1
|
Huh MG, Shin YI, Jeong Y, Kim YK, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Papillomacular bundle defect (PMBD) in glaucoma patients with high myopia: frequency and risk factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21958. [PMID: 38081858 PMCID: PMC10713584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the papillomacular bundle defect (PMBD) in glaucoma. As such, we investigated the frequency of PMBD in glaucoma patients with high myopia, and its risk factors. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect was analyzed in 92 glaucomatous eyes with high myopia (axial length of 26.0 mm or more or an average spherical value of - 6.0 diopters or less). After dividing them into two groups with and without PMBD, the clinical characteristics of the groups were compared and analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 52.1 ± 10.5 years, and there were 53 males and 39 females. PMBD were observed in 55 eyes (59.8%). There was no significant intergroup difference in baseline or follow-up intraocular pressure (IOP). Parapapillary atrophy (PPA)-to-disc-area ratio (OR 3.83, CI: 1.58-10.27, p = 0.010), lamina cribrosa defect (LCD; OR 2.92, CI: 1.14-8.13, p = 0.031) and central visual field defect (CVFD; OR 3.56, CI: 1.38-9.58, p = 0.010) were significantly associated with the PMBD..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu Huh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young In Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kook Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Jeoung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bourke CM, Loughman J, Flitcroft DI, Loskutova E, O'Brien C. We can't afford to turn a blind eye to myopia. QJM 2023; 116:635-639. [PMID: 30911761 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the world. It is an overlooked but leading cause of blindness, particularly among the working aged population. Myopia is often considered benign because it is easily corrected with glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery. Traditionally myopia has been classified into physiological and pathological subtypes based on the degree of myopia present. Higher levels of myopia are associated with increased risk of pathological complications but it is important to note that there is no safe level of myopia. Even low levels of myopia increase the risk of retinal detachment and other ocular comorbidities which will be discussed in detail later. The most serious complication, myopic maculopathy, is the only leading cause of blindness without an established treatment and therefore leads to inevitable loss of vision in some myopes, even at a young age. AIM To highlight the current myopia epidemic and the sight threatening complications associated with it. DESIGN This is a commissioned review article. Data were gathered by performing a literature review, searching the PubMed database for recent articles regarding myopia. CONCLUSIONS Myopia is a potentially blinding disease. By identifying at risk individuals and intervening before they become myopic, eye care practitioners can prevent or delay spectacle use, reduce the risk of the myriad of myopic complications, thereby improve the patient's quality of life and positively impact its socio-economic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Bourke
- From the Ophthalmology Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Inns Quay, Dublin D07R2WY, Ireland
- Ophthalmology Department, Childrens University Hospital Temple Street, Temple Street, Dublin 1 D01YC67, Ireland
| | - J Loughman
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Dublin Institute of Technology, City Campus, Dublin D07HK68, Ireland
| | - D I Flitcroft
- Ophthalmology Department, Childrens University Hospital Temple Street, Temple Street, Dublin 1 D01YC67, Ireland
| | - E Loskutova
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Dublin Institute of Technology, City Campus, Dublin D07HK68, Ireland
| | - C O'Brien
- From the Ophthalmology Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Inns Quay, Dublin D07R2WY, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Liu L, Lu Z, Qu Y, Ren X, Wang J, Lu Y, Liang W, Xin Y, Zhang N, Jin L, Wang L, Song J, Yu J, Zhao L, Ma X, Zhang L. Rural-urban differences in prevalence of and risk factors for refractive errors among school children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Dalian, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917781. [PMID: 36106164 PMCID: PMC9465045 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the prevalence of refractive errors (REs) in school children aged 6-18 years in urban and rural settings in Dalian, Northeast of China. Methods This is a school-based cross-sectional survey using multi-stage randomization technique. Six- to eighteen-year-old school children from elementary schools, junior and senior high schools from a rural area and an urban area in Dalian were included in December 2018. All subjects underwent a comprehensive questionnaire and eye examination. Results A total of 4,522 school children with 6-18 years of age were investigated. The age, gender-adjusted prevalence of myopia, and anisometropia were 82.71 and 7.27% among the urban students as compared to 71.76% and 5.41% among the rural ones (OR = 1.80, 95 % CI = 1.53 - 2.11, P < 0.001; OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.67, P = 0.049), respectively. The hyperopia was less common in urban students than in rural ones (5.63 vs. 10.21%; OR = 0.54, 95 % CI: 0.43-0.67, P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in prevalence of astigmatism between urban (46.07%) and rural (44.69%) participants (OR = 0.96, 95 % CI: 0.84-1.10, P = 0.559). The differences on prevalence of REs were attributed to different social-demographic and physiologic factors. Conclusions The students from urban settings are more likely to have myopia and anisometropia but less likely to have hyperopia than their rural counterparts. Although considerable attention had been paid to controlling REs, it is necessary to further consider the urban-rural differences in REs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China,Lei Liu
| | - Zhili Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Xianlong Ren
- Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China,Xiang Ma
