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Saggu S, Srivastava RK, McCormick L, Agarwal A, Khan MM, Athar M. Neurotoxicology of Warfare Arsenical, Diphenylarsinic Acid in Humans and Experimental Models. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:143516. [PMID: 39389373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Unused warfare chemical agents, developed in World Wars I/II dumped in the ocean or buried at various sites across the world, pose significant environmental and human health risks. This review provides description of the neurotoxicity of arsenic-based warfare chemicals known as arsenicals. We specifically described the neuropathogenesis of diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA), a chemical warfare-related organoarsenicals and a degradation product of diphenylchloroarsine (DA), diphenylcyanoarsine (DC), also known as Clark I and Clark II respectively. These arsenicals are potent emetics, which were buried at a former naval base in the town of Kamisu, Japan. Several decades after burial, their environmental decay led to contamination of underground water table. Consumption of the contaminated water by the residents manifested a neurological syndrome, which was associated with damage to the cerebellum and brainstem as well as behavioral deficits. We summarized the chronology of this damage as recorded by monitoring the exposed population over time (∼15 years). Several simulating animal studies in primates and murine models demonstrate that DPAA caused this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Saggu
- UAB Centre of Excellence of Arsenicals; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- UAB Centre of Excellence of Arsenicals; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294
| | - Lisa McCormick
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294
| | - Mohammad Moshahid Khan
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Centre of Excellence of Arsenicals; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294
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2
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de Paula Arrifano G, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Barthelemy JL, de Nazaré CGL, Freitas LGR, Augusto-Oliveira M. Neurotoxicity and the Global Worst Pollutants: Astroglial Involvement in Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury Intoxication. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1047-1065. [PMID: 35997862 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a global threat and represents a strong risk factor for human health. It is estimated that pollution causes about 9 million premature deaths every year. Pollutants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system are of special concern, because of their potential to cause neurological and development disorders. Arsenic, lead and mercury are usually ranked as the top three in priority lists of regulatory agencies. Against xenobiotics, astrocytes are recognised as the first line of defence in the CNS, being involved in virtually all brain functions, contributing to homeostasis maintenance. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the astroglial involvement in the neurotoxicity induced by these pollutants. Beginning by the main toxicokinetic characteristics, this review also highlights the several astrocytic mechanisms affected by these pollutants, involving redox system, neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism, and cytokine production/release, among others. Understanding how these alterations lead to neurological disturbances (including impaired memory, deficits in executive functions, and motor and visual disfunctions), by revisiting the current knowledge is essential for future research and development of therapies and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Arrifano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jean L Barthelemy
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Caio Gustavo Leal de Nazaré
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo R Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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Sasaki S, Negishi T, Tsuzuki T, Yukawa K. Diphenylarsinic acid induced activation of MAP kinases, transcription factors, and oxidative stress-responsive factors and hypersecretion of cytokines in cultured normal human cerebellar astrocytes. