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Hao J, Lin Z, Xi X, Yang Z, Artal P, Lan W. The induced defocus by Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact lenses is dependent on visual distance and ambient illuminance. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:1237-1247. [PMID: 38980146 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lenses, a commonly used type of multifocal lens in clinical practice, may slow down myopia progression by inducing myopic retinal defocus. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the induced defocus across the retina could be affected by visual environments encountered in the real world, such as differences in viewing distance and ambient illuminance. METHODS In this cross-over trial, 30 myopic adults wore both DISC lenses and single vision contact (SVC) lenses in random order. An open-view Hartmann-Shack scanning wavefront sensor was used to measure defocus at different retinal locations along the horizontal meridian under four experimental conditions: far target (3 m) and near targets (0.33 m) under scotopic (<1 lux) or photopic (~300 lux) conditions. RESULTS The results showed that DISC lenses induced more myopic retinal defocus than SVC lenses in all conditions (all p < 0.05), except for the scotopic near target. In addition, for DISC lenses, the defocus was greater in the photopic than the scotopic conditions for both the far and near targets (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the retinal defocus induced by these multifocal lenses was dependent on both visual distance and ambient illuminance, indicating that the visual conditions might affect the anti-myopia efficacy of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangdong Hao
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghua Lin
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xiaoyun Xi
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Pablo Artal
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Aier School of Optometry and Vision Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Zheleznyak L, Liu C, Winter S. Chromatic cues for the sign of defocus in the peripheral retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:5098-5114. [PMID: 39296412 PMCID: PMC11407258 DOI: 10.1364/boe.537268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Detecting optical defocus at the retina is crucial for accurate accommodation and emmetropization. However, the optical characteristics of ocular defocus are not fully understood. To bridge this knowledge gap, we simulated polychromatic retinal image quality by considering both the monochromatic wavefront aberrations and chromatic aberrations of the eye, both in the fovea and the periphery (nasal visual field). Our study revealed two main findings: (1) chromatic and monochromatic aberrations interact to provide a signal to the retina (chromatic optical anisotropy) to discern positive from negative defocus and (2) that chromatic optical anisotropy exhibited notable differences among refractive error groups (myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes). These findings could enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of defocus detection and their subsequent implications for myopia control therapies. Further research is needed to explore the retinal architecture's ability to utilize the optical signals identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Zheleznyak
- Clerio Vision, Inc., Rochester NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Simon Winter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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Leighton RE, Breslin KM, Richardson P, Doyle L, McCullough SJ, Saunders KJ. Relative peripheral hyperopia leads to greater short-term axial length growth in White children with myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:985-996. [PMID: 37340533 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Controversy exists regarding the influence of peripheral visual experience on the onset and progression of childhood myopia. This longitudinal, observational study evaluated the relationship between relative peripheral refraction (RPR) and changes in refractive error and axial length (AL) over 12 months in White children aged 6-7 and 12-13 years with a range of baseline refractive errors. METHODS Cycloplegic baseline autorefraction at horizontal retinal eccentricities of 0° and ±30° were recorded with the Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 while AL was measured using the Zeiss IOLMaster 700. Measurements were repeated after 12 months on a subgroup. Refractive data were transposed into power vectors as mean spherical equivalent (M), J0 and J45 . RPR was calculated by subtracting central from peripheral measurements. Participants were defined as myopic (M ≤ -0.50 D), premyopic (-0.50 D < M ≤ +0.75 D), emmetropic (+0.75 D < M < +2.00 D) or hyperopic (M ≥ +2.00 D). RESULTS Data were collected from 222 and 245 participants aged 6-7 and 12-13 years, respectively. Myopic eyes demonstrated, on average, more hyperopic RPR. Emmetropes and premyopes displayed emmetropic RPR, and hyperopes showed a myopic RPR. Fifty-six 6- to 7-year-olds and seventy 12- to 13-year-olds contributed 12-month repeated measures. Longitudinal data demonstrated a significant relationship between a more hyperopic RPR in the nasal retina and greater short-term axial elongation in teens with myopia at baseline (β = 0.69; p = 0.04). Each dioptre of relative peripheral hyperopia in the nasal retina was associated with an additional 0.10 mm (95% CI: 0.02-0.18 mm) annual increase in AL. CONCLUSIONS Hyperopic RPR in the nasal retina of myopic children is indicative of increased risk for rapid axial elongation and may be a useful metric to support decision-making in myopia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Leighton
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Karen M Breslin
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Patrick Richardson
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Lesley Doyle
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Sara J McCullough
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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Benavente-Perez A. Evidence of vascular involvement in myopia: a review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1112996. [PMID: 37275358 PMCID: PMC10232763 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The benign public perception of myopia (nearsightedness) as a visual inconvenience masks the severity of its sight-threatening consequences. Myopia is a significant risk factor for posterior pole conditions such as maculopathy, choroidal neovascularization and glaucoma, all of which have a vascular component. These associations strongly suggest that myopic eyes might experience vascular alterations prior to the development of complications. Myopic eyes are out of focus because they are larger in size, which in turn affects their overall structure and function, including those of the vascular beds. By reviewing the vascular changes that characterize myopia, this review aims to provide an understanding of the gross, cellular and molecular alterations identified at the structural and functional levels with the goal to provide an understanding of the latest evidence in the field of experimental and clinical myopia vascular research. From the evidence presented, we hypothesize that the interaction between excessive myopic eye growth and vascular alterations are tipping-points for the development of sight-threatening changes.
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Peripheral Refraction and Visual Function of Novel Perifocal Ophthalmic Lens for the Control of Myopia Progression. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041435. [PMID: 36835968 PMCID: PMC9964465 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the peripheral defocus induced with a novel perifocal ophthalmic lens for myopia progression control and the potential impact on visual function. This experimental, non-dispensing crossover study evaluated 17 myopic young adults. The peripheral refraction was measured using an open-field autorefractor, at 2.50 m from the target point, in two eccentric points, 25° temporal, 25° nasal, and central vision. Visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) was measured at 3.00 m with a Vistech system VCTS 6500 in low light conditions. Light disturbance (LD) was assessed with a light distortion analyzer 2.00 m away from the device. Peripheral refraction, VCS, and LD were assessed with a monofocal lens and perifocal lens (with an add power of +2.50 D on the temporal side of the lens, and +2.00 D on the nasal side). The results showed that the perifocal lenses induced an average myopic defocus of -0.42 ± 0.38 D (p-value < 0.001) in the nasal retina, at 25° The changes induced by the lower add power in the nasal part of the lens did not induce statistically significant changes in the refraction of the temporal retina. The VCS and LD showed no significant differences between the monofocal and perifocal lenses.