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China,*Correspondence: Lijun Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang YL, Tsai MC, Lin YC, Strong C, Lin CY. Poverty and the prediction of health status in adolescents from low-income families in Taiwan. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:44-52. [PMID: 30977812 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comparison of the performance between monetary and an asset-based socioeconomic position (SEP) index in predicting adolescents' health outcomes was conducted only in low-income countries. Our study aims to compare these two indices among adolescents from low-income families in a high-income country. METHODS Data of adolescents aged 12-18 years was used from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty (n = 2529). The asset-based index was based on a set of weighted self-reported household conditions using principal components analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between these two indices and the mental and physical health outcomes among adolescents. RESULTS Health outcomes were significantly associated with the asset-based SEP index but not with the monetary index. An increased trend was shown in mental illness symptoms, infections, injuries, allergies and dental problems when the regression was performed in the asset-based SEP index (P < 0.05) but not in the monetary SEP index. CONCLUSIONS An asset-based SEP index serves as a better index associated with a social gradient in health inequality. To prioritize giving care to people in need, healthcare policymakers should consider including an assessment of household assets and resources, supplementary to the conventional monetary index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lun Liang
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Early Childhood and Family Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Carol Strong
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thorn F, Chen J, Li C, Jiang D, Chen W, Lin Y, Chang X, Deng R, Chen Y. Refractive status and prevalence of myopia among Chinese primary school students. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 103:177-183. [PMID: 31674055 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of myopia in key (university-oriented) and non-key elementary schools in China using a traditional and a new criterion for myopia diagnosis in an epidemiological study. METHODS This school-based, cross-sectional study examined students from four key schools and seven non-key schools. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction and visual acuity (VA) were performed on each student. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error not better than -1.00 D. A questionnaire was also administered. RESULTS Of the 13,220 students examined, 6,546 (49.5 per cent) had myopia using the criterion of SE not better than -1.00 D. However, 2,246 (34.3 per cent) of these myopes had VA ≥ 0 logMAR in both eyes, indicating they were not functioning as myopes. Thus, a second myopia criterion was adopted: SE refractive error not better than -1.00 D + uncorrected VA ≥ 0 logMAR in at least one eye. By this definition, only 32.5 per cent of the overall sample had myopia. Students in key schools had a higher prevalence of myopia than those in non-key schools (53.8 per cent versus 44.7 per cent) by the initial criterion. By the new criterion, the prevalence of myopia was 41.2 per cent versus 22.7 per cent. Myopia was equal in grade 1 of both school types, but accelerated faster in key schools, where there was a much higher prevalence of myopia by fourth grade, and continued up to 79.2 per cent prevalence by sixth grade based on SE refractive error not better than -1.00 D. CONCLUSION Students in more competitive university-oriented elementary schools developed myopia much faster than those in regular schools, although they started with the same level of myopia. Since one-third of the 'myopes' had VA ≥ 0 logMAR in both eyes, they would not be prescribed a correction, or be clinically treated as myopes. A new criterion of SE refractive error not better than -1.00 D + uncorrected VA ≥ 0 logMAR in at least one eye was tested. This criterion is more clinically appropriate and could be used in future epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thorn
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunchun Li
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wuhe Chen
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoyao Lin
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, Lv M, He X, Xu X. Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:551-566. [PMID: 28251836 PMCID: PMC5599950 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor time is considered to reduce the risk of developing myopia. The purpose is to evaluate the evidence for association between time outdoors and (1) risk of onset of myopia (incident/prevalent myopia); (2) risk of a myopic shift in refractive error and c) risk of progression in myopes only. A systematic review followed by a meta-analysis and a dose-response analysis of relevant evidence from literature was conducted. PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant papers. Of the 51 articles with relevant data, 25 were included in the meta-analysis and dose-response analysis. Twenty-three of the 25 articles involved children. Risk ratio (RR) for binary variables and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous variables were conducted. Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model was used to pool the data for meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test with I2 ≥ 50% considered to indicate high heterogeneity. Additionally, subgroup analyses (based on participant's age, prevalence of myopia and study type) and sensitivity analyses were conducted. A significant protective effect of outdoor time was found for incident myopia (clinical trials: risk ratio (RR) = 0.536, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.338 to 0.850; longitudinal cohort studies: RR = 0.574, 95% CI = 0.395 to 0.834) and prevalent myopia (cross-sectional studies: OR = 0.964, 95% CI = 0.945 to 0.982). With dose-response analysis, an inverse nonlinear relationship was found with increased time outdoors reducing the risk of incident myopia. Also, pooled results from clinical trials indicated that when outdoor time was used as an intervention, there was a reduced myopic shift of -0.30 D (in both myopes and nonmyopes) compared with the control group (WMD = -0.30, 95% CI = -0.18 to -0.41) after 3 years of follow-up. However, when only myopes were considered, dose-response analysis did not find a relationship between time outdoors and myopic progression (R2 = 0.00064). Increased time outdoors is effective in preventing the onset of myopia as well as in slowing the myopic shift in refractive error. But paradoxically, outdoor time was not effective in slowing progression in eyes that were already myopic. Further studies evaluating effect of outdoor in various doses and objective measurements of time outdoors may help improve our understanding of the role played by outdoors in onset and management of myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology; Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center; Shanghai Eye Hospital; Shanghai China
- Department of Ophthalmology; Shanghai General Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Jiajie Zang
- Department of Nutrition; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology; Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center; Shanghai Eye Hospital; Shanghai China