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:196-207. [PMID: 34883095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a non-natural pentavalent organic arsenic and was detected in well water in Kamisu, Ibaraki, Japan in 2003. Individuals that had consumed this arsenic-contaminated water developed cerebellar symptoms such as myoclonus. We previously revealed that DPAA exposure in rats in vitro and in vivo specifically affected astrocytes rather than neurons among cerebellar cells. Here, we evaluated adverse effects of DPAA in cultured normal human cerebellar astrocytes (NHA), which were compared with those in normal rat cerebellar astrocytes (NRA) exposed to DPAA at 10 μM for 96 h, focusing on aberrant activation of astrocytes; increase in cell viability, activation of MAP kinases (ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and SAPK/JNK) and transcription factors (CREB, c-Jun, and c-Fos), upregulation of oxidative stress-responsive factors (Nrf2, HO-1, and Hsp70), and also hypersecretion of brain cytokines (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF-2, CXCL1, and IL-6) as reported in NRA. While DPAA exposure at 10 μM for 96 h had little effect on NHA, a higher concentration (50 μM for 96 h) and longer exposure (10 μM for 288 h) induced similar aberrant activation. Moreover, exposure to DPAA at 50 μM for 96 h or 10 μM for 288 h in NHA induced hypersecretion of cytokines induced in DPAA-exposed NRA (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF-2, CXCL1, and IL-6), and IL-8 besides into culture medium. These results suggested that aberrantly activated human astrocytes by DPAA exposure might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cerebellar symptoms, affecting adjacent neurons, microglia, brain blood vessels, or astrocyte itself through these brain cytokines in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoto Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Negishi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yukawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
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Effect of lycopene on As 2O 3 induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3205-3212. [PMID: 33948854 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that oxidative stress may cause neuronal injury and several experimental models showed that As2O3 exposure causes oxidative stress. Lycopene, a carotenoid, has been shown to have protective effect in neurological disease models due to antioxidant activity, but its effect on As2O3-induced neurotoxicity is not identified yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of lycopene on As2O3-induced neuronal damage and the related mechanisms. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Lycopene was administrated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 µM) one hour before 2 µM As2O3 exposure in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The anti-oxidant effect of lycopene was determined by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). MTT results and LDH cytotoxicity analyses showed that pretreatment with 8 µM lycopene significantly improved the toxicity due to As2O3 exposure in SH‑SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Pretreatment with lycopene significantly increased the activities of anti‑oxidative enzymes as well as total antioxidant status and decreased total oxidative status in As2O3 exposed cells. The results of this study indicate that lycopene may be a potent neuroprotective against oxidative stress and could be used to prevent neuronal injury or death in several neurological diseases.
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Liu X, Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yang Y, Fu X, Sun D, Wang J. Neuroglobin alleviates arsenic-induced neuronal damage. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103604. [PMID: 33545379 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
People who drink water contaminated with arsenic for a long time develop neuritis, cerebellar symptoms, and deficits in memory and intellectual function. Arsenic induces oxidative stress and promotes apoptosis through multiple signalling pathways in nerve cells. Neuroglobin (Ngb), as a key mediator, is considered to be protective against oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of Ngb knockdown in arsenite-treated rat neurons on levels of apoptosis markers and reactive oxygen species and serum Ngb levels of subjects from arsenic-endemic regions in China. We discovered that arsenic-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production were enhanced in Ngb-knocked-down rat neurons. Silencing of Ngb aggravated the arsenic-induced decrease in the rate of Bcl-2/Bax and the levels of Bcl-2 protein following arsenite treatment. The results also showed that serum Ngb levels were independently negatively correlated with arsenic concentration in drinking water. Furthermore, the serum Ngb levels of four groups (245 individuals) according to different degree exposure to arsenic were 815.18 ± 89.52, 1247.97 ± 117.18, 774.79 ± 91.55, and 482.72 ± 49.30 pg/mL, respectively. Taken together, it can be deduced that Ngb has protective effects against arsenic-induced apoptosis by eliminating reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China.
