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Dhara V, Shetty SS, de Arruda JAA, Silva TA, Russo RC, Shetty NJ, Pidaparthi M, Wollenberg B, Rao VUS, Gopinath TPS. Decoding the influence of the immune system and immunotherapy targets on carcinomas: A hidden prism in oral cancer therapy. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101353. [PMID: 35311656 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, understanding tumorigenesis and the complex interaction between the host and the immune system has been the pillar for significant advances in anticancer therapy. Conventional anticancer therapy (e.g., cut, burn, and cytotoxic drugs) involves multiple targeting of tumor cells. However, the tumor tissue microenvironment can present a dysregulated, stimulating, or subverted immune response which, in turn, reveals pro-tumor activities favoring tumor expansion and progression. Recently, new potential targets have been identified based on immunomodulatory therapies, which are crafted to re-establish the host anti-tumoral immune response. Clinicians should fully understand the intricate interactions between carcinogens, the tumor milieu, the immune system, and traditional anticancer therapies in order to progress and to overcome the refractory/recurrent challenges and morbidity of the disease. Thus, in this article, we highlight the complex milieu of the oral cancer immune response, pointing out potential therapeutic immunotargets for oral squamous cell carcinomas. The impact of traditional anticancer therapy on the immune system is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantha Dhara
- Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sameep S Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, A constituent of MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Neetha J Shetty
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, A constituent of MAHE, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Vishal U S Rao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thilak P S Gopinath
- Nitte (Deemed to be University) , AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS) , Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mangalore, India
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2
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Bhat FA, Mohan SV, Patil S, Advani J, Bhat MY, Patel K, Mangalaparthi KK, Datta KK, Routray S, Mohanty N, Nair B, Mandakulutur SG, Pal A, Sidransky D, Ray JG, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Proteomic Alterations Associated with Oral Cancer Patients with Tobacco Using Habits. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:255-268. [PMID: 33794113 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco abuse is a major risk factor associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Differences in molecular aberrations induced by tobacco exposure by chewing or smoking form are not well studied in case of oral cancer. We used tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic approach to delineate proteomic alterations in oral cancer patients based on their history of tobacco using habits (patients who chewed tobacco, patients who smoked tobacco, and those with no history of tobacco consumption). Our data identified distinct dysregulation of biological processes and pathways in each patient cohort. Bioinformatics analysis of dysregulated proteins identified in our proteomic study revealed dysregulation of collagen formation and antigen processing/presentation pathway in oral cancer patients who smoked tobacco, whereas proteins associated with the process of keratinization showed enrichment in patients who chewed tobacco. In addition, we identified overexpression of proteins involved in immune pathways and downregulation of muscle contraction-mediated signaling events in all three cohorts, irrespective of tobacco using habits. This study lays the groundwork for identification of protein markers that may aid in identification of high-risk patients for cancer development based on the history of tobacco exposure habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdous Ahmad Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Sonali V Mohan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohd Younis Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Samapika Routray
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha'O'Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Neeta Mohanty
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha'O'Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | | | - Arnab Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay Gopal Ray
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
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3
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Padma R, Sundaresan S, Kalaivani A, Thilagavathi R. Assessment of Histopathological Grade and Ki-67 Expression in Tobacco and Non-tobacco Habitual Buccal Mucosa Cancer. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71:410-416. [PMID: 31741996 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are various risk factors in the literature, the established primary risk factor for oral cancer is tobacco and betal-nut chewing habits. It is believed that pathogenesis of oral cancer depends on the aetiology. To assess the histopathological grade and Ki-67 expression in tobacco (smoking/smokeless) and non-tobacco (betal nut/pan masala) habitual buccal mucosa cancer. The cross-sectional study was carried out in Regional cancer centre, Tamilnadu. Proliferative marker, Ki-67 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry using biotin-streptavidin method. The study includes 117 buccal mucosa cancer patients (61 male and 56 female). According to WHO grading system, high frequency observed with well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma 48 (41%) followed by moderate 46 (39.3%) and poorly differentiated 23 (19.7%). The cut-off value 50% was used to categorize Ki-67 expression into low and high labelling index (LI); 96 (82%) buccal mucosa cancer and 4 (3.4%) adjacent normal mucosa patients showed high Ki-67 expression. The present study showed highly significant association of histopathological tumor grade and Ki-67 expression by Chi square and paired t test p < 0.05. All the patients were grouped as tobacco 87 (74.4%) and non-tobacco habitual 30 (25.6%) in 3:1, respectively. Further, the risk habits identified with significant differences of tumor grade (p = 0.028) and Ki-67 at p < 0.05. Thus, the study revealed that the nature of cell differentiation and proliferation was strongly related to consumption of carcinogen in both tobacco and non-tobacco form. Therefore, histopathological grade and Ki-67 could be used as a reliable biomarker to understand the biological behaviour of risk habits which might helpful for further treatment therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Padma
- 1Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu 603 203 India
| | - Sivapatham Sundaresan
- 1Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu 603 203 India
| | - Amitkumar Kalaivani
- 2Department of Pathology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu India
| | - Ramamurthy Thilagavathi
- 3Department of Public Health, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu India
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Miyata Y, Mitsunari K, Akihiro A, Watanabe SI, Mochizuki Y, Sakai H. Smoking-induced changes in cancer-related factors in patients with upper tract urothelial cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 3:287-294. [PMID: 25798255 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for urothelial cancer (UC) development. However, the associations between smoking and changes in the pathological characteristics and molecular expression of cancer-related molecules in upper tract (UT) UC have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the associations between smoking status and cancer-related factors, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and -C, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, in patients with UTUC. A total of 134 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy were retrospectively investigated. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were measured using anti-Ki-67, anti-CD105 and anti-D2-40 antibodies in formalin-fixed specimens. The apoptotic index was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. Other cancer-related molecules were investigated by immunohistochemistry in similar specimens. The patients were divided into three groups; non-smoker (n=54, 40.3%), former smoker (n=46, 34.3%) and current smoker (n=34, 25.4%). The PI and the apoptotic index were not found to be correlated with smoking status; however, the mean/standard deviation level of LVD in current smokers (40.9/12.9) was significantly higher (P=0.034) compared to that in patients who had never smoked (34.4/10.6). In addition, smoking status was positively correlated with the presence of intratumoral lymphatic vessels (iLV) (P=0.010) and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9 (P=0.032). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that current smoking was independently associated with all the abovementioned smoking-related factors. However, former smoking was correlated with LVD and the presence of iLV. In the survival analysis, LVD, the presence of iLV and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9 were identified as predictive factors for metastasis following surgery. In conclusion, lymphangiogenesis and the expression levels of COX-2 and MMP-9 were found to be associated with the smoking status of UTUC patients. Our results may provide important insights into the pathological changes precipitated by smoking in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Asai Akihiro
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Mochizuki
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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