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Kim J, Kim E, Lee SH, Lee G, Kim YH. Use of cortical hemodynamic responses in digital therapeutics for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:115. [PMID: 38987817 PMCID: PMC11238451 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke causes long-term disabilities, highlighting the need for innovative rehabilitation strategies for reducing residual impairments. This study explored the potential of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for monitoring cortical activation during rehabilitation using digital therapeutics. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 18 patients with chronic stroke, of whom 13 were men. The mean age of the patients was 67.0 ± 7.1 years. Motor function was evaluated through various tests, including the Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE), grip and pinch strength test, and box and block test. All the patients completed the digital rehabilitation program (MotoCog®, Cybermedic Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea) while being monitored using fNIRS (NIRScout®, NIRx Inc., Germany). Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was employed to analyze the cortical activation patterns from the fNIRS data. Furthermore, the K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) algorithm was used to analyze task performance and fNIRS data to classify the severity of motor impairment. RESULTS The participants showed diverse task performances in the digital rehabilitation program, demonstrating distinct patterns of cortical activation that correlated with different motor function levels. Significant activation was observed in the ipsilesional primary motor area (M1), primary somatosensory area (S1), and contralateral prefrontal cortex. The activation patterns varied according to the FMA-UE scores. Positive correlations were observed between the FMA-UE scores and SPM t-values in the ipsilesional M1, whereas negative correlations were observed in the ipsilesional S1, frontal lobe, and parietal lobe. The incorporation of cortical hemodynamic responses with task scores in a digital rehabilitation program substantially improves the accuracy of the K-NN algorithm in classifying upper limb functional levels in patients with stroke. The accuracy for tasks, such as the gas stove-operation task, increased from 44.4% using only task scores to 83.3% when these scores were combined with oxy-Hb t-values from the ipsilesional M1. CONCLUSIONS The results advocated the development of tailored digital rehabilitation strategies by combining the behavioral and cerebral hemodynamic data of patients with stroke. This approach aligns with the evolving paradigm of personalized rehabilitation in stroke recovery, highlighting the need for further extensive research to optimize rehabilitation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea.
- School of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Myongji Choonhey Rehabilitation Hospital, Seoul, 07378, Republic of Korea.
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Chen S, Mao M, Zhu G, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Ye B, Xu D. Cortical activity in patients with high-functioning ischemic stroke during the Purdue Pegboard Test: insights into bimanual coordinated fine motor skills with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1098-1104. [PMID: 37862214 PMCID: PMC10749618 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
After stroke, even high-functioning individuals may experience compromised bimanual coordination and fine motor dexterity, leading to reduced functional independence. Bilateral arm training has been proposed as a promising intervention to address these deficits. However, the neural basis of the impairment of functional fine motor skills and their relationship to bimanual coordination performance in stroke patients remains unclear, limiting the development of more targeted interventions. To address this gap, our study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate cortical responses in patients after stroke as they perform functional tasks that engage fine motor control and coordination. Twenty-four high-functioning patients with ischemic stroke (7 women, 17 men; mean age 64.75 ± 10.84 years) participated in this cross-sectional observational study and completed four subtasks from the Purdue Pegboard Test, which measures unimanual and bimanual finger and hand dexterity. We found significant bilateral activation of the sensorimotor cortices during all Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks, with bimanual tasks inducing higher cortical activation than the assembly subtask. Importantly, patients with better bimanual coordination exhibited lower cortical activation during the other three Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks. Notably, the observed neural response patterns varied depending on the specific subtask. In the unaffected hand task, the differences were primarily observed in the ipsilesional hemisphere. In contrast, the bilateral sensorimotor cortices and the contralesional hemisphere played a more prominent role in the bimanual task and assembly task, respectively. While significant correlations were found between cortical activation and unimanual tasks, no significant correlations were observed with bimanual tasks. This study provides insights into the neural basis of bimanual coordination and fine motor skills in high-functioning patients after stroke, highlighting task-dependent neural responses. The findings also suggest that patients who exhibit better bimanual performance demonstrate more efficient cortical activation. Therefore, incorporating bilateral arm training in post-stroke rehabilitation is important for better outcomes. The combination of functional near-infrared spectroscopy with functional motor paradigms is valuable for assessing skills and developing targeted interventions in stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Chen
- The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengchai Mao
- The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyue Zhu
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Qiu
- School of Statistics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ye