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Umezu T, Shibata Y. Toxicokinetic characteristics and effects of diphenylarsinic acid on dopamine in the striatum of free-moving mice. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:106-115. [PMID: 33417988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA), an artificial phenyl arsenic compound, is considered a groundwater pollutant in Japan. Previous human and animal studies suggested that DPAA affects the central nervous system; however, these effects are poorly understood. The present study investigated the toxicokinetic characteristics and effects of DPAA on dopamine (DA) in the striatum of free-moving mice after a single oral administration. In a simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis study, only DPAA was detectable in both blood and striatum dialysate samples immediately after DPAA administration. DPAA concentrations in the striatum and blood dialysate rapidly reached a maximum, then decreased over time in an essentially parallel manner. A more detailed brain microdialysis examination of intracerebral kinetics revealed that the concentration of DPAA in the striatum dialysate began to increase within 15 min, reaching a maximum approximately 1 h after administration, and then decreased with a biological half-life of approximately 2 h. Moreover, a single oral administration of DPAA at 0.5-32 mg/kg affected the extracellular DA level in the striatum. The effect on DA level changed slowly after DPAA administration, with a bell-shaped dose-response relationship. The present study suggests that DPAA is rapidly absorbed into the blood circulating in the gastrointestinal tract and passes through the blood-brain barrier to subsequently affect DA levels in the striatum in mice after a single oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Umezu
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Umezu T, Sano T, Hayashi J, Shibata Y. Simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis in a free-moving mouse to test blood-brain barrier permeability of chemicals. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1542-1550. [PMID: 33294385 PMCID: PMC7689036 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic chemicals that pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can influence brain function. Efficient methods to test the permeability of the BBB to specific chemicals would facilitate identification of potentially neurotoxic agents. We report here a simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis in a free-moving mouse to test BBB permeability of different chemicals. Microdialysis sampling was conducted in mice at 3-5 days after implantation of a brain microdialysis probe and 1 day after implantation of a blood microdialysis probe. Therefore, mice were under almost physiological conditions. Results of an intravenous injection of lucifer yellow or uranine showed that the BBB was functioning in the mice under the experimental conditions. Mice were given phenyl arsenic compounds orally, and concentration-time profiles for phenyl arsenic compounds such as diphenylarsinic acid, phenylarsonic acid, and phenylmethylarsinic acid in the blood and brain dialysate samples were obtained using simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Peak area-time profiles for linalool and 2-phenethyl alcohol (fragrance compounds or plant-derived volatile organic chemicals) were obtained using simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in mice given lavender or rose essential oils intraperitoneally. BBB function was confirmed using lucifer yellow in these mice, and results indicated that the phenyl arsenic compounds, linalool and 2-phenethyl alcohol, passed through the BBB. The present study demonstrates that simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis in a free-moving mouse makes it possible to test the BBB permeability of chemicals when coupled with appropriate chemical analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Umezu
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Sano
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Junko Hayashi
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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Fernández-García S, Sancho-Balsells A, Longueville S, Hervé D, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Alberch J, Giralt A. Astrocytic BDNF and TrkB regulate severity and neuronal activity in mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:411. [PMID: 32483154 PMCID: PMC7264221 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as crucial regulators of neuronal network activity, synapse formation, and underlying behavioral and cognitive processes. Despite some pathways have been identified, the communication between astrocytes and neurons remains to be completely elucidated. Unraveling this communication is crucial to design potential treatments for neurological disorders like temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The BDNF and TrkB molecules have emerged as very promising therapeutic targets. However, their modulation can be accompanied by several off-target effects such as excitotoxicity in case of uncontrolled upregulation or dementia, amnesia, and other memory disorders in case of downregulation. Here, we show that BDNF and TrkB from astrocytes modulate neuronal dysfunction in TLE models. First, conditional overexpression of BDNF from astrocytes worsened the phenotype in the lithium-pilocarpine mouse model. Our evidences pointed out to the astrocytic pro-BDNF isoform as a major player of this altered phenotype. Conversely, specific genetic deletion of BDNF in astrocytes prevented the increase in the number of firing neurons and the global firing rate in an in vitro model of TLE. Regarding to the TrkB, we generated mice with a genetic deletion of TrkB specifically in hippocampal neurons or astrocytes. Interestingly, both lines displayed neuroprotection in the lithium-pilocarpine model but only the mice with genetic deletion of TrkB in astrocytes showed significantly preserved spatial learning skills. These data identify the astrocytic BDNF and TrkB molecules as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernández-García