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Tian J, Wei S, Li S, An W, Bai W, Liang X, Du J, Wang N. The effect of atropine 0.01% eyedrops on relative peripheral refraction in myopic children. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:356-361. [PMID: 35094028 PMCID: PMC9873619 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative peripheral refraction (RPR) is a significant factor that participates in myopic development. Here, we evaluated the effects of atropine 0.01% eyedrops, as an antimyopia drug, on RPR. METHODS Seventy-three children were enrolled from a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-0.01% atropine eyedrops cross-over trial. The study group had used the placebo for one year and then crossed over to atropine 0.01% eyedrops for half a year. The control group had used 0.01% atropine for one year and then crossed over to placebo eyedrops for half a year. Central and horizontal peripheral refractions (15° and 30° at the temporal and nasal retina) were measured under non-cycloplegia and cycloplegia. RESULTS No significant differences in age, gender, and central refraction were identified between the two groups (P > 0.05). Under non-cycloplegia, the control group showed significant relative hyperopia in the temporal 30° retina and the nasal retina (P = 0.031; P < 0.001; P < 0.001). In the study group, the relative hyperopia in the temporal 30° retina disappeared (P = 0.983). After cycloplegia, the control group had less myopia in central refractions and less hyperopia in temporal RPR (P < 0.001; P = 0.039; P < 0.001). The study group did not present significant changes in central refractions and temporal RPR (P = 0.122; P = 0.222; P = 0.475). CONCLUSIONS For myopic children, atropine 0.01% eyedrops can alleviate relative hyperopia in the temporal retina and the hyperopic shift before cycloplegia. The effect might participate in myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tian
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzai An
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Weiling Bai
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Liang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Du
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China.
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Manoharan MK, Atchison DA, Verkicharla PK. Do Anisometropic Eyes Have Steeper Retinas Than Their Isometropic Counterparts? Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:67-73. [PMID: 36705716 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that retinal shapes of the eyes of anisometropes are not different from that of the eyes of isometropes with the same refractions. PURPOSE We investigated ( a ) intereye differences in relative peripheral eye lengths between isometropes and anisometropes and ( b ) if the retinal shape is different between isometropic and anisometropic eyes with the same central refraction. METHODS Central and peripheral eye lengths were determined along the horizontal meridian in 10° intervals out to ±30° using a noncontact biometer in 28 isometropes and 16 anisometropes. Retinal coordinates were estimated using these eye lengths and ray tracing. Retinal shape was determined in terms of vertex radius of curvature ( Rv ), asphericity ( Q ), and equivalent radius of curvature ( REq ). Linear regression was determined for the REq as functions of central refraction in a subset of isometropic and anisometropic eyes having the same refraction. RESULTS The differences in relative peripheral eye lengths between the two eyes of anisometropes were significantly greater than for isometropes at ±30° eccentricities. Higher myopic eyes of anisometropes had smaller Rv , more negative Q , and smaller REq than the lower myopic eyes for both isometropes and anisometropes (mean ± standard error of the mean: Rv , 9.8 ± 0.5 vs. 11.7 ± 0.4 mm [ P = .002]; Q , -1.1 ± 0.2 vs. -0.5 ± 0.2 [ P = .03]; REq , 11.5 ± 0.3 vs. 12.4 ± 0.2 mm [ P = .01]). Intercepts and slopes of the linear regressions of REq in anisometropes and their isometropic counterparts with the same refraction were not significantly different from each other ( P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Higher myopic eyes of anisometropes had similar retina shapes along the horizontal meridian to those of isometropic eyes with the same refraction.
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Li Q, Fang F. Contribution of the retinal contour to the peripheral optics of human eye. Vision Res 2022; 198:108055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Effect of Accommodation on Peripheral Refraction under Two Illumination Conditions. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinical importance of peripheral refraction as a function of accommodation has become increasingly evident in the last years with special attention given to myopia control. Low order ocular aberrations were measured with a Hartmann–Shack aberrometer in a sample of 28 young emmetropic subjects. A stationary Maltese cross was presented at 2.5 D and 5.0 D of accommodative demand and at 0°, 10° and 20° of eccentricity in the horizontal visual field under two different illumination conditions (white and red light). Wavefront data for a 3 mm pupil diameter were analyzed in terms of the vector components of refraction (M, J0 and J45) and the relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) was calculated. M was myopic at both accommodative demands and showed a statistically significant myopic increase with red illumination. No significant change in J0 and J45 was found with accommodation nor between illumination conditions. However, J0 increased significantly with eccentricity, exhibiting a nasal-temporal asymmetry. The RPRE was myopic at both accommodation demands and showed a statistically significant hyperopic shift at 20° in the nasal retina. The use of red light introduced statistically and clinically significant changes in M, explained by the variation of the ocular focal length under a higher wavelength illumination, increasing the experimental accommodative demand. These findings may be of relevance for research exploring peripheral refraction under accommodation, as the choice of target illumination is not trivial.
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Zhang H, Lam CSY, Tang WC, Leung M, Qi H, Lee PH, To CH. Myopia Control Effect Is Influenced by Baseline Relative Peripheral Refraction in Children Wearing Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) Spectacle Lenses. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092294. [PMID: 35566423 PMCID: PMC9099701 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate if baseline relative peripheral refraction (RPR) influences the myopia control effects in Chinese myopic children wearing Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) lenses. Peripheral refraction at 10°, 20°, and 30° nasal (10 N, 20 N, 30 N) and temporal (10 T, 20 T, 30 T) retina were measured at six-month intervals for children who participated in a 2-year randomized controlled trial. The relationship between the baseline peripheral refractions and myopia progression and axial length changes were analysed. A total of 79 children and 81 children in the DIMS and single vision (SV) group were investigated, respectively. In the DIMS group, more baseline myopic RPR spherical equivalent (SE) was associated with more myopic progression (10 N: r = 0.36, p = 0.001; 20 N: r = 0.35, p = 0.001) and greater axial elongation (10 N: r = −0.34, p = 0.001; 20 N: r = −0.29, p = 0.006) after adjusting for co-factors. In the SV group, baseline RPR had association with only myopia progression (10 N: r = 0.37, p = 0.001; 20 N: r = 0.36, p = 0.001; 30 N: r = 0.35, p = 0.002) but not with axial elongation after Bonferroni correction (p > 0.008). No statistically significant relationship was found between temporal retina and myopia progression or axial elongation in both groups. Children with baseline myopic RPR had statistically significant more myopia progression (mean difference around −0.40 D) and more axial elongation (mean difference 0.15 mm) when compared with the children having baseline hyperopic RPR in the DIMS group but not in the SV group. In conclusion, the baseline RPR profile may not influence future myopia progression or axial elongation for the SV lens wearers. However, DIMS lenses slowed down myopia progression and was better in myopia control for the children with baseline hyperopic RPR than the children with myopic RPR. This may partially explain why myopia control effects vary among myopic children. Customised myopic defocus for individuals may optimise myopia control effects, and further research to determine the optimal dosage, with consideration of peripheral retinal profile, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.Z.); (W.-C.T.); (C.-H.T.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carly S. Y. Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.Z.); (W.-C.T.); (C.-H.T.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Wing-Chun Tang
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.Z.); (W.-C.T.); (C.-H.T.)