- The Third Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dai L, Zhang W, Zhang H, Fang L, Chen J, Li X, Yu H, Song J, Chen S, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Li Z. Effects of robot-assisted upper limb training combined with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on cortical activation in stroke patients: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NeuroRehabilitation 2024; 54:421-434. [PMID: 38640179 DOI: 10.3233/nre-230355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effect and mechanism of robot-assisted upper limb training (RT) combined with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) for stroke patients are unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in brain activation after combination therapy and RT alone using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to two groups (iTBS + RT Group, n = 18, and RT Group, n = 18). Training was conducted five times a week for four weeks. fNIRS was used to measure changes in oxyhemoglobin in both the primary motor cortex (M1) and pre-motor and supplementary motor area (pSMA) during affected limb movement. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) was employed for evaluating the function of upper limbs. RESULTS Thirty-two patients with subacute stroke completed the study. The cortex of both hemispheres was extensively activated prior to treatment in the RT group. After training, overactivation decreased. The brain activation of the combined treatment group transferred to the affected side after the treatment. There was a notable enhancement in the FMA-UE scores for both groups, with the combined group's progress significantly surpassing that of the RT group. CONCLUSION RT combined with iTBS can improve the motor function of stroke patients and promote the balance between cerebral hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihuang Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Fang
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianer Chen
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Song
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shishi Chen
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beisi Zheng
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lu W, Jin X, Chen J, Liu G, Wang P, Hu X, Xu D, Liu B, Zhang J. Prefrontal cortex activity of active motion, cyclic electrical muscle stimulation, assisted motion, and imagery of wrist extension in stroke using fNIRS. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107456. [PMID: 37922683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was activated during four training approaches for wrist extension in patients with stroke, including active motion, cyclic electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), assisted motion, and motor imagery (MI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 16 patients with stroke, and adopted functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to observe PFC activity during four treatment paradigms. The beta value of 53 channels in fNIRS under each paradigm, compared to the baseline, was evaluated using single sample t-test. The one-way analysis of variance with post hoc analysis was employed to compare the difference of significantly activated channels among four treatment paradigms. RESULTS This study revealed that the active motion (t values ranging from 2.399 to 4.368, p values <0.05), as well as MI of wrist extension (t values ranging from 2.161 to 4.378, p values <0.05), significantly increased HBO concentration across the entire PFC. The cyclic EMS enhanced the activation of Broca's area and frontal pole (FP) (t values ranging from -2.540 to 2.303, p values <0.05). The assisted motion induced significant activation in Broca's area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and FP (t values ranging from -2.226 to 3.056, p values <0.05). The difference in ΔHBO among the four tasks was seen in Broca's area, FP, and frontal eye field. CONCLUSIONS Active wrist extension and MI activate most PFC areas, whereas assisted motion and single-use of cyclic EMS have limited effectiveness for PFC activation in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai 201104, China
| | - Xulun Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guanghua Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongshen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bangzhong Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai 201104, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai 201104, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Li C, Wong Y, Langhammer B, Huang F, Du X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang T. A study of dynamic hand orthosis combined with unilateral task-oriented training in subacute stroke: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy case series. Front Neurol 2022; 13:907186. [PMID: 36034313 PMCID: PMC9410701 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.907186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor dysfunction in the upper extremities after stroke prohibits people with stroke from being independent in daily living. The application of fNIRS to explore brain activity under rehabilitation intervention is a research focus on neurorehabilitation. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore, using a grip-release ring motor task, the activated changes of regions of interest and changes in motor function utilizing fNIRS technology and test scales on persons with stroke who received unilateral task-oriented therapy with a hand orthosis in the early subacute stroke period before and after intervention. The study aimed to find a sensitive motor task and region of interest first, then to evaluate the feasibility and mechanism of this rehabilitation method by utilizing fNIRS technology in the next randomized controlled trial. Methods In this case series, eight right-handed, right hemiplegia subacute stroke persons (6 males,2 females from age 47 to 72) were enrolled. They received 30 min of unilateral task-oriented therapy without orthosis and 30 min of unilateral task-oriented therapy with orthosis (5 days/week) for 4 weeks. Activated channel numbers and beta values based on oxygenated hemoglobin concentration change using a grip-release ring motor task were estimated with fNIRS. Clinical outcome measures, including grip strength evaluation, action research arm test, and Fugl-Meyer assessment of the arm, were evaluated at the same time. Results Individual activation analysis showed that, after intervention, Subjects 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8 had the maximum mean beta value located in the left premotor cortex, while Subjects 4 and 5 had the maximum mean beta value located in the left