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Baghdadi M, Brassard P, Godbout S, Létourneau V, Turgeon N, Rossi F, Lachance É, Veillette M, Gaucher ML, Duchaine C. Contribution of Manure-Spreading Operations to Bioaerosols and Antibiotic Resistance Genes' Emission. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1797. [PMID: 37512969 PMCID: PMC10386661 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure spreading from farm animals can release antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) into the air, posing a potential threat to human and animal health due to the intensive use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. This study analyzed the effect of different manure types and spreading methods on airborne bacterial emissions and antibiotic resistance genes in a controlled setting. Cow, poultry manure, and pig slurry were spread in a confined environment using two types of spreaders (splash plate and dribble bar), and the resulting emissions were collected before, during, and after spreading using high-volume air samplers coupled to a particle counter. Total bacteria, fecal indicators, and a total of 38 different subtypes of ARGs were further quantified by qPCR. Spreading poultry manure resulted in the highest emission rates of total bacteria (1011 16S gene copies/kg manure spread), Archaea (106 16S gene copies/kg manure), Enterococcus (105 16S gene copies/kg manure), and E. coli (104 16S gene copies/kg manure), followed by cow manure and pig slurry with splash plates and the dribble bar. Manure spreading was associated with the highest rates of airborne aminoglycoside genes for cow and poultry (106 gene copies/kg manure), followed by pig slurry (104 gene copies/kg manure). This study shows that the type of manure and spreading equipment can affect the emission rates of airborne bacteria, and ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Baghdadi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Patrick Brassard
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Stéphane Godbout
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Valérie Létourneau
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Florent Rossi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Émie Lachance
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc Veillette
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Bioaerosols, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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Khan FU, Mallhi TH, Khan FU, Hayat K, Rehman A, Shah S, Khan Z, Khan YH, Ahmad T, Gudi SK, Karataş Y, Fang Y. Evaluation of Consumers Perspective on the Consumption of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, and Recommendations to Improve the Rational use of Antibiotics: An Exploratory Qualitative Study From Post-Conflicted Region of Pakistan. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881243. [PMID: 35662689 PMCID: PMC9159815 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotics misuse is a global challenge, and the situation is likely to deteriorate in conflict zones with insufficient health services. The misuse of antibiotics is not only associated with antimicrobial resistance but may also lead to serious consequences. This study was aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices on antibiotic consumption, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and related suggestions among residents of conflicted zones in Pakistan. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted at community pharmacies between June 2020 and January 2021. The primary findings were ascertained through thematic content analysis. Themes, sub-themes, and categories were drawn from the final analysis. Data analysis was carried out in six steps from getting to know the data to final report development. Results: A total of 20 consumers were interviewed with a mean interview duration of 25.4 min. The average age of participants was 35.1 years, and most of them were males. ABR was unfamiliar to the participants. Most of the participants understood the term "antibiotics," but they did not know how to use them properly. The participants were unable to distinguish between bacterial and viral illnesses. Thirteen participants believed that antibiotics have a faster effect than any other drug. Most of the participants perceived that every antibiotic could cause diarrhea, and pharmacy staff sometimes prefer other medicines such as multivitamins. Consumer practices regarding antibiotic usage and ABR were found to be poor. Most participants recommended that health officials must ensure qualified staff at pharmacies with strict regulations. Five participants said that a leaflet with antibiotic instructions in Urdu (national language) is usually beneficial, especially when making solutions from powder. Conclusions: This study underscored poor knowledge, attitude, and practices among residents of conflicted zones towards antibiotics and ABR. Low literacy rate, unavailability of healthcare facilities, absence of pharmacists at community pharmacies, and uncontrolled sales of antibiotics are some factors attributed to serious hazards, ABR, and irrational use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, China
- Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an, China
| | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farman Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, China
- Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an, China
| | - Khezar Hayat
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, China
- Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asim.Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zakir Khan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Pharmacovigilance Specialist, Balcali Hospital, Faculty of Medicines, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawseef Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sai Krishna Gudi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yusuf Karataş
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Pharmacovigilance Specialist, Balcali Hospital, Faculty of Medicines, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, China
- Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an, China
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