| | - Myra Leung
- Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia;
| | - Hua Qi
- Hoya Corporation, Tokyo 1608347, Japan;
| | - Paul H. Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.Z.); (W.-C.T.); (C.-H.T.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
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Li Z, Yang Z, Liao Y, Zhan Z, Zeng R, Zhang Y, Lan Y. Relative Peripheral Refraction Characteristics and Their Relationship with Retinal Microvasculature in Young Adults: Using a Novel Quantitative Approach. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Huang Y, Li X, Ding C, Chen Y, Chen H, Bao J. Orthokeratology reshapes eyes to be less prolate and more symmetric. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101532. [PMID: 34736858 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective study assessed the influence of wearing and then discontinuing orthokeratology (OK) lenses on retinal shape and peripheral refraction in myopic children. METHODS Fifty-eight myopic children (age 8-12 years) were equally divided into an OK group and a single vision spectacles (SVS) group. After 12 months of OK, it was discontinued for 1 month. Peripheral eye length (PEL), relative peripheral refraction (RPR), and corneal parameters were measured in the right eye on the nasal and temporal retinal sides at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months (13 months in OK group) visits. RESULTS In the SVS group, faster elongation of the temporal side PEL made the eyes more asymmetric and prolate, developing a temporal pointed shape. In the OK group, the nasal retinal side PEL grew faster, the nasal RPR developed less hyperopic defocus, and the eye shape became more symmetric and less prolate. The central cornea became thinner and flattened, while the peripheral cornea became steeper. Changes in corneal thickness, relative peripheral corneal power, and K-values were no significant differences for the OK and SVS groups at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS The cornea reverted to be no difference with myopic children with SVS after 1 month discontinuation of OK. The retinal shape of SVS eyes became more asymmetric and prolate with myopia progression. OK remodelled retinal shape to be less asymmetric and less prolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Huang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P.R. China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P.R. China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenglu Ding
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jinhua Bao
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health P.R. China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Koumbo mekountchou IO, Conrad F, Sankaridurg P, Ehrmann K. Peripheral eye length measurement techniques: a review. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 103:138-147. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Conrad
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Klaus Ehrmann
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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14
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Measurement of the peripheral aberrations of human eyes: A comprehensive review. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npe.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Myopia is one of the most prevalent eye diseases, and its advanced form, high myopia, is a leading cause of subsequent pathologic myopia, which in turn results in an increased risk of retinal diseases. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia is 28.3% and 4.0% of the global population, respectively, and these numbers are estimated to increase to 49.8% for myopia 9.8% for high myopia by 2050, thus making myopia a severe global socioeconomic problem. The eye shape has been receiving increasing attention as a possible biomarker for myopia. Among several modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered to be the best to measure the 3-dimensional eye shape, and one study using MRI revealed that myopic eyes became much larger in all 3 dimensions, but more so in length (0.35 mm/D) than in height (0.19 mm/D) or in width (0.10 mm/D), which fitted in global and axial elongation models. Another recent study reported that emmetropic retinas were oblate but oblateness decreased with myopia progression. According to a study to evaluate eye shapes in high myopia, although all emmetropic eyes had a blunt shape, almost half of the high myopic eyes had a pointed shape. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that abnormal eye shape changes can cause not only simple myopia but also various ocular complications through biomechanical stretching. In this review, we highlight recent findings on eye shape changes in myopic eyes and abnormal eye shapes in pathologic myopia.
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Gifford KL, Gifford P, Hendicott PL, Schmid KL. Stability of peripheral refraction changes in orthokeratology for myopia. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2019; 43:44-53. [PMID: 31796369 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthokeratology (OK) is known to alter relative peripheral refraction (RPR) with this presumed to be its key myopia control mechanism. A prospective, longitudinal study was performed to examine stability of OK-induced RPR changes in myopic children and young adults. METHODS RPR of twelve children (C)(8-16 years) and eight adults (A)(18-29 years) with spherical equivalent refraction of -0.75 to -5.00D were measured unaided and while wearing single vision soft contact lenses (SCL). Measurements were repeated after 1, 6 and 12 months of OK wear. RPR was measured using an open-field Shin Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor at 10, 20 and 30 degrees nasally (N) and temporally (T), converted into power vectors M, J0 and J45. On-axis refractions and axial lengths (IOL Master) were also measured. RESULTS Compared to the unaided state, 1-month of OK wear shifted the RPR in the myopic direction at 30 T (C: p = 0.023; A:, p = 0.002) and 30 N (C&A, p = 0.003) and was stable thereafter, with similar changes compared to SCL wear. J0 showed a myopic shift in comparison to both unaided and SCL correction in children but not adults, and J45 did not change in either group. The on-axis OK correction was predictive of the RPR shift in both children and adults at 30 T (C: r=-0.58, p = 0.029; A: r=-0.92, p < 0.001) and 30 N (C: r=-0.60, p = 0.024; A: r=-0.74, p = 0.013) with symmetry of RPR shifts (C: r = 0.67, p = 0.008; A: r = 0.85, p = 0.004). No relationships between changes in RPR and axial length were found after twelve months of OK wear; level of myopia was stable in both groups. CONCLUSION Relative to both unaided and single vision SCL correction, OK shifted the RPR in the myopic direction; the RPR was stable from 1 to 12 months. The RPR shift in OK wear varied with the degree of myopia but was not correlated with myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Gifford
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia.