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Sancho-Balsells
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Longueville
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Denis Hervé
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain. .,Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Garza-Lombó C, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI, Gonsebatt ME, Franco R. Arsenic-induced neurotoxicity: a mechanistic appraisal. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1305-1316. [PMID: 31748979 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid found in groundwater as a byproduct of soil/rock erosion and industrial and agricultural processes. This xenobiotic elicits its toxicity through different mechanisms, and it has been identified as a toxicant that affects virtually every organ or tissue in the body. In the central nervous system, exposure to arsenic can induce cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, iAs has been linked to several neurological disorders, including neurodevelopmental alterations, and is considered a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders. However, the exact mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this review, we aim to appraise the neurotoxic effects of arsenic and the molecular mechanisms involved. First, we discuss the epidemiological studies reporting on the effects of arsenic in intellectual and cognitive function during development as well as studies showing the correlation between arsenic exposure and altered cognition and mental health in adults. The neurotoxic effects of arsenic and the potential mechanisms associated with neurodegeneration are also reviewed including data from experimental models supporting epidemiological evidence of arsenic as a neurotoxicant. Next, we focused on recent literature regarding arsenic metabolism and the molecular mechanisms that begin to explain how arsenic damages the central nervous system including, oxidative stress, energy failure and mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetics, alterations in neurotransmitter homeostasis and synaptic transmission, cell death pathways, and inflammation. Outlining the specific mechanisms by which arsenic alters the cell function is key to understand the neurotoxic effects that convey cognitive dysfunction, neurodevelopmental alterations, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.,Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA. .,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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10
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Ishii K, Nemoto K, Iwasaki N, Takeda T, Masuda T, Shibata Y, Tamaoka A. Decreased regional cerebral blood flow in patients with diphenylarsinic acid intoxication. Eur J Neurol 2018; 26:136-141. [PMID: 30133051 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) intoxication caused by drinking contaminated well water was found in Kamisu, Japan. The symptoms indicated cerebellar-brainstem and temporo-occipital involvement. However, it remains unclear how it affects the human brain. To elucidate the effect of DPAA on the human brain, we analyzed cerebral blood flow (CBF) data after the drinking of DPAA-contaminated water was stopped and investigated the correlation between DPAA exposure level and CBF by single-photon emission computed tomography (CBF-SPECT). METHODS The DPAA-exposed inhabitants (n = 78) were divided into 35 symptomatic and 43 asymptomatic subjects and compared with 38 healthy controls. The DPAA concentration in nails or hair and well water was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography system and coupled plasma mass spectrometry after adequate extraction treatment. CBF-SPECT data, obtained within 1 year after the drinking of contaminated well water was stopped, were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping. We also examined the relationship between variations in CBF-SPECT signals and variations in DPAA concentrations in the hair or nails of the subjects. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, CBF in symptomatic DPAA-exposed subjects was significantly lower in the occipital lobe, including the cuneus and inferior occipital gyri. The DPAA concentration in the nails or hair of subjects was inversely and significantly related to their CBF. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CBF-SPECT may be useful as a clinical marker to infer the effect of accumulated DPAA on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishii
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Nemoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - N Iwasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Japan
| | - T Takeda
- Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - T Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Garza-Lombó C, Posadas Y, Quintanar L, Gonsebatt ME, Franco R. Neurotoxicity Linked to Dysfunctional Metal Ion Homeostasis and Xenobiotic Metal Exposure: Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1669-1703. [PMID: 29402131 PMCID: PMC5962337 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Essential metals such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc play a role as cofactors in the activity of a wide range of processes involved in cellular homeostasis and survival, as well as during organ and tissue development. Throughout our life span, humans are also exposed to xenobiotic metals from natural and anthropogenic sources, including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. It is well recognized that alterations in the homeostasis of essential metals and an increased environmental/occupational exposure to xenobiotic metals are linked to several neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental alterations. Recent Advances: The redox activity of essential metals is key for neuronal homeostasis and brain function. Alterations in redox homeostasis and signaling are central to the pathological consequences of dysfunctional metal ion homeostasis and increased exposure to xenobiotic metals. Both redox-active and redox-inactive metals trigger oxidative stress and damage in the central nervous system, and the exact mechanisms involved are starting to become delineated. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we aim to appraise the role of essential metals in determining the redox balance in the brain and the mechanisms by which alterations in the homeostasis of essential metals and exposure to xenobiotic metals disturb the cellular redox balance and signaling. We focus on recent literature regarding their transport, metabolism, and mechanisms of toxicity in neural systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating the specific mechanisms by which metals alter redox homeostasis is key to understand the pathological processes that convey chronic neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1669-1703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- 1 Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska.,2 Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Yanahi Posadas
- 3 Departamentos de Farmacología y de, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México .,4 Departamentos de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- 4 Departamentos de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Mexico City, México
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- 2 Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- 1 Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska
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Cerebellum Transcriptome of Mice Bred for High Voluntary Activity Offers Insights into Locomotor Control and Reward-Dependent Behaviors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167095. [PMID: 27893846 PMCID: PMC5125674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in motivation and addictive behaviors is less understood than that in control and coordination of movements. High running can be a self-rewarding behavior exhibiting addictive properties. Changes in the cerebellum transcriptional networks of mice from a line selectively bred for High voluntary running (H) were profiled relative to an unselected Control (C) line. The environmental modulation of these changes was assessed both in activity environments corresponding to 7 days of Free (F) access to running wheel and to Blocked (B) access on day 7. Overall, 457 genes exhibited a significant (FDR-adjusted P-value < 0.05) genotype-by-environment interaction effect, indicating that activity genotype differences in gene expression depend on environmental access to running. Among these genes, network analysis highlighted 6 genes (Nrgn, Drd2, Rxrg, Gda, Adora2a, and Rab40b) connected by their products that displayed opposite expression patterns in the activity genotype contrast within the B and F environments. The comparison of network expression topologies suggests that selection for high voluntary running is linked to a predominant dysregulation of hub genes in the F environment that enables running whereas a dysregulation of ancillary genes is favored in the B environment that blocks running. Genes associated with locomotor regulation, signaling pathways, reward-processing, goal-focused, and reward-dependent behaviors exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction (e.g. Pak6, Adora2a, Drd2, and Arhgap8). Neuropeptide genes including Adcyap1, Cck, Sst, Vgf, Npy, Nts, Penk, and Tac2 and related receptor genes also exhibited significant genotype-by-environment interaction. The majority of the 183 differentially expressed genes between activity genotypes (e.g. Drd1) were under-expressed in C relative to H genotypes and were also under-expressed in B relative to F environments. Our findings indicate that the high voluntary running mouse line studied is a helpful model for understanding the molecular mechanisms in the cerebellum that influence locomotor control and reward-dependent behaviors.
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Subchronic Exposure to Arsenic Represses the TH/TRβ1-CaMK IV Signaling Pathway in Mouse Cerebellum. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020157. [PMID: 26821021 PMCID: PMC4783891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that arsenic (As) impaired learning and memory by down-regulating calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMK IV) in mouse cerebellum. It has been documented that the thyroid hormone receptor (TR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer and thyroid hormone (TH) may be involved in the regulation of CaMK IV. To investigate whether As affects the TR/RXR heterodimer and TH, we determined As concentration in serum and cerebellum, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) levels in serum, and expression of CaMK IV, TR and RXR in cerebellum of mice exposed to As. Cognition function was examined by the step-down passive avoidance task and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Morphology of the cerebellum was observed by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining under light microscope. Our results showed that the concentrations of As in the serum and cerebellum of mice both increased with increasing As-exposure level. A significant positive correlation was found between the two processes. Adeficit in learning and memory was found in the exposed mice. Abnormal morphologic changes of Purkinje cells were observed in cerebellum of the exposed mice. Moreover, the cerebellar expressions of CaMK IV protein and the TRβ gene, and TRβ1 protein were significantly lower in As-exposed mice than those in controls. Subchronic exposure to As appears to increase its level in serum and cerebella of mice, impairing learning and memory and down-regulating expression of TRβ1 as well as down-stream CaMK IV. It is also suggested that the increased As may be responsible for down-regulation of TRβ1 and CaMK IV in cerebellum and that the down-regulated TRβ1 may be involved in As-induced impairment of learning and memory via inhibiting CaMK IV and its down-stream pathway.
