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Holden RR, Campos RC, D'Agata MT. An analysis of the Painful and Provocative Events Scale: Some painful and provocative findings. DEATH STUDIES 2024; 48:1057-1064. [PMID: 38165060 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2023.2300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This research investigated the latent structure and correlates of the 26-item Painful and Provocative Events Scale (PPES). For a sample of 290 community respondents, results from parallel analysis indicated a 5-factor structure. Based on principal axis factoring with varimax rotation, scales of Intense physicality, Physical and mental trauma, Physical risk taking, Psychopathy, and Body enhancement were constructed, and these demonstrated a pattern of convergent and discriminant correlations with suicide-associated and demographic variables that supported the delineation of these scales as being distinct. In general, results challenge the current scoring of the PPES and, with developed scales being differentially related to demographic variables, indicate that both respondent age and sex require consideration for scale score interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Holden
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui C Campos
- Department of Psychology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
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Hung YA, Liao SC, Chang CM, Chang SS, Yang AC, Chien YL, Wu CS, Gau SSF. Population-attributable risk of psychiatric disorders for suicide among adolescents and young adults in Taiwan. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6161-6170. [PMID: 36349368 PMCID: PMC10520582 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth suicide rates have increased markedly in some countries. This study aimed to estimate the population-attributable risk of psychiatric disorders associated with suicide among Taiwanese youth aged 10-24 years. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Death Registry and National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database between 2007 and 2019. Youth who died by suicide were included, and comparisons, 1:10 matched by age and sex, were randomly selected from the Registry for NHI beneficiaries. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate suicide odds ratios for psychiatric disorders. The population-attributable fractions (PAF) were calculated for each psychiatric disorder. RESULTS A total of 2345 youth suicide and 23 450 comparisons were included. Overall, 44.8% of suicides had a psychiatric disorder, while only 7.9% of the comparisons had a psychiatric disorder. The combined PAF for all psychiatric disorders was 55.9%. The top three psychiatric conditions of the largest PAFs were major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and sleep disorder. In the analysis stratified by sex, the combined PAF was 45.5% for males and 69.2% for females. The PAF among young adults aged 20-24 years (57.0%) was higher than among adolescents aged 10-19 years (48.0%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings of high PAF from major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and sleep disorder to youth suicides suggest that youth suicide prevention that focuses on detecting and treating mental illness may usefully target these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu Hospital, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Albert C. Yang
- Digital Medicine Center / Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, and Preventive Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Schmied EA, Jun HJ, Glassman LH, Pippard N, Walter KH. Investigating the effects of suicide exposure among a clinical sample of active duty service members. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:310-324. [PMID: 36728175 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Suicide exposure warrants further investigation as a risk factor for suicide among military service members. This study aimed to examine associations among suicide exposure, suicidal ideation (SI), and psychological symptoms in a clinical sample of service members (N = 1,565, 64.4% suicide-exposed) and identify how one's relationship with the deceased impacts suicidality and psychological health in exposed individuals. A secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data was conducted. Generalized linear regression analyses were used to identify associations between suicide exposure and both current SI and psychological symptoms among all participants; the associations between suicide exposure characteristics and psychological symptoms were only examined among exposed individuals. Exposure was not significantly associated with higher SI, β = .007, SE = .16, p = .965, but was associated with PTSD, β = 1.60, SE = 0.49, p = .001; anxiety, β = .68, SE = .31, p = .031; and insomnia symptoms, β = .98, SE = .25, p < .001. Among participants who had been exposed, high/long impact of exposure was positively associated with SI, β = 0.94, SE = .26, p < .001, and psychological symptoms, PTSD: β = 2.32, SE = .77, p = .002; anxiety: β = 1.39, SE = .50, p = .005; insomnia: β = .96, SE = .39, p = .015. Results illustrate the significant issue of suicide exposure within the military and show consideration of suicide exposure as a potential risk factor for adverse psychological outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Schmied
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hee-Jin Jun
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lisa H Glassman
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA.,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nicole Pippard
- University of California, San Diego-San Diego State University Joint Doctoral Program, Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kristen H Walter
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
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Pereira AM, Campos RC. Exposure to suicide in the family and suicidal ideation in Portugal during the Covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of unbearable psychache. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:598-612. [PMID: 34370323 PMCID: PMC8420317 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study tested the mediation effects of two facets of psychache – bearable and unbearable – in the relationship between exposure to suicide in the family and suicidal ideation in Portugal during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Methods Two hundred and forty‐four adults aged between 19 and 64 participated. Two groups were defined: one exposed to suicide in the family (n = 42) and a control group (n = 192). Results Path analysis using structural equation modelling tested a mediation model. Results demonstrated that unbearable psychache fully mediated the relationship between exposure to suicide and suicidal ideation, even when controlling for the mediation effects of depressive symptoms, the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, and years of education. Conclusions These results suggest that rather than considering just the global experience of psychache in individuals exposed to suicide, researchers and clinicians should look to the presence of unbearable psychache given its contribution to suicidal ideation. Practitioner points Unbearable psychache fully mediated the relationship between exposure to suicide in the family and suicidal ideation It is not the global experience of psychache that contributes to suicide ideation in individuals exposed to suicide in the family rather the presence of unbearable psychache
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui C Campos
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Évora, Portugal.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences and CIEP-UE, University of Évora, Portugal
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