| | - Paul Gifford
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Rupert Myers Building, Barker Street, Kensington NSW 2033 Australia
| | - Peter L Hendicott
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Katrina L Schmid
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059 Australia
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Jones L, Drobe B, González-Méijome JM, Gray L, Kratzer T, Newman S, Nichols JJ, Ohlendorf A, Ramdass S, Santodomingo-Rubido J, Schmid KL, Tan D, Tan KO, Vera-Diaz FA, Wong YL, Gifford KL, Resnikoff S. IMI - Industry Guidelines and Ethical Considerations for Myopia Control Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M161-M183. [PMID: 30817831 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To discuss guidelines and ethical considerations associated with the development and prescription of treatments intended for myopia control (MC). Methods Critical review of published papers and guidance documents was undertaken, with a view to carefully considering the ethical standards associated with the investigation, development, registration, marketing, prescription, and use of MC treatments. Results The roles and responsibilities of regulatory bodies, manufacturers, academics, eye care practitioners, and patients in the use of MC treatments are explored. Particular attention is given to the ethical considerations for deciding whether to implement a MC strategy and how to implement this within a clinical trial or practice setting. Finally, the responsibilities in marketing, support, and education required to transfer required knowledge and skills to eye care practitioners and academics are discussed. Conclusions Undertaking MC treatment in minors creates an ethical challenge for a wide variety of stakeholders. Regulatory bodies, manufacturers, academics, and clinicians all share an ethical responsibility to ensure that the products used for MC are safe and efficacious and that patients understand the benefits and potential risks of such products. This International Myopia Institute report highlights these ethical challenges and provides stakeholders with recommendations and guidelines in the development, financial support, prescribing, and advertising of such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Björn Drobe
- Essilor Research and Development, Vision Sciences AMERA, Center of Innovation and Technology AMERA, Singapore, Singapore
| | - José Manuel González-Méijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Science, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lyle Gray
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Kratzer
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | | | - Jason J Nichols
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ramdass
- Vision Research Institute, Michigan College of Optometry, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Katrina L Schmid
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald Tan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Kah-Ooi Tan
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, and School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Yee-Ling Wong
- Essilor Research and Development, Vision Sciences AMERA, Center of Innovation and Technology AMERA, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kate L Gifford
- Private Practice and School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, and School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Mutti DO, Sinnott LT, Reuter KS, Walker MK, Berntsen DA, Jones-Jordan LA, Walline JJ. Peripheral Refraction and Eye Lengths in Myopic Children in the Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:17. [PMID: 31019848 PMCID: PMC6469879 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Provide a detailed assessment of peripheral refractive error and peripheral eye length in myopic children. METHODS Subjects were 294 children aged 7 to 11 years with -0.75 to -5.00 diopter (D) of myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction. Peripheral refraction and eye length were measured at ±20° and ±30° horizontally and vertically, with peripheral refraction also measured at ±40° horizontally. RESULTS Relative peripheral refraction became more hyperopic in the horizontal meridian and more myopic in the vertical meridian with increasing field angle. Peripheral eye length became shorter in both meridians with increasing field angle, more so horizontally than vertically with correlations between refraction and eye length ranging from -0.40 to -0.57 (all P < 0.001). Greater foveal myopia was related to more peripheral hyperopia (or less peripheral myopia), shorter peripheral eye lengths, and a consistent average asymmetry between meridians. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral refractive errors in children do not appear to exert strong local control of peripheral eye length given that their correlation is consistently negative and the degree of meridional asymmetry is similar across the range of refractive errors. The BLINK study will provide longitudinal data to determine whether peripheral myopia and additional peripheral myopic defocus from multifocal contact lenses affect the progression of myopia in children. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Local retinal control of ocular growth has been demonstrated numerous times in animal experimental myopia models but has not been explored in detail in human myopia development. These BLINK baseline results suggest that children's native peripheral optical signals may not be a strong stimulus for local growth responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald O. Mutti
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry; Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Maria K. Walker
- University of Houston College of Optometry; Houston, TX, USA
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Faria-Ribeiro M, Amorim-de-Sousa A, González-Méijome JM. Predicted accommodative response from image quality in young eyes fitted with different dual-focus designs. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:309-316. [PMID: 29383756 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the separated and combined influences of inner zone (IZ) diameter and effective add power of dual-focus contact lenses (CL) in the image quality at distance and near viewing, in a functional accommodating model eye. METHODS Computational wave-optics methods were used to define zonal bifocal pupil functions, representing the optic zones of nine dual-focus centre-distance CLs. The dual-focus pupil functions were defined having IZ diameters of 2.10 mm, 3.36 mm and 4.00 mm, with add powers of 1.5 D, 2.0 D and 2.5 D (dioptres), for each design, that resulted in a ratio of 64%/36% between the distance and treatment zone areas, bounded by a 6 mm entrance pupil. A through-focus routine was implemented in MATLAB to simulate the changes in image quality, calculated from the Visual Strehl ratio, as the eye with the dual-focus accommodates, from 0 to -3.00 D target vergences. Accommodative responses were defined as the changes in the defocus coefficient, combined with a change in fourth and sixth order spherical aberration, which produced a peak in image quality at each target vergence. RESULTS Distance viewing image quality was marginally affected by IZ diameter but not by add power. Near image quality obtained when focussing the image formed by the near optics was only higher by a small amount compared to the other two IZ diameters. The mean ± standard deviation values obtained with the three adds were 0.28 ± 0.02, 0.23 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02, for the small, medium and larger IZ diameters, respectively. On the other hand, near image quality predicted by focussing the image formed by the distance optics was considerably lower relatively to the other two IZ diameters. The mean ± standard deviation values obtained with the three adds were 0.15 ± 0.01, 0.38 ± 0.00 and 0.54 ± 0.01, for the small, medium and larger IZ diameters, respectively. CONCLUSIONS During near viewing through dual-focus CLs, image quality depends on the diameter of the most inner zone of the CL, while add power only affects the range of clear focus when focussing the image formed by the CL near optics. When only image quality gain is taken into consideration, medium and large IZ diameters designs are most likely to promote normal accommodative responses driven by the CL distance optics, while a smaller IZ diameter design is most likely to promote a reduced accommodative response driven by the dual-focus CL near optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim-de-Sousa