sensorimotor cortex. The activation analysis of Subject 3 showed the maximum mean beta value located in the right premotor cortex. Deactivations of left sensorimotor cortex, left premotor cortex, and bilateral prefrontal cortex were observed after intervention which were different from other cases. Group activation analysis showed that bilateral cerebral hemispheres were activated in all eight participants, with right hemisphere and right supplementary motor cortex activated dominantly. After the intervention, the activation of bilateral hemispheres decreased but in different brain regions; there was a trend that the activation intensity of left sensorimotor cortex, right premotor cortex, and right prefrontal cortex decreased while activation intensity of left premotor cortex and left prefrontal cortex increased. Each participant demonstrated improvements in all the clinical test scales after intervention. Conclusions Left premotor cortex, left sensorimotor cortex, and right supplementary motor cortex may be the primary regions of interest. Grasp-release ring task was not appropriate to achieve our fNIRS research objective and a more sensitive motor task or more sensitive evaluating indicator should be used in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChaoJinZi Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yih Wong
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Bjornemyr, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitta Langhammer
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Bjornemyr, Norway
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - FuBiao Huang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoXia Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - YunLei Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - HaoJie Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang
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Lim SB, Peters S, Yang CL, Boyd LA, Liu-Ambrose T, Eng JJ. Frontal, Sensorimotor, and Posterior Parietal Regions Are Involved in Dual-Task Walking After Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:904145. [PMID: 35812105 PMCID: PMC9256933 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.904145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walking within the community requires the ability to walk while simultaneously completing other tasks. After a stroke, completing an additional task while walking is significantly impaired, and it is unclear how the functional activity of the brain may impact this. Methods Twenty individual in the chronic stage post-stroke participated in this study. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure prefrontal, pre-motor, sensorimotor, and posterior parietal cortices during walking and walking while completing secondary verbal tasks of varying difficulty. Changes in brain activity during these tasks were measured and relationships were accessed between brain activation changes and cognitive or motor abilities. Results Significantly larger activations were found for prefrontal, pre-motor, and posterior parietal cortices during dual-task walking. Increasing dual-task walking challenge did not result in an increase in brain activation in these regions. Higher general cognition related to lower increases in activation during the easier dual-task. With the harder dual-task, a trend was also found for higher activation and less motor impairment. Conclusions This is the first study to show that executive function, motor preparation/planning, and sensorimotor integration areas are all important for dual-task walking post-stroke. A lack of further brain activation increase with increasing challenge suggests a point at which a trade-off between brain activation and performance occurs. Further research is needed to determine if training would result in further increases in brain activity or improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon B. Lim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sue Peters
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chieh-ling Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The David Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The David Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janice J. Eng
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Janice J. Eng
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Xia W, Dai R, Xu X, Huai B, Bai Z, Zhang J, Jin M, Niu W. Cortical mapping of active and passive upper limb training in stroke patients and healthy people: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Commentary on: "Increased Sensorimotor Cortex Activation With Decreased Motor Performance During Functional Upper Extremity Tasks Poststroke". J Neurol Phys Ther 2020; 43:151-152. [PMID: 31136451 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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LEE JOOHYUN, JUNG YOUNGJIN. FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY-BASED UPPER EXTREMITY FUNCTION REHABILITATION FOR STROKE SURVIVOR: A REVIEW. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (600–900[Formula: see text]nm electromagnetic wave) ([Formula: see text]-NIRS)-based rehabilitation researches have been studied for understanding the human brain. Although [Formula: see text]-NIRS can successfully measure the relative blood concentration changes of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) as an assessment tool to identify significant clinical intervention during pre- and post-rehabilitation therapy for stroke survivors, there is insufficient information particularly on the use of [Formula: see text]-NIRS as a clinical translation in upper extremity function rehabilitation. In order to widely utilize the [Formula: see text]-NIRS for upper extremity rehabilitation, device information, experiment design, measurement procedure, and analyzing method are described for clinician aspect in this study. In addition, further research trend was introduced from previous studies for stroke survivor rehabilitation. The authors believed that the information provided in this study can be a useful guideline to encourage future researchers to focus on upper extremity function rehabilitation of stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOO-HYUN LEE
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Baekseok University, Cheonan 31065, Republic of Korea
| | - YOUNG-JIN JUNG
- Department of Radiological Science, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
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