Infective Messages: Definitions, Processes, and Implications for Trauma, Identities, Internal Conflicts, Psychotherapy, and Research

Adages, Aphorisms, and Proverbs in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy: Tools for Assessment and Treatment

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine how adages, aphorisms, and proverbs arise in psychiatric management and psychotherapy and how they might be used to assist assessment and treatment.

METHODS

A selective narrative literature review was conducted to supplement clinical observations and case vignettes.

RESULTS

Adages appear to act as heuristic cognitive structures that serve as shortcuts for assessing situations, educating, persuading, aiding emotional self-regulation, and influencing courses of action. Some types of psychotherapy-such as dialectical behavior therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy-and self-help programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous routinely utilize adages. The extent to and contexts in which adages spontaneously arise during general psychiatric and psychotherapeutic interactions have not been systematically studied. Clinicians can ascertain patients' favorite adages and appraise how patients respond to other sayings through exploratory questioning and by evoking responses to stock series of adages. As therapeutic tools, adages may help patients more easily conceptualize clinicians' interpretations and insights and may serve as encouraging affirmations.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the potential utility of adages as therapeutic cognitive scaffolds, how patients and clinicians spontaneously use adages, how adages are used therapeutically, and the adages most suitable for particular patients in particular circumstances deserve further study. In psychiatric management and psychotherapy, clinicians' sensitivity to timing and patients' circumstances, culture, and receptivity may determine whether introducing a particular aphorism or proverb will have a positive impact or come across as a vapid and potentially harmful platitude.

Communicating Through and Around Trauma: Understanding the Limitations to Narrative and Resilience

In this autoethnographic account of my experiences as a parent who discovers and attempts to respond to the abuse of her child, I highlight the ways trauma can remove access to storytelling as a sensemaking and healing tool in a crisis. I narrate how I experienced secondary trauma as a meaning-making black hole that blocked language's healing capacities, blinded me to important sensemaking turning points, and hampered my and my child's ability to ask for help. These experiences caused me to question many foundational assumptions I made as a health communication scholar and to see an interdisciplinary bias toward narrative resiliency. Narrating the inhibiting effects trauma has on emplotment, help-seeking, and meaning-making points to the uniquely communicative nature of trauma which enables narrative theory and health communication research to make strong theoretical contributions to better understand trauma and support appropriate trauma-informed practices.