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M González-Méijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Barbero S, Faria-Ribeiro M. Foveal vision power errors induced by spectacle lenses designed to correct peripheral refractive errors. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:317-325. [PMID: 29380406 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radial Refractive Gradient (RRG) spectacles are lenses specifically designed to minimize peripheral hyperopic defocus typically found in conventional spectacles. Our goals were: (1) to demonstrate a method to design such lenses; and (2) to quantify the exact foveal vision power errors induced by them. METHODS The design procedure was based on a point-by-point sequential surface construction algorithm that designs a front aspheric surface (back surface is spherical) to achieve a given overall tangential focal length of the lens. A peripheral refraction model was built based on average peripheral refractive errors from a set of eyes. We designed four negative lenses with optical powers: -2.5, -5.0, -7.5 and -10.0 D, so that the tangential focal length of the lens matches the retinal conjugate surface. RESULTS The lenses induce very small sagittal power errors in a wide range of off-axis field angles (30°), solving the problem of peripheral hyperopic defocus. However, such designs introduce non-negligible mean power errors (above 0.25 D from 7°, 6.8°, 7.1° and 7.8° for the -2.5, -5.0, -7.5 and -10.0 D lenses, respectively) for foveal vision in a rotating eye. CONCLUSION Our results show the unavoidable errors introduced by RRG spectacles when used for dynamic foveal vision. The described method offers valuable information towards determining the best trade-off between controlling power errors for peripheral and foveal vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barbero
- Instituto de Optica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IO, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Grytz R, El Hamdaoui M. Multi-Scale Modeling of Vision-Guided Remodeling and Age-Dependent Growth of the Tree Shrew Sclera During Eye Development and Lens-Induced Myopia. JOURNAL OF ELASTICITY 2017; 129:171-195. [PMID: 28966436 PMCID: PMC5614513 DOI: 10.1007/s10659-016-9603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The sclera uses unknown mechanisms to match the eye's axial length to its optics during development, producing eyes with good focus (emmetropia). A myopic eye is too long for its own optics. We propose a multi-scale computational model to simulate eye development based on the assumption that scleral growth is controlled by genetic factors while scleral remodeling is driven by genetic factors and the eye's refractive error. We define growth as a mechanism that changes the tissue volume and mass while remodeling involves internal micro-deformations that are volume-preserving at the macroscale. The model was fitted against longitudinal refractive measurements in tree shrews of different ages and exposed to three different visual conditions: (i) normal development; (ii) negative lens wear to induce myopia; and (iii) recovery from myopia by removing the negative lens. The model was able to replicate the age- and vision-dependent response of the tree shrew experiments. Scleral growth ceased at younger age than scleral remodeling. The remodeling rate decreased as the eye emmetropized but increased at any age when a negative lens was put on. The predictive power of the model was investigated by calculating the susceptibility to scleral remodeling and the response to form deprivation myopia in tree shrews. Both predictions were in good agreement with experimental data that were not used to fit the model. We propose the first model that distinguishes scleral growth from remodeling. The good agreement of our results with experimental data supports the notion that scleral growth and scleral remodeling are two independently controlled mechanisms during eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Grytz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mustapha El Hamdaoui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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Tarutta EP, Markosyan GA, Milash SV. [Peripheral refraction and retinal contour in congenital and acquired high myopia]. Vestn Oftalmol 2017; 133:38-42. [PMID: 29165411 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2017133538-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM to perform a comparative study of peripheral refraction and retinal contour in patients with congenital versus acquired high myopia. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 30 patients (60 eyes) with high myopia aged 8 to 18 years (11.2±0.32 years on average) were examined. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 21 patients (42 eyes) with acquired myopia of -6.0 to -10.25 diopters (-7.55±0.17 diopters on average), group 2 - of 9 patients (18 eyes) with congenital myopia of -8.75 to -28.75 diopters (-16.39±1.24 diopters on average). Using the Grand Seiko WR-5100K binocular open-field autoref/keratometer (Japan), relative peripheral refraction was assessed with account to relative peripheral eye length measured by the IOL Master partial coherent interferometer ('Carl Zeiss', Germany) at 15° and 30° nasally and temporally from the foveal center along the horizontal meridian. RESULTS In acquired myopia, relative peripheral refraction and relative peripheral eye length readings evidenced the formation of peripheral hyperopic defocus in all examined zones. Congenital high myopia cases were notable for myopic defocus at 15° of the nasal retina (N15 zone): -0.67±0.33 diopters against the eye length change of -0.33±0.13 mm. CONCLUSION The research helped identify retinal contour changes characteristic of congenital myopia and indicative of posterior pole irregularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Tarutta
- Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 14/19 Sadovaya-Chernogriazskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 105062
| | - G A Markosyan
- Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 14/19 Sadovaya-Chernogriazskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 105062
| | - S V Milash
- Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 14/19 Sadovaya-Chernogriazskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 105062
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Rey-Rodríguez DV, Álvarez-Peregrina C, Moreno-Montoya J. Prevalencia y factores asociados a miopía en jóvenes. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that central and peripheral refraction, in eyes treated with myopic overnight orthokeratology, might vary with changes in pupil diameter. The aim of this work was to evaluate the axial and peripheral refraction and optical quality after orthokeratology, using ray tracing software for different pupil sizes. METHODS Zemax-EE was used to generate a series of 29 semi-customized model eyes based on the corneal topography changes from 29 patients who had undergone myopic orthokeratology. Wavefront refraction in the central 80 degrees of the visual field was calculated using three different quality metrics criteria: Paraxial curvature matching, minimum root mean square error (minRMS), and the Through Focus Visual Strehl of the Modulation Transfer Function (VSMTF), for 3- and 6-mm pupil diameters. RESULTS The three metrics predicted significantly different values for foveal and peripheral refractions. Compared with the Paraxial criteria, the other two metrics predicted more myopic refractions on- and off-axis. Interestingly, the VSMTF predicts only a marginal myopic shift in the axial refraction as the pupil changes from 3 to 6 mm. For peripheral refraction, minRMS and VSMTF metric criteria predicted a higher exposure to peripheral defocus as the pupil increases from 3 to 6 mm. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the supposed effect of myopic control produced by ortho-k treatments might be dependent on pupil size. Although the foveal refractive error does not seem to change appreciably with the increase in pupil diameter (VSMTF criteria), the high levels of positive spherical aberration will lead to a degradation of lower spatial frequencies, that is more significant under low illumination levels.
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Changes in Peripheral Refraction, Higher-Order Aberrations, and Accommodative Lag With a Radial Refractive Gradient Contact Lens in Young Myopes. Eye Contact Lens 2017; 42:380-387. [PMID: 26808699 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate changes in the peripheral refraction (PR), visual quality, and accommodative lag with a novel soft radial refractive gradient (SRRG) experimental contact lens that produces peripheral myopic defocus. METHODS 59 myopic right eyes were fitted with the lens. The PR was measured up to 30° in the nasal and temporal horizontal visual fields and compared with values obtained without the lens. The accommodative lag was measured monocularly using the distance-induced condition method at 40 cm, and the higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of the entire eye were obtained for 3- and 5-mm pupils by aberrometry. Visual performance was assessed through contrast sensitivity function (CSF). RESULTS With the lens, the relative PR became significantly less hyperopic from 30° to 15° temporally and 30° nasally in the M and J0 refractive components (P<0.05). Cylinder foci showed significant myopization from 30° to 15° temporally and 30° to 25° nasally (P<0.05). The HOAs increased significantly, the CSF decreased slightly but reached statistical significance for 6 and 12 cycles per degree (P<0.05), and the accommodative lag decreased significantly with the SRRG lens (P=0.0001). There was a moderate correlation between HOAs and CSF at medium and high spatial frequencies. CONCLUSION The SRRG lens induced a significant change in PR, particularly in the temporal retina. Tangential and sagittal foci changed significantly in the peripheral nasal and temporal retina. The decreased accommodative lag and increased HOAs particularly in coma-like aberration may positively affect myopia control. A longitudinal study is needed to confirm this potential.
