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Alaterre C, Fazilleau C, Cayot-Constantin S, Chanques G, Kacer S, Constantin JM, James A. Monitoring delirium in the intensive care unit: Diagnostic accuracy of the CAM-ICU tool when performed by certified nursing assistants - A prospective multicenter study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2023; 79:103487. [PMID: 37451087 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring delirium in critically ill patients is recognized as a major challenge. Although involving certified nursing assistants could be a valuable help in this field, such strategy has never been formally investigated. OBJECTIVES Following theoretical training, we conducted a prospective multicenter study assessing the diagnostic accuracy of a CAM-ICU delirium screening strategy performed by CNAs in clinical settings, compared to parallel blinded evaluations conducted by nurses and physicians. METHODS From October 2020 to June 2022, adult intensive care patients admitted in three French University teaching hospitals with Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ≥-2 were independently assessed for delirium by the three members of the care team (clinical nursing assistant, nurse and physician) using CAM-ICU in a random order. Physician's assessment served as the reference standard for comparisons. RESULTS We analyzed results from 268 triplets of CAM-ICU assessments performed sequentially on 203 patients. Prevalence of delirium was 22%. Compared to physician's assessments, clinical nursing assistants demonstrated a sensitivity (Se) of 88% CI95% [80-96] and a specificity (Sp) of 95% [92-98] in detecting delirium. There was no significant difference in the performance of clinical nursing assistants and nurses (Se = 90 % [82-97] p = 0.77, Sp = 98 % [95-100] p = 0.19). We observed high agreement between results obtained by physicians and clinical nursing assistants (ĸ = 0.82) and clinical nursing assistants performance remained consistent in the subgroups at higher risk of delirium. CONCLUSION Evaluation of the CAM-ICU by clinical nursing assistants is feasible and should be seen as an opportunity to increase routine monitoring of delirium in intensive care patients. IMPLICATION FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Delirium is a severe and underestimated complication of intensive care unit stay. This study results demonstrate the great performance of trained clinical nursing assistants in detecting delirium using the CAM-ICU. Further research is needed to define the most effective role for clinical nursing assistants in the routine management of delirium in intensive care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alaterre
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, Paris, France.
| | - Claire Fazilleau
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Cayot-Constantin
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Adult Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gerald Chanques
- Department of Anaesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Saint Eloi Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Samia Kacer
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Constantin
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Arthur James
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpetrière, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, Paris, France
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Friedrichsen M, Jaarsma T, Thulesius H, Waldreus N, Hedman C, Jaarsma P, Lythell C, Milovanovic M, Karlsson M, Milberg A, Söderlund Schaller A. Assistant nurses' experiences of thirst and ethical dilemmas in dying patients in specialized palliative care-A qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2023; 79:4292-4303. [PMID: 37694685 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To describe assistant nurses' experiences of thirst and ethical challenges in relation to thirst in terminally ill patients in specialized palliative care (PC) units. DESIGN A qualitative, reflexive thematic design with an inductive analysis was used. METHODS Data were collected during November 2021-January 2023. Twelve qualitative interviews with assistant nurses working in five different specialized PC units in different hospitals in Sweden were conducted. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed with a reflexive thematic analysis. The study was guided by the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). RESULTS Two main themes were found in this study. (1) 'A world of practice for thirst relief' where assistant nurses present a task-oriented world where the knowledge of thirst is an experience-based unspoken knowledge where mainly routines rule. (2) Ethical challenges presents different ethical problems that they meet in their practice, such as when patients express thirst towards the end of their life but are too severely ill to drink or when they watch lack of knowledge in the area among other health professionals. CONCLUSION Thirst in dying patients is a neglected area that assistant nurses work with, without communicating it. Their knowledge of thirst and thirst relief are not expressed, seldom discussed, there are no policy documents nor is thirst documented in the patient's record. There is a need for nurses to take the lead in changing nursing practice regarding thirst. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No patient or public contribution. IMPACT In palliative care, previous studies have shown that dying patients might be thirsty. Assistant nurses recognize thirst in dying patients, but thirst is not discussed in the team. Nurses must consider the patient's fundamental care needs and address thirst, for example in the nursing process to ensure patients quality of life in the last days of life. REPORTING METHOD The study was guided by the SRQR. WHAT DOES THIS ARTICLE CONTRIBUTE TO THE WIDER GLOBAL CLINICAL COMMUNITY?: Thirst is a distressing symptom for all humans. However, when a patient is dying, he or she loses several functions and can no longer drink independently. The knowledge from this article contributes to our understanding of current practice and shows an area that requires immediate attention for the improvement of fundamental palliative care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Friedrichsen
- Palliative Education and Research Centre, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tiny Jaarsma
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Thulesius
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Nana Waldreus
- Division of Nursing, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christel Hedman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- R&D Department, Stockholms Sjukhem Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pier Jaarsma
- Division of Society and Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Caroline Lythell
- Palliative Education and Research Centre, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Micha Milovanovic
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marit Karlsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Milberg
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anne Söderlund Schaller
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linköping, Sweden
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Fee A, Muldrew D, Slater P, Payne S, McIlfatrick S, McConnell T, Finlay DA, Hasson F. The roles, responsibilities and practices of healthcare assistants in out-of-hours community palliative care: A systematic scoping review. Palliat Med 2020; 34:976-988. [PMID: 32538311 PMCID: PMC7448826 DOI: 10.1177/0269216320929559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to community palliative care 'out-of-hours' - defined as care provided after the normal hours of work - is advocated globally. Healthcare assistants, who provide care under the direction of a qualified professional, are increasingly employed to help deliver such care, yet there is a little understanding regarding their role, responsibilities or contribution. AIM The aim of this study was to identify the roles, responsibilities and contributions of healthcare assistants in out-of-hours community palliative care. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES Five bibliographic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Scopus) and grey literature were searched using a predefined search strategy. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews statement. RESULTS The search yielded six papers using quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. Results highlighted a lack of recognition of the role and contribution of healthcare assistants. A concurrent theme was that healthcare assistants continually monitored and responded to patient's and family's physical and emotional needs; there was also self-reported evidence indicating patient and family benefit, such as maintaining a sense of normality and support to remain at home. DISCUSSION This review highlighted a dearth of evidence relating to the healthcare assistant role in out-of-hours palliative care. Limited evidence suggests they play a role, but that it is hidden and undervalued. Such invisibility will have a significant impact on the planning and delivery of out-of-hours palliative care. Future research is needed on role development for the benefit of patients and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fee
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Deborah Muldrew
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Paul Slater
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Sheila Payne
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Sonja McIlfatrick
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK.,Marie Curie Hospice, Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tracey McConnell
- Marie Curie Hospice, Belfast, Belfast, UK.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Dori-Anne Finlay
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Felicity Hasson
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
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