- Department of Ophthalmology; Shanghai General Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology; Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center; Shanghai Eye Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Minzhi Lv
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology; Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center; Shanghai Eye Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Xiangui He
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology; Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center; Shanghai Eye Hospital; Shanghai China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health; School of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety; Ministry of Education; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology; Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center; Shanghai Eye Hospital; Shanghai China
- Department of Ophthalmology; Shanghai General Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding BY, Shih YF, Lin LL, Hsiao CK, Wang IJ. Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:677-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Disordered sleep and myopia are increasingly prevalent among Chinese children. Similar pathways may be involved in regulation of both sleep cycles and eye growth. We therefore sought to examine the association between disordered sleep and myopia in this group. METHODS Urban primary school children participating in a clinical trial on myopia and outdoor activity underwent automated cycloplegic refraction with subjective refinement. Parents answered questions about children's sleep duration, sleep disorders (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire [CSHQ]), near work and time spent outdoors. RESULTS Among 1970 children, 1902 (96.5%, mean [standard deviation SD] age 9.80 [0.44] years, 53.1% boys) completed refraction and questionnaires. Myopia < = -0.50 Diopters was present in both eyes of 588 (30.9%) children (1329/3804 = 34.9% of eyes) and 1129 children (59.4%) had abnormal CSHQ scores (> 41). In logistic regression models by eye, odds of myopia < = -0.50D increased with worse CSHQ score (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.01 per point, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [1.001, 1.02], P = 0.014) and more night-time sleep (OR 1.02, 95% CI [1.01, 1.04, P = 0.002], while male sex (OR 0.82, 95% CI [0.70, 0.95], P = 0.008) and time outdoors (OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.95, 0.99], P = 0.011) were associated with less myopia. The association between sleep duration and myopia was not significant (p = 0.199) for total (night + midday) sleep. CONCLUSIONS Myopia and disordered sleep were both common in this cohort, but we did not find consistent evidence for an association between the two. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov NCT00848900.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nebbioso M, Plateroti AM, Pucci B, Pescosolido N. Role of the dopaminergic system in the development of myopia in children and adolescents. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1739-46. [PMID: 24996871 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814538666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the experimental evidence that supports the role of dopamine in the regulation of ocular axial growth. The most important functions attributed to dopamine are light adaptation and regulation of the retinal circadian rhythm. An increase of the retinal levels of dopamine activates D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors present throughout the retina, generating a signal that inhibits axial growth once the eye has reached emmetropization. Researchers induced form-deprivation myopia in animal models in order to assess the different changes of ocular axial growth. Other studies have shown that phenylethylamine is an endogenous precursor-neurotransmitter capable of modulating the activity of dopamine. Considering the role of the dopaminergic system in the development of myopia (in children and adolescents) and the fact that phenylethylamine improves the consequences of a dopamine deficit, it would be interesting to study the effect of phenylethylamine on the regulation of axial growth, which represents the genesis of myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruna Pucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pescosolido
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Geriatric, and Anesthetic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choi JA, Han K, Park YM, Park CK. Age-related association of refractive error with intraocular pressure in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111879. [PMID: 25369147 PMCID: PMC4219793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and refractive errors according to age group in a representative sample of non-glaucomatous Korean adults. Methods A total of 7,277 adults (≥19 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011 underwent ophthalmic examination were divided into three groups according to age: the young- (19–39 years), middle- (40–59 years), and old- (≥60 years) age groups. Simple and multiple regression analyses between IOP and various parameters (including the refractive error) were conducted. Results The mean IOP of the total population was 14.0±0.1 mmHg [young: 13.9±0.1 mmHg; middle: 14.1±0.1 mmHg; old: 13.8±0.2 mmHg (P for trend = 0.085)]. Myopia and high myopia were more prevalent in the young- (70.8% and 16.1%, respectively), compared to the middle- (44.6% and 10.9%) and old- (8.9% and 2.2%) age groups. Univariate analysis in the total population showed that higher IOP was associated with myopic refractive error, the female gender, higher body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.05). In the young- and middle-age groups, higher IOP was associated with myopic refractive error, the female gender, higher BMI, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes (all P<0.05). In the old-age group, the association between IOP and refractive error was not significant (P = 0.828). In multiple linear regression analysis, similar significant relationships between the refractive error and IOP were found in the young- and middle-age groups (beta = −0.08 and −0.12; P = 0.002 and <0.001 for young- and middle-age group, respectively), but not in the old-age group (beta = 0.03; P = 0.728), after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, region of habitation, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Myopic refractive error was an independent predictor of higher IOP in non- glaucomatous eyes, and the association between refractive error and IOP differed according to age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin A. Choi
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chan Kee Park
- Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|