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Pope JM, Verkicharla PK, Sepehrband F, Suheimat M, Schmid KL, Atchison DA. Three-dimensional MRI study of the relationship between eye dimensions, retinal shape and myopia. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2386-2395. [PMID: 28663880 PMCID: PMC5480487 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated changes in eye dimensions and retinal shape with degree of myopia, gender and race. There were 58 young adult emmetropes and myopes (range -1.25D to -8.25D), with 30 East-Asians (21 female/9 male), 23 Caucasians (16/7) and 5 South-Asians (1/4). Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging was undertaken with a 3.0 Tesla whole-body clinical MRI system using a 4.0 cm receive-only surface coil positioned over the eye. Automated methods determined eye length, width and height, and curve fitting procedures determined asymmetric and symmetric ellipsoid shapes to 75%, 55% and 35% of the retina. With myopia increase, eye dimensions increased in all directions such that increase in length was considerably greater than increases in width and height. Emmetropic retinas were oblate (steepening away from the vertex) but oblateness decreased with the increase in myopia, so that retinas were approximately spherical at 7 to 8D myopia. Asymmetry of eyes about the best fit visual axis was generally small, with small differences between the vertex radii of curvature and between asphericities in the axial and sagittal planes. Females had smaller eyes than males, with overall dimensions being about 0.5mm less for the former. Race appeared not to have a systematic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Pope
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Pavan K. Verkicharla
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Farshid Sepehrband
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Marwan Suheimat
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Katrina L. Schmid
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - David A. Atchison
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
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Verkicharla PK, Suheimat M, Schmid KL, Atchison DA. Differences in retinal shape between East Asian and Caucasian eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37:275-283. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K. Verkicharla
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation; School of Optometry & Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Marwan Suheimat
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation; School of Optometry & Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Katrina L. Schmid
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation; School of Optometry & Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - David A. Atchison
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation; School of Optometry & Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
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Queirós A, Lopes-Ferreira D, González-Méijome JM. Astigmatic Peripheral Defocus with Different Contact Lenses: Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1005-1015. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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González-Méijome JM, Carracedo G, Lopes-Ferreira D, Faria-Ribeiro MA, Peixoto-de-Matos SC, Queirós A. Stabilization in early adult-onset myopia with corneal refractive therapy. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2016; 39:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Intraocular Pressure Changes during Accommodation in Progressing Myopes, Stable Myopes and Emmetropes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141839. [PMID: 26517725 PMCID: PMC4627769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the changes of intraocular pressure (IOP) induced by 3-diopter (3 D) accommodation in progressing myopes, stable myopes and emmetropes. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants 318 subjects including 270 myopes and 48 emmetropes. Methods 195 progressing myopes, 75 stable myopes and 48 emmetropes participated in this study. All subjects had their IOP measured using iCare rebound tonometer while accommodative stimuli of 0 D and 3 D were presented. Main Outcome Measures IOP values without accommodation and with 3 D accommodation were measured in all subjects. Baseline IOPs and IOP changes were compared within and between groups. Results There was no significant difference in IOPs between progressing myopes, stable myopes and emmetropes when no accommodation was induced (17.47±3.46, 16.62±2.98 and 16.80±3.62 respectively, p>0.05). IOP experienced an insignificantly slight decrease after 3 D accommodation in three groups (mean change -0.19±2.16, -0.03±1.68 and -0.39±2.65 respectively, p>0.05). Subgroup analysis showed in progressing myopic group, IOP of children (<18 years old) declined with accommodation while IOP of adults (≥18 years) increased, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.008). However, after excluding the age factor, accommodation induced IOP changes of high progressing myopes (≤-6 D), low, moderate and non-myopes (>-6 D) was not significantly different after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.838). Conclusions Although no difference was detected between the baseline IOPs and accommodation induced IOP changes in progressing myopes, stable myopes and emmetropes, this study found accommodation could cause transient IOP elevation in adult progressing myopes.
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Myopia Control with a Novel Peripheral Gradient Soft Lens and Orthokeratology: A 2-Year Clinical Trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:507572. [PMID: 26605331 PMCID: PMC4641166 DOI: 10.1155/2015/507572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the degree of axial elongation with soft radial refractive gradient (SRRG) contact lenses, orthokeratology (OK), and single vision (SV) spectacle lenses (control) during a period of 1 year before treatment and 2 years after treatment. Methods. This was a prospective, longitudinal, nonrandomized study. The study groups consisted of 30, 29, and 41 children, respectively. The axial length (AL) was measured during 2 years after recruitment and lens fitting. Results. The baseline refractive sphere was correlated significantly (Spearman's Rho (ρ) correlation = 0.542; P < 0.0001) with the amount of myopia progression before baseline. After 2 years, the mean myopia progression values for the SRRG, OK, and SV groups were −0.56 ± 0.51, −0.32 ± 0.53, and −0.98 ± 0.58 diopter, respectively. The results represent reductions in myopic progression of 43% and 67% for the SRRG and OK groups, respectively, compared to the SV group. The AL increased 27% and 38% less in the SRRG and OK groups, respectively compared with the SV group at the 2-year visit (P < 0.05). Axial elongation was not significantly different between SRRG and OK (P = 0.430). Conclusion. The SRRG lens significantly decreased AL elongation compared to the SV control group. The SRRG lens was similarly effective to OK in preventing myopia progression in myopic children and adolescent.
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Verkicharla PK, Suheimat M, Pope JM, Sepehrband F, Mathur A, Schmid KL, Atchison DA. Validation of a partial coherence interferometry method for estimating retinal shape. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3235-47. [PMID: 26417496 PMCID: PMC4574652 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To validate a simple partial coherence interferometry (PCI) based retinal shape method, estimates of retinal shape were determined in 60 young adults using off-axis PCI, with three stages of modeling using variants of the Le Grand model eye, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Stage 1 and 2 involved a basic model eye without and with surface ray deviation, respectively and Stage 3 used model with individual ocular biometry and ray deviation at surfaces. Considering the theoretical uncertainty of MRI (12-14%), the results of the study indicate good agreement between MRI and all three stages of PCI modeling with <4% and <7% differences in retinal shapes along horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively. Stage 2 and Stage 3 gave slightly different retinal co-ordinates than Stage 1 and we recommend the intermediate Stage 2 as providing a simple and valid method of determining retinal shape from PCI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K. Verkicharla
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Marwan Suheimat
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - James M. Pope
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Farshid Sepehrband
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia
| | - Ankit Mathur
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Katrina L. Schmid
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - David A. Atchison
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
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Choroidal Thickness Profiles in Myopic Eyes of Young Adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160:62-71.e2. [PMID: 25896460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship of choroidal thickness with axial length (AL) and myopia in young adult eyes in the ethnically diverse Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort. DESIGN Cross-sectional, multicenter study. METHODS In addition to measures of myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by A-scan ultrasonography, participants underwent optical coherence tomography imaging of the choroid in both eyes at their last visit (14 years after baseline). Using digital calipers, 2 independent readers measured choroidal thickness in the right eye (left eye if poor quality; n = 37) at 7 locations: fovea and 750, 1500, and 2250 μm nasal (N) and temporal (T) to the fovea. RESULTS Choroidal thickness measurements were available from 294 of 346 (85%) imaged participants (mean age: 24.3 ± 1.4 years; 44.9% male) with mean myopia of -5.3 ± 2.0 diopters and mean AL of 25.5 ± 1.0 mm. Overall, choroidal thickness varied by location (P < .0001) and was thickest at the fovea (273.8 ± 70.9 μm) and thinnest nasally (N2250, 191.5 ± 69.3 μm). Multivariable analyses showed significantly thinner choroids in eyes with more myopia and longer AL at all locations except T2250 (P ≤ .001) and presence of peripapillary crescent at all locations except T1500 and T2250 (P ≤ .0001). Choroidal thickness varied by ethnicity at N2250 (P < .0001), with Asians having the thinnest and African Americans the thickest choroids. CONCLUSION Choroids are thinner in longer, more myopic young adult eyes. The thinning was most prominent nasally and in eyes with a crescent. In the furthest nasal location, ethnicity was associated with choroidal thickness. The findings suggest that choroidal thickness should be evaluated, especially in the nasal regions where myopic degenerations are most commonly seen clinically.