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Negishi T, Matsumoto M, Kojima M, Asai R, Kanehira T, Sakaguchi F, Takahata K, Arakaki R, Aoyama Y, Yoshida H, Yoshida K, Yukawa K, Tashiro T, Hirano S. Diphenylarsinic Acid Induced Activation of Cultured Rat Cerebellar Astrocytes: Phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Upregulation of Transcription Factors, and Release of Brain-Active Cytokines. Toxicol Sci 2015; 150:74-83. [PMID: 26645585 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) was detected as the primary compound responsible for the arsenic poisoning that occurred in Kamisu, Ibaraki, Japan, where people using water from a well that was contaminated with a high level of arsenic developed neurological (mostly cerebellar) symptoms and dysregulation of regional cerebral blood flow. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism of DPAA-induced cerebellar symptoms, we focused on astrocytes, which have a brain-protective function. Incubation with 10 µM DPAA for 96 h promoted cell proliferation, increased the expression of antioxidative stress proteins (heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein 70), and induced the release of cytokines (MCP-1, adrenomedullin, FGF2, CXCL1, and IL-6). Furthermore, DPAA overpoweringly increased the phosphorylation of three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and SAPK/JNK), which indicated MAPK activation, and subsequently induced expression and/or phosphorylation of transcription factors (Nrf2, CREB, c-Jun, and c-Fos) in cultured rat cerebellar astrocytes. Structure-activity relationship analyses of DPAA and other related pentavalent organic arsenicals revealed that DPAA at 10 µM activated astrocytes most effective among organic arsenicals tested at the same dose. These results suggest that in a cerebellum exposed to DPAA, abnormal activation of the MAPK-transcription factor pathway and irregular secretion of these neuroactive, glioactive, and/or vasoactive cytokines in astrocytes can be the direct/indirect cause of functional abnormalities in surrounding neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells: This in turn might lead to the onset of cerebellar symptoms and disruption of cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Negishi
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan;
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Mikiya Kojima
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ryota Asai
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kanehira
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaguchi
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahata
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Rina Arakaki
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yohei Aoyama
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hikari Yoshida
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yukawa
- *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan; and
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Oyanagi K, Tashiro T, Negishi T. Cell-type-specific and differentiation-status-dependent variations in cytotoxicity of tributyltin in cultured rat cerebral neurons and astrocytes. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:459-68. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Oyanagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University
| | - Tomoko Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University
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Tadepalle N, Koehler Y, Brandmann M, Meyer N, Dringen R. Arsenite stimulates glutathione export and glycolytic flux in viable primary rat brain astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:1-11. [PMID: 24995390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intoxication with inorganic arsenicals leads to neuropathies and impaired cognitive functions. However, little is known so far on the cellular targets that are involved in the adverse effects of arsenite to brain cells. To test whether arsenite may affect neural glucose and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, primary astrocyte cultures from rat brain were used as a model system. Exposure of cultured astrocytes to arsenite in concentrations of up to 0.3mM did not compromise cell viability during incubations for up to 6h, while 1mM arsenite damaged the cells already within 2h after application. Determination of cellular arsenic contents of astrocytes that had been incubated for 2h with arsenite revealed an almost linear concentration-dependent increase in the specific cellular arsenic content. Exposure of astrocytes to arsenite stimulated the export of GSH and accelerated the cellular glucose consumption and lactate production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Half-maximal stimulation of GSH export and glycolytic flux were observed for arsenite in concentrations of 0.1mM and 0.3mM, respectively. The arsenite-induced stimulation of both processes was abolished upon removal of extracellular arsenite. The strong stimulation of GSH export by arsenite was prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1, suggesting that this transporter mediates the accelerated GSH export. In addition, presence of MK571 significantly increased the specific cellular arsenic content, suggesting that Mrp1 may also be involved in arsenic export from astrocytes. The data observed suggest that alterations in glucose and GSH metabolism may contribute to the reported adverse neural consequences of intoxication with arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesha Tadepalle
