA level in patients with hyperdiploid leukemia, whereas HOXB7 and CDX2 genes were low expressed in TEL/AML1-positive and BCR/ABL-positive cases, respectively. In contrast to previous findings in acute myeloid leukemia, high HOXA RNA expression was associated with an excellent prognosis in Cox's regression model (P = 0.03). In MLL/AF4-positive ALL, lower HOXA RNA expression correlated with the methylation status of their promoters. CONCLUSIONS HOX gene RNA expression cannot discriminate leukemia subgroups or relative maturity of leukemic cells. However, HOXA RNA expression correlates with prognosis, and particular HOX genes are expressed in specific genotypically characterized subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Starkova
- CLIP, Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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HDAC inhibitors augment cytotoxic activity of rituximab by upregulating CD20 expression on lymphoma cells. Leukemia 2010; 24:1760-8. [PMID: 20686505 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD20 antibody rituximab is now essential for the treatment of CD20-positive B-cell lymphomas. Decreased expression of CD20 is one of the major mechanisms underlying both innate and acquired resistance to rituximab. In this study, we show that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors augment the cytotoxic activity of rituximab by enhancing the surface expression of CD20 antigen on lymphoma cells. HDAC inhibitors, valproic acid (VPA) and romidepsin, increased CD20 expression at protein and mRNA levels in B-cell lymphoma cell lines with relatively low CD20 expression levels. The VPA-mediated increase in CD20 expression occurred at 1 m, which is clinically achievable and safe, but insufficient for inducing cell death. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that HDAC inhibitors transactivated the CD20 gene through promoter hyperacetylation and Sp1 recruitment. HDAC inhibitors potentiated the activity of rituximab in complement-dependent cytotoxic assays. In mouse lymphoma models, HDAC inhibitors enhanced CD20 expression along with histone hyperacetylation in transplanted cells, and acted synergistically with rituximab to retard their growth. The combination with HDAC inhibitors may serve as an effective strategy to overcome rituximab resistance in B-cell lymphomas.
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CALLA and protein kinase CK2 revisited: targetable molecules for treating patients with leukemia? J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 32:1. [PMID: 20051778 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e3181c74adf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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