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González-Méijome JM, Faria-Ribeiro MA, Lopes-Ferreira DP, Fernandes P, Carracedo G, Queiros A. Changes in Peripheral Refractive Profile after Orthokeratology for Different Degrees of Myopia. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:199-207. [PMID: 25803198 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1009634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of orthokeratology for different degrees of myopia correction in the relative location of tangential (F(T)) and sagittal (F(S)) power errors across the central 70° of the visual field in the horizontal meridian. METHODS Thirty-four right eyes of 34 patients with a mean age of 25.2 ± 6.4 years were fitted with Paragon CRT (Mesa, AZ) rigid gas permeable contact lenses to treat myopia (-2.15 ± 1.26D, range: -0.88 to -5.25D). Axial and peripheral refraction were measured along the central 70° of the horizontal visual field with the Grand Seiko WAM5500 open-field auto-refractor. Spherical equivalent (M), as well as tangential (FT) and sagittal power errors (FS) were obtained. Analysis was stratified in three groups according to baseline spherical equivalent: Group 1 [M(Baseline) = -0.88 to -1.50D; n = 11], Group 2 [M(Baseline) = -1.51 to -2.49D; n = 11], and Group 3 [M(Baseline) = -2.50 to -5.25D; n = 12]. RESULTS Spherical equivalent was significantly more myopic after treatment beyond the central 40° of the visual field (p < 0.001). FT became significantly more myopic for all groups in the nasal and temporal retina with 25° (p ≤ 0.017), 30° (p ≤ 0.007) and 35° (p ≤ 0.004) of eye rotation. Myopic change in FS was less consistent, achieving only statistical significance for all groups at 35° in the nasal and temporal retina (p ≤ 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Orthokeratology changes significantly FT in the myopic direction beyond the central 40° of the visual field for all degrees of myopia. Changes induced by orthokeratology in relative peripheral M, FT and FS with 35° of eye rotation were significantly correlated with axial myopia at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel González-Méijome
- a Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal and
| | - Miguel A Faria-Ribeiro
- a Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal and
| | - Daniela P Lopes-Ferreira
- a Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal and
| | - Paulo Fernandes
- a Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal and
| | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- b Department of Optics II (Optometry and Vision) , School of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Antonio Queiros
- a Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal and
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Clark CA, Elsner AE, Konynenbelt BJ. Eye shape using partial coherence interferometry, autorefraction, and SD-OCT. Optom Vis Sci 2015; 92:115-22. [PMID: 25437906 PMCID: PMC4516166 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral refraction and retinal shape may influence refractive development. Peripheral refraction has been shown to have a high degree of variability and can take considerable time to perform. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and peripheral axial length measures may be more reliable, assuming that the retinal position is more important than the peripheral optics of the lens/cornea. METHODS Seventy-nine subjects' right eyes were imaged for this study (age range, 22 to 34 years; refractive error, -10 to +5.00). Thirty-degree SD-OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) images were collected in a radial pattern along with peripheral refraction with an autorefractor (Shin-Nippon Autorefractor) and peripheral axial length measurements with partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster, Zeiss). Statistics were performed using repeated-measures analysis of variance in SPSS (IBM, Armonk, NY), Bland-Altman analyses, and regression. All measures were converted to diopters to allow direct comparison. RESULTS Spectral domain OCT showed a retinal shape with an increased curvature for myopes compared with emmetropes/hyperopes. This retinal shape change became significant around 5 degrees. The SD-OCT analysis for retinal shape provides a resolution of 0.026 diopters, which is about 10 times more accurate than using autorefraction (AR) or clinical refractive techniques. Bland-Altman analyses suggest that retinal shape measured by SD-OCT and the partial coherence interferometry method were more consistent with one another than either was with AR. CONCLUSIONS With more accurate measures of retinal shape using SD-OCT, consistent differences between emmetropes/hyperopes and myopes were found nearer to the fovea than previously reported. Retinal shape may be influenced by central refractive error, and not merely peripheral optics. Partial coherence interferometry and SD-OCT appear to be more accurate than AR, which may be influenced by other factors such as fixation and accommodation. Autorefraction does measure the optics directly, which may be a strength of that method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Clark
- *OD †PhD, FAAO ‡BS Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana (all authors)
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Suheimat M, Verkicharla PK, Mallen EAH, Rozema JJ, Atchison DA. Refractive indices used by the Haag-Streit Lenstar to calculate axial biometric dimensions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 35:90-6. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Suheimat
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Optometry & Vision Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Pavan K. Verkicharla
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Optometry & Vision Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Jos J. Rozema
- Department of Ophthalmology; Antwerp University Hospital; Edegem Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - David A. Atchison
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Optometry & Vision Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
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Lopes-Ferreira DP, Neves HIF, Faria-Ribeiro M, Queirós A, Fernandes PRB, González-Méijome JM. Peripheral refraction with eye and head rotation with contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2014; 38:104-9. [PMID: 25529474 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of eye and head rotation in the measurement of peripheral refraction with an open-field autorefractometer in myopic eyes wearing two different center-distance designs of multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs). METHODS Nineteen right eyes from 19 myopic patients (average central M ± SD = -2.67 ± 1.66 D) aged 20-27 years (mean ± SD = 23.2 ± 3.3 years) were evaluated using a Grand-Seiko autorefractometer. Patients were fitted with one multifocal aspheric center-distance contact lens (Biofinity Multifocal D(®)) and with one multi-concentric MFCL (Acuvue Oasys for Presbyopia). Axial and peripheral refraction were evaluated by eye rotation and by head rotation under naked eye condition and with each MFCL fitted randomly and in independent sessions. RESULTS For the naked eye, refractive pattern (M, J0 and J45) across the central 60° of the horizontal visual field values did not show significant changes measured by rotating the eye or rotating the head (p > 0.05). Similar results were obtained wearing the Biofinity D, for both testing methods, no obtaining significant differences to M, J0 and J45 values (p > 0.05). For Acuvue Oasys for presbyopia, also no differences were found when comparing measurements obtained by eye and head rotation (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis did not showed a significant interaction between testing method and lens type neither with measuring locations (MANOVA, p > 0.05). There were significant differences in M and J0 values between naked eyes and each MFCL. CONCLUSION Measurements of peripheral refraction by rotating the eye or rotating the head in myopic patients wearing dominant design or multi-concentric multifocal silicone hydrogel contact lens are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Lopes-Ferreira
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Helena I F Neves
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António Queirós
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo R B Fernandes
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M González-Méijome
- Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Center of Physics (Optometry), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Pauné J, Queiros A, Quevedo L, Neves H, Lopes-Ferreira D, González-Méijome J. Peripheral myopization and visual performance with experimental rigid gas permeable and soft contact lens design. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2014; 37:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Verkicharla PK, Suheimat M, Mallen EAH, Atchison DA. Influence of eye rotation on peripheral eye length measurement obtained with a partial coherence interferometry instrument. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34:82-8. [PMID: 24325437 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The eye rotation approach for measuring peripheral eye length leads to concern about whether the rotation influences results, such as through pressure exerted by eyelids or extra-ocular muscles. This study investigated whether this approach is valid. METHODS Peripheral eye lengths were measured with a Lenstar LS 900 biometer for eye rotation and no-eye rotation conditions (head rotation for horizontal meridian and instrument rotation for vertical meridian). Measurements were made for 23 healthy young adults along the horizontal visual field (± 30°) and, for a subset of eight participants along the vertical visual field (± 25°). To investigate the influence of the duration of eye rotation, for six participants measurements were made at 0, 60, 120, 180 and 210 s after eye rotation to ± 30° along horizontal and vertical visual fields. RESULTS Peripheral eye lengths were not significantly different for the conditions along the vertical meridian (F1,7 = 0.16, p = 0.71). The peripheral eye lengths for the conditions were significantly different along the horizontal meridian (F1,22 = 4.85, p = 0.04), although not at individual positions (p ≥ 0.10) and were not important. There were no apparent differences between the emmetropic and myopic groups. There was no significant change in eye length at any position after maintaining position for 210 s. CONCLUSION Eye rotation and no-eye rotation conditions were similar for measuring peripheral eye lengths along horizontal and vertical visual field meridians at ± 30° and ± 25°, respectively. Either condition can be used to estimate retinal shape from peripheral eye lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Verkicharla
- Visual and Ophthalmic Optics Laboratory, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Optometry & Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a new methodology that derives horizontal posterior retinal contours from partial coherence interferometry (PCI) and ray tracing using the corneal topography. METHODS Corneal topography and PCI for seven horizontal visual field eccentricities correspondent to the central 60 degrees of the posterior pole were obtained in 55 myopic eyes. A semicustomized eye model based on the subject's corneal topography and the Navarro eye model was generated using Zemax-EE software. The model was used to compute the optical path length in the seven directions where PCI measurements were obtained. Vitreous chamber depth was computed using the PCI values obtained at each of those directions. Matlab software was developed to fit the best conic curve to the set of points previously obtained. We tested the limit in the accuracy of the methodology when the actual cornea of the subject is not used and for two different lens geometries. RESULTS A standard eye model can induce an error in the retina sagitta estimation of the order of hundreds of micrometers in comparison with the semicustomized eye model. However, the use of a different lens model leads to an error of the order of tens of micrometers. The apical radius and conic constant of the average fit were -11.91 mm and -0.15, respectively. In general, a nasal-temporal asymmetry in the retina contour was found, showing mean larger values of vitreous chamber depth in the nasal side of the eye. CONCLUSIONS The use of a semicustomized eye model, together with optical path length measured by PCI for different angles, can be used to predict the retinal contour within tenths of micrometers. This methodology can be useful in studies trying to understand the effect of peripheral retinal location on myopia progression as well as modeling the optics of the human eye for a wide field.
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Rodriguez-Vallejo M, Benlloch J, Pons A, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. The effect of fractal contact lenses on peripheral refraction in myopic model eyes. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:1151-60. [PMID: 24749733 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test multizone contact lenses in model eyes: Fractal Contact Lenses (FCLs), designed to induce myopic peripheral refractive error (PRE). METHODS Zemax ray-tracing software was employed to simulate myopic and accommodation-dependent model eyes fitted with FCLs. PRE, defined in terms of mean sphere M and 90°-180° astigmatism J180, was computed at different peripheral positions, ranging from 0 to 35° in steps of 5°, and for different pupil diameters (PDs). Simulated visual performance and changes in the PRE were also analyzed for contact lens decentration and model eye accommodation. For comparison purposes, the same simulations were performed with another commercially available contact lens designed for the same intended use: the Dual Focus (DF). RESULTS PRE was greater with FCL than with DF when both designs were tested for a 3.5 mm PD, and with and without decentration of the lenses. However, PRE depended on PD with both multizone lenses, with a remarkable reduction of the myopic relative effect for a PD of 5.5 mm. The myopic PRE with contact lenses decreased as the myopic refractive error increased, but this could be compensated by increasing the power of treatment zones. A peripheral myopic shift was also induced by the FCLs in the accommodated model eye. In regard to visual performance, a myopia under-correction with reference to the circle of least confusion was obtained in all cases for a 5.5 mm PD. The ghost images, generated by treatment zones of FCL, were dimmer than the ones produced with DF lens of the same power. CONCLUSIONS FCLs produce a peripheral myopic defocus without compromising central vision in photopic conditions. FCLs have several design parameters that can be varied to obtain optimum results: lens diameter, number of zones, addition and asphericity; resulting in a very promising customized lens for the treatment of myopia progression.
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Faria-Ribeiro M, Lopes-Ferreira D, López-Gil N, Jorge J, González-Méijome JM. Errors associated with IOLMaster biometry as a function of internal ocular dimensions. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2014; 7:75-8. [PMID: 24766863 PMCID: PMC4009456 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the error in the estimation of axial length (AL) with the IOLMaster partial coherence interferometry (PCI) biometer and obtain a correction factor that varies as a function of AL and crystalline lens thickness (LT). METHODS Optical simulations were produced for theoretical eyes using Zemax-EE software. Thirty-three combinations including eleven different AL (from 20mm to 30mm in 1mm steps) and three different LT (3.6mm, 4.2mm and 4.8mm) were used. Errors were obtained comparing the AL measured for a constant equivalent refractive index of 1.3549 and for the actual combinations of indices and intra-ocular dimensions of LT and AL in each model eye. RESULTS In the range from 20mm to 30mm AL and 3.6-4.8mm LT, the instrument measurements yielded an error between -0.043mm and +0.089mm. Regression analyses for the three LT condition were combined in order to derive a correction factor as a function of the instrument measured AL for each combination of AL and LT in the theoretical eye. CONCLUSIONS The assumption of a single "average" refractive index in the estimation of AL by the IOLMaster PCI biometer only induces very small errors in a wide range of combinations of ocular dimensions. Even so, the accurate estimation of those errors may help to improve accuracy of intra-ocular lens calculations through exact ray tracing, particularly in longer eyes and eyes with thicker or thinner crystalline lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Lopes-Ferreira
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Norberto López-Gil
- Ciencias de la Visión, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Jorge
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Manuel González-Méijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab, School of Sciences (Optometry), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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