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Koehler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Brandmann
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nils Meyer
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Ishii K, Itoh Y, Iwasaki N, Shibata Y, Tamaoka A. Detection of diphenylarsinic acid and its derivatives in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:227-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Liu X, Gao Y, Yao H, Zhou L, Sun D, Wang J. Neuroglobin involvement in the course of arsenic toxicity in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:439-46. [PMID: 24057451 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic in drinking water results in a widespread environmental problem in the world, and the brain is a major target. Neuroglobin is a vertebrate heme protein regarded as playing neuroprotective role in hypoxia or oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) on primary cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and detected neuroglobin (Ngb) expression in rat CGNs exposed to NaAsO2. Our results show that apoptosis was obviously induced by NaAsO2 treatment in rat CGNs by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species generation increased significantly in the cells exposed to NaAsO2, and the apoptotic effects could be partially reversed by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Ngb protein and mRNA expression were significantly downregulated in rat CGNs shortly after NaAsO2 exposure and then upregulated after a longer time of exposure. Furthermore, mRNA expression changed more than protein expression and the toxic effect of NaAsO2 on Ngb expression is dose dependent. Higher Ngb expression was also detected in rat cerebellum, but not in other parts (cerebrum, hippocampus, and midbrain) of the brain exposed to NaAsO2 for 16 weeks. Taken together, cytotoxic effects of NaAsO2 on rat CGNs is induced at least partly by oxidative stress and Ngb may influence the course of arsenic toxicity in rat CGNs and rat cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618104), Harbin Medical University, 157# Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
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Negishi T, Matsunaga Y, Kobayashi Y, Hirano S, Tashiro T. Developmental subchronic exposure to diphenylarsinic acid induced increased exploratory behavior, impaired learning behavior, and decreased cerebellar glutathione concentration in rats. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:478-86. [PMID: 24008832 PMCID: PMC3858192 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, people using water from the well contaminated with high-level arsenic developed neurological, mostly cerebellar, symptoms, where diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) was a major compound. Here, we investigated the adverse effects of developmental exposure to 20mg/l DPAA in drinking water (early period [0–6 weeks of age] and/or late period [7–12]) on behavior and cerebellar development in male rats. In the open field test at 6 weeks of age, early exposure to DPAA significantly increased exploratory behaviors. At 12 weeks of age, late exposure to DPAA similarly increased exploratory behavior independent of the early exposure although a 6-week recovery from DPAA could reverse that change. In the passive avoidance test at 6 weeks of age, early exposure to DPAA significantly decreased the avoidance performance. Even at 12 weeks of age, early exposure to DPAA significantly decreased the test performance, which was independent of the late exposure to DPAA. These results suggest that the DPAA-induced increase in exploratory behavior is transient, whereas the DPAA-induced impairment of passive avoidance is long lasting. At 6 weeks of age, early exposure to DPAA significantly reduced the concentration of cerebellar total glutathione. At 12 weeks of age, late, but not early, exposure to DPAA also significantly reduced the concentration of cerebellar glutathione, which might be a primary cause of oxidative stress. Early exposure to DPAA induced late-onset suppressed expression of NMDAR1 and PSD95 protein at 12 weeks of age, indicating impaired glutamatergic system in the cerebellum of rats developmentally exposed to DPAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Negishi
- * Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
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