Point-of-Care Ultrasound Identification of an Abdominal Hernia

Point-of Care Ultrasound in Stratifying Clinically Evolving Inguinal and Femoral Hernias

BACKGROUND

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an optimal imaging modality for the risk stratification of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with inguinal and femoral hernias, allowing for better evaluation of clinical presentations and guiding appropriate treatment. The lack of ultrasound classification for inguinal and femoral hernias has led to inconsistent use and often underuse of POCUS in this patient population. Several groin hernia classifications are available, but most are complex and often targeted toward surgical management.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to review the use of POCUS in the diagnosis of inguinal and femoral hernias, providing a synopsis of critical ultrasound findings in determining signs of incarceration, strangulation, and small bowel obstruction, and suggesting a simple and educative sonographic classification for inguinal or femoral hernias.

DISCUSSION

POCUS can reliably confirm the presence of groin hernias and can uniquely identify specific ultrasound findings predictive of complications, such as aperistaltic nonreducible bowel loops, free fluid in the hernia sac, and lack of color doppler in the entrapped mesentery and bowel walls. POCUS can also aid in determining the presence of small bowel obstruction by detecting dilated loops of bowel >25 mm adjacent and proximal to the hernia site.

CONCLUSIONS

In the ED, POCUS can confirm the presence of a hernia sac and identify and predict surgical emergencies, such as bowel incarceration or strangulation, which are the most important elements in the management of patients presenting with possible inguinal or femoral hernias.

Amyand Hernia: As Seen on Point-of-Care Emergency Ultrasound

ABSTRACT

Amyand hernia is a rare type of inguinal hernia defined by the presence of the appendix in the inguinal hernia sac. Clinical diagnosis of Amyand hernia can be challenging because this diagnosis is typically made intraoperatively, often as an incidental finding. Preoperative diagnosis by computed tomography and radiology ultrasound has previously been reported; however, there exists no reports of the diagnosis being made by point-of-care ultrasound. We present a case of Amyand hernia visible on point-of-care ultrasound performed by a pediatric emergency medicine physician.

Abdominal Pain and Examination of Hernial Orifices: The Forgotten Art of Physical Diagnosis

Introduction: Acute abdominal pain can be the first manifestation of a hernial pathology. The estimated risk of incarcerated hernia is 1%-3% over a person's lifetime. Therefore, hernial orifice examination should be conducted routinely, especially in cases of abdominal pain. We hypothesized that physical examination of hernial orifices is not routinely performed and documented in patients presenting with acute abdominal pain.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of 100 patients who were evaluated for abdominal pain over a three-month time frame at our institution.

Results: From the 100 reviewed cases, the hernial orifice examination was performed in two cases by an Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine physician (2%). Out of the eight cases with General Surgery consultation, only one case had hernial orifices examination (12.5%). In the 10 cases with Gastroenterology consultation, not a single case had hernial orifice examination.

Conclusion: We demonstrate that hernial examination is infrequently performed in clinical practice and suggest that emphasis should be placed on the efficient performance of physical examination and maintain the art of physical diagnosis.

Non-radiologist-performed abdominal point-of-care ultrasonography in paediatrics - a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Historically, US in the paediatric setting has mostly been the domain of radiologists. However, in the last decade, there has been an uptake of non-radiologist point-of-care US.

OBJECTIVE

To gain an overview of abdominal non-radiologist point-of-care US in paediatrics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a scoping review regarding the uses of abdominal non-radiologist point-of-care US, quality of examinations and training, patient perspective, financial costs and legal consequences following the use of non-radiologist point-of-care US. We conducted an advanced search of the following databases: Medline, Embase and Web of Science Conference Proceedings. We included published original research studies describing abdominal non-radiologist point-of-care US in children. We limited studies to English-language articles from Western countries.

RESULTS

We found a total of 5,092 publications and selected 106 publications for inclusion: 39 studies and 51 case reports or case series on the state-of-art of abdominal non-radiologist point-of-care US, 14 on training of non-radiologists, and 1 each on possible harms following non-radiologist point-of-care US and patient satisfaction. According to included studies, non-radiologist point-of-care US is increasingly used, but no standardised training guidelines exist. We found no studies regarding the financial consequences of non-radiologist point-of-care US.

CONCLUSION

This scoping review supports the further development of non-radiologist point-of-care US and underlines the need for consensus on who can do which examination after which level of training among US performers. More research is needed on training non-radiologists and on the costs-to-benefits of non-radiologist point-of-care US.

[CME Sonography 100: Emergency Ultrasound of the Soft Tissues and the Musculoskeletal System]

CME Sonography 100: Emergency Ultrasound of the Soft Tissues and the Musculoskeletal System Abstract. The term "emergency sonography" refers to a focused sonography in emergency situations, also called emergency "Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)". The attending physician applies it specifically and directly to the patient. As an indispensable part of the physical examination, emergency ultrasound helps to answer simple clinical questions. The corresponding answers provide essential elements for diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. Furthermore, the emergency ultrasound increases the safety and efficiency of interventions on the musculoskeletal system and soft tissues. In this article we will discuss common clinical emergency situations in a focused way, but we will not address the regional anesthesiologic and analgesia-related applications that are also important in this context.

Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound to Characterize Acute Inguinal Swelling of Young Children in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Acute inguinal swelling in young children is frequently assumed to be an inguinal hernia, often prompting a bedside reduction attempt. We report 3 cases of inguinal swelling where the use of point-of-care ultrasound changed the patients' management by identifying an alternate diagnosis, thus avoiding unnecessary and painful procedures as well as their associated sedation risks.

Point of care ultrasonography in the pediatric emergency department

IMPORTANCE

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) allows to obtain real-time images to correlate with the patient's presenting signs and symptoms. It can be used by various specialties and may be broadly divided into diagnostic and procedural applications.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed at reviewing current knowledge on the use of POCUS in Pediatric Emergency Departments (PEDs).

FINDINGS

US diagnostic capacity in paediatric patients with suspected pneumonia has been studied and debated whereas literature regarding the usefulness of point-of-care echocardiography in the pediatric setting is still limited. Similarly, Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) has become a standard procedure in adult emergency medicine but it is still not well codified in the pediatric practice. Concerning procedural applications of POCUS we identified 4 main groups: peripheral vascular access, bladder catheterizations, identification and drainage of abnormal fluid collections and foreign body identification.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Bedside emergency ultrasound is routinely used by adult emergency physicians and in the last 10 years its application is recognized and applied in PED. Pediatric emergency physicians are encouraged to familiarize with POCUS as it is a safe technology and can be extremely helpful in performing diagnosis, managing critical situations and guiding procedures, which results in globally improving pediatric patients care.